Prevalence of intellectual disability among eight-year-old children from selected communities in the United States, 2014.
Open accessAbstract
Background Children with intellectual disability (ID), characterized by impairments in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, benefit from early identification and access to services. Previous U.S. estimates used administrative data or parent report with limited information for demographic subgroups.Objective Using empiric measures we examined ID characteristics among 8-year-old children and estimated prevalence by sex, race/ethnicity, geographic area and socioeconomic status (SES) area indicators.Methods We analyzed data for 8-year-old children in 9 geographic areas participating in the 2014 Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network. Children with ID were identified through record review of IQ test data. Census and American Community Survey data were used to estimate the denominator.Results Overall, 11.8 per 1,000 (1.2%) had ID (IQ ≤ 70), of whom 39% (n = 998) also had autism spectrum disorder. Among children with ID, 1,823 had adaptive behavior test scores for which 64% were characterized as impaired. ID prevalence per 1,000 was 15.8 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 15.0-16.5) among males and 7.7 (95% CI, 7.2-8.2) among females. ID prevalence was 17.7 (95% CI, 16.6-18.9) among children who were non-Hispanic black; 12.0 (95% CI, 11.1-13.0), among Hispanic; 8.6 (95% CI, 7.1-10.4), among non-Hispanic Asian; and 8.0 (95% CI, 7.5-8.6), among non-Hispanic white. Prevalence varied across geographic areas and was inversely associated with SES.Conclusions ID prevalence varied substantively among racial, ethnic, geographic, and SES groups. Results can inform strategies to enhance identification and improve access to services particularly for children who are minorities or living in areas with lower SES.
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Children in the lower MHI group were more likely to have co-occurring intellectual disability.
“Children in the lower MHI group were more likely to have co-occurring intellectual disability, consistent with previous ADDM Network reports (19,22) and a study in France (23).”
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- Authors
- Patrick, M. E., Shaw, K. A., Dietz, P. M., Baio, J., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Bilder, D. A., Kirby, R. S., Hall-Lande, J. A., Harrington, R. A., Lee, L.-C., Lopez, M. L. C., Daniels, J., & Maenner, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- University of South Florida (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Patrick, Mary E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Disability and Health Journal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 101023
- ISSN
- 1876-7583 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-6574
- PMC
- PMC10962268
- OpenAlex
- W3102675583
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 5.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Disability and health journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC-RFA-DD15-1501)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Keywords
- intellectual disability, prevalence, children, autism spectrum disorder, adaptive behavior, sex differences, racial and ethnic disparities, socioeconomic status, regional variation, early detection, access to services, IQ
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Female, Persons with Disabilities, Humans, Male, Intellectual Disability, United States, Prevalence
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