Orienting Asymmetries in Dogs’ Responses to Different Communicatory Components of Human Speech
Open accessAbstract
It is well established that in human speech perception the left hemisphere (LH) of the brain is specialized for processing intelligible phonemic (segmental) content (e.g., [1-3]), whereas the right hemisphere (RH) is more sensitive to prosodic (suprasegmental) cues. Despite evidence that a range of mammal species show LH specialization when processing conspecific vocalizations, the presence of hemispheric biases in domesticated animals' responses to the communicative components of human speech has never been investigated. Human speech is familiar and relevant to domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), who are known to perceive both segmental phonemic cues and suprasegmental speaker-related and emotional prosodic cues. Using the head-orienting paradigm, we presented dogs with manipulated speech and tones differing in segmental or suprasegmental content and recorded their orienting responses. We found that dogs showed a significant LH bias when presented with a familiar spoken command in which the salience of meaningful phonemic (segmental) cues was artificially increased but a significant RH bias in response to commands in which the salience of intonational or speaker-related (suprasegmental) vocal cues was increased. Our results provide insights into mechanisms of interspecific vocal perception in a domesticated mammal and suggest that dogs may share ancestral or convergent hemispheric specializations for processing the different functional communicative components of speech with human listeners.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Dogs process semantic information and emotional cues in speech in different parts of the brain, just like humans.
“Dogs process semantic information and emotional cues in speech in different parts of the brain, just like humans (Ratcliffe and Reby 2014).”
From The Dog-Eared Dictionary: Human-Animal Alliance in Chinese Civilization (2015) · cites this paper as Ratcliffe and Reby 2014
The Results and Discussion report a left-hemisphere bias for phonemic cues with learned meaning and a right-hemisphere bias for emotional prosody. The Conclusions describe these biases as broadly comparable to humans, but say further research is needed to identify the specific brain regions involved. Thus the claim overstates the evidence by asserting processing in different brain parts as an established finding. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Part of this paper’s reference list could not be split into single entries.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03193146 · Cited by 65,971 · see citing works
Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression.
Banse, R., & Scherer, K. R. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.614 · Cited by 2,253 · see citing works
Communication of emotions in vocal expression and music performance: Different channels, same code?
Juslin, P. N., & Laukka, P. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.770 · Cited by 1,828 · see citing works
<i>Principles of Voice Production</i>
Titze, I. R., & Martin, D. W. (1998) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.424266 · Cited by 1,643 · see citing works
Cerebral dominance and the perception of verbal stimuli.
Kimura, D. (1961) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0083219 · Cited by 1,559 · see citing works
Poeppel, D. (2003) · Speech Communication · doi:10.1016/s0167-6393(02)00107-3 · Cited by 1,315 · see citing works
Spectral and Temporal Processing in Human Auditory Cortex
Zatorre, R. J. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.10.946 · Cited by 1,279 · see citing works
The Domestication of Social Cognition in Dogs
Hare, B. A., Brown, M. L., Williamson, C., & Tomasello, M. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1072702 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
Word Learning in a Domestic Dog: Evidence for "Fast Mapping"
Kaminski, J., Call, J., & Fischer, J. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097859 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Human temporal-lobe response to vocal sounds
Belin, P., Zatorre, R. J., & Ahad, P. (2002) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(01)00084-2 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Adaptation to speaker’s voice in right anterior temporal lobe
Belin, P., & Zatorre, R. J. (2003) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200311140-00019 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Modulation of neural responses to speech by directing attention to voices or verbal content
von Kriegstein, K., Eger, E., Kleinschmidt, A. K., & Giraud, A. L. (2003) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(03)00079-x · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Border collie comprehends object names as verbal referents
Pilley, J. W., & Reid, A. K. (2010) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2010.11.007 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
The neural response to emotional prosody, as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging
