Frequency Ratio of Al+and Hg+Single-Ion Optical Clocks; Metrology at the 17th Decimal Place
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Time has always had a special status in physics because of its fundamental role in specifying the regularities of nature and because of the extraordinary precision with which it can be measured. This precision enables tests of fundamental physics and cosmology, as well as practical applications such as satellite navigation. Recently, a regime of operation for atomic clocks based on optical transitions has become possible, promising even higher performance. We report the frequency ratio of two optical atomic clocks with a fractional uncertainty of 5.2 × 10–17. The ratio of aluminum and mercury single-ion optical clock frequencies ν Al+/ν Hg+is 1.052871833148990438(55), where the uncertainty comprises a statistical measurement uncertainty of 4.3 × 10–17, and systematic uncertainties of 1.9 × 10–17 and 2.3 × 10–17 in the mercury and aluminum frequency standards, respectively. Repeated measurements during the past year yield a preliminary constraint on the temporal variation of the fine-structure constant α of\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \({\dot{{\alpha}}}{/}{\alpha}=(-1.6{\pm}2.3){\times}10^{-17}{/}\mathrm{year}\) \end{document}.
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Atomic clock experiments constrain the current variation of the fine structure constant to |αdot/α0| < 10^-17 yr^-1.
“Atomic clock experiments constrain the current variation of the fine structure constant, | α/α 0 | < 10 -17 yr -1 [13]”
From Stress-energy tensor of a scalar field on a product spacetime with a time-dependent compact dimension (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
The Rosenband et al. passage in the indexed copy (Additional information; page not provided) reports a preliminary estimate of α̇/α = (−1.6 ± 2.3) × 10^-17 yr^-1. Its central value and uncertainty do not establish the claimed upper bound of |α̇/α₀| < 10^-17 yr^-1. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe comparison of 27Al+ and 199Hg+ optical clocks sets d/dt ln(m_Hg/m_Al) = (5.3 ± 7.9) × 10^-17 yr^-1.
“d dt ln m Hg m Al ¼ ð5:3 Æ 7:9Þ Â 10 À17 yr À1 :ð131Þ”
From Fundamental constants: from measurement to the universe, a window on gravitation and cosmology (2025) · cites this paper as Rosenband et al. 2008
The aluminium-mercury clocks comparison translates to _a_EM/a_EM = (-1.6 ± 2.3) × 10^-17 yr^-1 on a_EM alone.
“_ a EM =a EM ¼ ðÀ1:6 Æ 2:3Þ Â 10 À17 yr À1 on a EM alone”
From Fundamental constants: from measurement to the universe, a window on gravitation and cosmology (2025) · cites this paper as Rosenband et al. 2008
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“This is about 40 times smaller than the current best atomic-clock experimental sensitivity to the variation of α [45].”
Background8 × 10^−17 fractional laser frequency instability with a long room-temperature cavity
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“//dx.doi.org/10.1364/XX.99.099999 Lasers with high frequency stability are urgently needed in various fields of physics and technology, e.g. for precision measurements, for operation of optical clocks [1, 2] or generation of low phase noise microwave signals [3]. The stability of today’s best optical clocks [4] is limi…”
BackgroundInfluentialOptical lattice clocks and quantum metrology
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Coupled quantized mechanical oscillators
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“ample, it could extend the capabilities of quantum-logic spectroscopy [9, 19, 20] to ions that cannot be trapped within the same potential well as the measurement ion, such as oppositely charged ions or even anti-matter particles [9, 10].”
BackgroundSelf-citationOptical clock comparison for Lorentz symmetry testing
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Spin- 1/2 Optical Lattice Clock
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Self-citationThe CIPM list of recommended frequency standard values: guidelines and procedures
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“These measurements included 27Al+/199Hg+ [35], 40Ca+/87Sr [36], 171Yb+(E3)/171Yb+(E2) [37], 199Hg/87Sr [38], and 171Yb/87Sr [39].”
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“Within laboratories or over short distances, fibre links can be established very easily, using similar (but usually simplified) techniques (Rosenband et al 2008) to those presented in this chapter.”
InfluentialSelf-citationOptical frequency comb with submillihertz linewidth and more than 10 W average power
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“79" language="eng" relation="no" origsrc="yes"> Optical atomic clocks have now surpassed the best caesium frequency standards in both stability and systematic uncertaint”
BackgroundSearch for Ultralight Scalar Dark Matter with Atomic Spectroscopy
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Colloquium : Physics of optical lattice clocks
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“Fundamental research ranges from testing the effects of special and general relativity (Turyshev, 2009) to probing time-variation of fundamental constants (Rosenband et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialExperimental realization of an optical second with strontium lattice clocks
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Self-citationSub-milliwatt-level microresonator solitons with extended access range using an auxiliary laser
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Ultrastable lasers based on vibration insensitive cavities
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Invited Article: A compact optically coherent fiber frequency comb
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Self-citationPrecision atomic physics techniques for nuclear physics with radioactive beams
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Searching for Dark Matter and Variation of Fundamental Constants with Laser and Maser Interferometry
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“10−17/yr [10].”