Mitchell, R. L. C., Elliott, R., Barry, M., Cruttenden, A., & Woodruff, P. W. R. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00017-4 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Juslin, P. N., & Laukka, P. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.4.381 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Voice-Sensitive Regions in the Dog and Human Brain Are Revealed by Comparative fMRI
Andics, A., Gácsi, M., Faragó, T., Kis, A., & Miklósi, Á. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.058 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Auditory Analysis and Perception of Speech
(1975) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-248550-3.x5001-6 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Dogs recall their owner's face upon hearing the owner's voice
Adachi, I., Kuwahata, H., & Fujita, K. (2006) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-006-0025-8 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Voice perception: Sex, pitch, and the right hemisphere
Lattner, S., Meyer, M. E., & Friederici, A. D. (2004) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20065 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Cerebral lateralization of pitch cues in the linguistic signal
Lancker, D. V. (1980) · Paper in Linguistics · doi:10.1080/08351818009370498 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Hemispheric Specialization in Dogs for Processing Different Acoustic Stimuli
Siniscalchi, M., Quaranta, A., & Rogers, L. J. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003349 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Möttönen, R., Calvert, G. A., Jääskeläinen, I. P., Matthews, P. M., Thesen, T., Tuomainen, J., & Sams, M. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.002 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Lateralisation of conspecific vocalisation in non-human vertebrates
Ocklenburg, S., Ströckens, F., & Güntürkün, O. (2011) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/1357650x.2011.626561 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Human cerebral response to animal affective vocalizations
Belin, P., Fecteau, S., Charest, I., Nicastro, N., HAUSER, M. D., & Armony, J. L. (2007) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1460 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Silva, K., Bessa, J., & de Sousa, L. (2012) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-012-0473-2 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Neural processing of a whistled language
Carreiras, M., Lopez, J., Rivero, F., & Corina, D. P. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/433031a · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Domestic Dogs Use Contextual Information and Tone of Voice when following a Human Pointing Gesture
Scheider, L., Grassmann, S., Kaminski, J., & Tomasello, M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021676 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The dynamic nature of language lateralization: effects of lexical and prosodic factors
Grimshaw, G. M., Kwasny, K. M., Covell, E., & Johnson, R. A. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00315-9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Meyer, J. (2008) · Journal of the International Phonetic Association · doi:10.1017/s0025100308003277 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
McGettigan, C., Evans, S., Rosen, S., Agnew, Z. K., Shah, P., & Scott, S. K. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00161 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Hemispheric asymmetry of the right ear advantage in dichotic listening
Jerger, J., & Martin, J. S. (2004) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2004.07.019 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Fukuzawa, M., Mills, D. S., & Cooper, J. J. (2005) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.119.1.117 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Cross-modal discrimination of human gender by domestic dogs
Ratcliffe, V. F., McComb, K., & Reby, D. (2014) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.03.009 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationVallortígara, G., Snyder, A. W., Kaplan, G., Bateson, P., Clayton, N. S., & Rogers, L. J. (2008) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060042 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Baru, A. V. (1975) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-248550-3.50010-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neural mechanisms for lexical processing in dogs
Andics, A., Gábor, A., Gácsi, M., Faragó, T., Szabó, D., & Miklósi, Á. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf3777 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Spectrotemporal modulation provides a unifying framework for auditory cortical asymmetries
Flinker, A., Doyle, W., Mehta, A. D., Devinsky, O., & Poeppel, D. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0548-z · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Cuaya, L. V., Hernández-Pérez, R., & Concha, L. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149431 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Lateralized behavior and cardiac activity of dogs in response to human emotional vocalizations
Siniscalchi, M., d’Ingeo, S., Fornelli, S., & Quaranta, A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18417-4 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Dog-directed speech: why do we use it and do dogs pay attention to it?
Ben-Aderet, T., Gallego‐Abenza, M., Reby, D., & Mathevon, N. (2017) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.2429 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationIn what sense are dogs special? Canine cognition in comparative context
Lea, S. E. G., & Osthaus, B. (2018) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-018-0349-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
d’Ingeo, S., Quaranta, A., Siniscalchi, M., Stomp, M., Coste, C., Bagnard, C., Hausberger, M., & Cousillas, H. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47960-5 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Lateralized Functions in the Dog Brain
Siniscalchi, M., d'Ingeo, S., & Quaranta, A. (2017) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym9050071 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Pet-directed speech draws adult dogs’ attention more efficiently than Adult-directed speech
Jeannin, S., Gilbert, C., Amy, M., & Leboucher, G. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04671-z · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Speech naturalness detection and language representation in the dog brain
Cuaya, L. V., Hernández-Pérez, R., Boros, M., Deme, A., & Andics, A. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118811 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
From Science to Practice: A Review of Laterality Research on Ungulate Livestock
Leliveld, L. M. C. (2019) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym11091157 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Multilevel fMRI adaptation for spoken word processing in the awake dog brain
Gábor, A., Gácsi, M., Szabó, D., Miklósi, Á., Enikö Kubinyi, B., & Andics, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68821-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Using music to study the evolution of cognitive mechanisms relevant to language
Patel, A. D. (2016) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1088-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The effect of sex and age on paw use within a large sample of dogs (Canis familiaris)
Laverack, K. L., Pike, T. W., Cooper, J. J., & Frasnelli, E. (2021) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105298 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Magyari, L., Huszár, Z., Turzó, A., & Andics, A. (2020) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.200851 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Perceptual lateralization of vocal stimuli in goats
Baciadonna, L., Nawroth, C., Briefer, E., & McElligott, A. (2018) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/cz/zoy022 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A comparison of hearing and auditory functioning between dogs and humans
Barber, A. L. A., Wilkinson, A., Montealegre‐Z, F., Ratcliffe, V. F., Guo, K., & Mills, D. S. (2020) · Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews · doi:10.3819/ccbr.2020.150007 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationRogers, L. J. (2017) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6725-4_3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Repetition enhancement to voice identities in the dog brain
Boros, M., Gábor, A., Szabó, D., Bozsik, A., Gácsi, M., Szalay, F., Faragó, T., & Andics, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60395-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
An exploratory analysis of head-tilting in dogs
Sommese, A., Miklósi, Á., Pogány, Á., Temesi, A., Dror, S., & Fugazza, C. (2021) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-021-01571-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Gergely, A. E., Tóth, K., Faragó, T., & Topál, J. (2021) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.04.008 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The brain of the African wild dog. III . The auditory system
Chengetanai, S., Bhagwandin, A., Bertelsen, M. F., Hård, T., Hof, P. R., Spocter, M. A., & Manger, P. R. (2020) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24989 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Crucial Role of Attention in Lateralisation of Sound Processing?