BackgroundHees, A., Guéna, J., Abgrall, M., Bize, S., & Wolf, P. (2016) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.117.061301 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Frequency ratio of Yb and Sr clocks with 5 × 10−17 uncertainty at 150 seconds averaging time
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“depth of U 0 = 100 E r , the results correspond to a fractional frequency shift of (Δν bg / ν Yb ) / Δ𝑓relVG = −1.9(1.4)×10−18/GHz. For an alignment of the VBG centre-frequency according to 𝑓relVG= 0(5) GHz in normal operation, we include a fractional uncertainty of 1.2×10−17 (at 100 E r ) in the lattice light shift u…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKennedy, C. J., Oelker, E. G., Robinson, J. M., Bothwell, T., Kedar, D., Milner, W. R., Marti, G. E., Derevianko, A., & Ye, J. (2020) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.125.201302 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Single-ion quantum lock-in amplifier
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“is multiplied by either sin(2ˇf mt) or cos(2ˇf mt) and the two results are integrated over an integration window 3 T, I lock in= 1 T Z T 0 M(t) cos(2ˇf mt)dt Q lock in= 1 T Z T 0 M(t) sin(2ˇf mt)dt: (1) The signal S 0 is proportional to (I2 lock in + Q 2 lock in ) 1=2. The constant phase ’can be extracted by tan(’) =…”
BackgroundMicroscopic Control and Detection of Ultracold Strontium in Optical-Tweezer Arrays
Norcia, M. A., Young, A. W., & Kaufman, A. M. (2018) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.8.041054 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“It further would be suitable for fundamental studies of squeezing and long-range entanglement on an optical clock transition [34, 48, 72, 73].”
BackgroundOperation of an optically coherent frequency comb outside the metrology lab
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Self-citationESPRESSO: The next European exoplanet hunter
Pepe, F., Molaro, P., Cristiani, S., Rebolo, R., Santos, N., Dekker, H., Mégevand, D., Zerbi, F., Cabral, A., Marcantonio, P. D., et al. (2014) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.201312004 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“For example, the constancy of the fine structure constant α is ensured to within a few parts per 10−17 over a 1-yr period (Rosenband et al. 2008).”
BackgroundQuantum tests of the Einstein Equivalence Principle with the STE–QUEST space mission
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Improved Limits for Violations of Local Position Invariance from Atomic Clock Comparisons
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Increasing Sensing Resolution with Error Correction
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Probing New Long-Range Interactions by Isotope Shift Spectroscopy
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Quantum simulations with cold trapped ions
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“Today, by using trapped ions as frequency standards unsurpassed ccuracy and precision has been reached (e.g., [Rosenband et al. 2008] and references ther in), and in addition, trapped ions are used for a wide range of investigations into fundamental questions of physics, for instance in the field…”
BackgroundSpectral and temporal characterization of a fused-quartz-microresonator optical frequency comb
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Self-citationSpace clocks and fundamental tests: The ACES experiment
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Enhancing quantum sensing sensitivity by a quantum memory
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The status of varying constants: a review of the physics, searches and implications
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Self-citationExtreme Ultraviolet Frequency Comb Metrology
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Towards a redefinition of the second based on optical atomic clocks
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“storage of a chain of multiple ions. To use a transition with a small natural line width often a quadrupole transition (e.g. 2S 1=2 - D 5=2) is employed like in the Ca +[14, 15, 16], Sr [17, 18], Hg+ [19], or Yb [20, 21] clocks (Fig. 2). All these transitions have a natural lifetime that supports a line width on the o…”
MethodA strontium lattice clock with 3 × 10<sup>−17</sup>inaccuracy and its frequency
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“In addition to their role as future primary standards, optical clocks are of interest as sensitive probes in areas such as relativistic geodesy [9], tests of relativity [10, 11], and searches for variations of fundamental constants [1, 12, 13, 14, 15].”
BackgroundInfluentialCoherent optical clock down-conversion for microwave frequencies with 10 −18 instability
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Self-citationOptical flywheels with attosecond jitter
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Long-distance frequency transfer over an urban fiber link using optical phase stabilization
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Absolute Frequency Measurement of the Ca+40 4s S1/22−3d D5/22 Clock Transition
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Relaxion stars and their detection via atomic physics
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Theoretical aspects of the equivalence principle
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Strong Limit on a Variable Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio from Molecules in the Distant Universe
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2 Theoretical Aspects of the Equivalence PrinciplePreprint
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- Authors
- Rosenband, T., Hume, D. B., Schmidt, P. O., Chou, C. W., Brusch, A., Lorini, L., Oskay, W. H., Drullinger, R. E., Fortier, T. M., Stalnaker, J. E., Diddams, S. A., Swann, W. C., Newbury, N. R., Itano, W. M., Wineland, D. J., & Bergquist, J. C.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rosenband, T.
- Schmidt, P. O.
- Lorini, L.
- Oskay, W. H.
- Stalnaker, J. E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2008-03-28
- Volume
- 319
- Issue
- 5871
- Pages
- 1808-1812
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1997269293
- Cited by
- 1,450
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 129 · 2013: 99 · 2012: 99
- FWCI
- 73.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (IRIS Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research
- Keywords
- optical atomic clocks, aluminum ions, mercury ions, frequency ratio, frequency metrology, fine-structure constant variation, systematic uncertainties
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