Hausberger, M., Cousillas, H., Meter, A., Karino, G., George, I., Lemasson, A., & Blois‐Heulin, C. (2019) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym11010048 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Leliveld, L. M. C., Düpjan, S., Tuchscherer, A., & Puppe, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.596758 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Motor asymmetry in goats during a stepping task
Baruzzi, C., Nawroth, C., McElligott, A. G., & Baciadonna, L. (2017) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/1357650x.2017.1417993 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The acoustic bases of human voice identity processing in dogs
Gábor, A., Kaszás, N., Faragó, T., Fraga, P. P., Lovas, M., & Andics, A. (2022) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-022-01601-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Scandurra, A., Pinelli, C., Fierro, B., Cosmo, A. D., & D’Aniello, B. (2020) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-020-01398-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Langner, L., Žakelj, S., Bolló, H., Topál, J., & Kis, A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42584-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Shank3 mutations enhance early neural responses to deviant tones in dogs
Wu, L., Mei, S., Yu, S. P., Han, S., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad302 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Right nostril biases to experimental scents inCanis familiaris
Brown, N. J., & Reimchen, T. E. (2019) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/1357650x.2019.1614942 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Konerding, W. S., Zimmermann, E., Bleich, E., Hedrich, H. J., & Scheumann, M. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.3925 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sturdy, S. K., Smith, D. R. R., & George, D. N. (2021) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-021-01567-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Preisig, B. C., & Meyer, M. E. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106111 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Individual level recognition of familiar human speakers in dogs
Surányi, K., Gábor, A., Somogyi, R., Gyenes, B., Morvai, B., Boros, M., Faragó, T., & Andics, A. (2024) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.10.030 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dog–human vocal interactions match dogs’ sensory-motor tuning
Déaux, É. C., Piette, T., Gaunet, F., Legou, T., Arnal, L. H., & Giraud, A. (2024) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002789 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Grammar of Zoopoetics: Human and Canine Language Play
Jacobs, J. (2018) · Palgrave studies in animals and literature · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64416-5_5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Dog-Eared Dictionary: Human-Animal Alliance in Chinese Civilization
Huot, C. (2015) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/s0021911815000571 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) recognise meaningful content in monotonous streams of read speech
Root‐Gutteridge, H., Korzeniowska, A., Ratcliffe, V. F., & Reby, D. (2025) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-025-01948-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationLeft Versus Right Asymmetries of Brain and Behaviour
Rogers, B. S. (. (2019) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03921-693-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Canine sound production, perception, and processing
Siniscalchi, M., d’Ingeo, S., Minunno, M., & Quaranta, A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815160-0.00020-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Boros, M., Rácz, D. S., & Andics, A. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121411 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Eleőd, H., Gácsi, M., Bunford, N., & Kis, A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40851-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Brain Asymmetry of Structure and/or Function
Rogers, L. J. (2017) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03842-551-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vocal Communication Between Humans and Animals
Root‐Gutteridge, H., Pisanski, K., & Reby, D. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.90732-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationHypes, J. M. (2015) · doi:10.33915/etd.5849 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dogs’ sensory-motor tuning shapes dog-human vocal interactionsPreprint
Déaux, É. C., Piette, T., Gaunet, F., Legou, T., Arnal, L. H., & Giraud, A. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.18.562860 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dogs can tell when praise is sincere
Shen, H. H. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature.2016.20514
Wybrane zagadnienia produkcji zwierzęcej t.3
Babicz, M., Kropiwiec-Domańska, K., & Chabuz, W. (2022) · doi:10.24326/mon.2022.9
Fünfter Gipfel – das Säugetier und der Mensch
Lehmann, K. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-69274-5_8
Rogers, L. J. (2024) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4240-5_3
Vocal communication between humans and animals
Root‐Gutteridge, H., Massenet, M., Fournier, F., Korzeniowska, A., Pisanski, K., & Reby, D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29068-8.00079-9
Self-citationBuckley, C., Sexton, C. L., Martvel, G., Hecht, E. E., Bradley, B. J., Zamansky, A., & Subiaul, F. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15213179
Kaminski, J. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95504-1.01129-7
Evolutionary Origins of Linguistic Prosody
Oderbolz, C., & Meyer, M. E. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95504-1.01371-5
Dogs tuned to conspecific vocalizations: behavioral evidence for a voice processing preference
Faragó, T., Surányi, K., Bensaali-Nemes, F., Ferrando, E., Szatlószki, Z., & Andics, A. (2026) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-026-02074-0
d’Ingeo, S., Nolè, M., Bufi, A., Straziota, V., Lavopa, A., Siniscalchi, M., & Quaranta, A. (2026) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2026.107107
- Authors
- Ratcliffe, V. F., & Reby, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Reby, David
- ORCID
- Reby, David
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 2908-2912
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2074817220
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 2.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Keywords
- dogs, hemispheric lateralization, human speech perception, prosodic features, prosody, domestication, convergent evolution
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Communication, Cues, Dogs, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Male, Speech Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
