Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2018.
Open accessAbstract
PROBLEM/CONDITION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). PERIOD COVERED: 2018. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network conducts active surveillance of ASD. This report focuses on the prevalence and characteristics of ASD among children aged 8 years in 2018 whose parents or guardians lived in 11 ADDM Network sites in the United States (Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, Tennessee, Utah, and Wisconsin). To ascertain ASD among children aged 8 years, ADDM Network staff review and abstract developmental evaluations and records from community medical and educational service providers. In 2018, children met the case definition if their records documented 1) an ASD diagnostic statement in an evaluation (diagnosis), 2) a special education classification of ASD (eligibility), or 3) an ASD International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code. RESULTS: For 2018, across all 11 ADDM sites, ASD prevalence per 1,000 children aged 8 years ranged from 16.5 in Missouri to 38.9 in California. The overall ASD prevalence was 23.0 per 1,000 (one in 44) children aged 8 years, and ASD was 4.2 times as prevalent among boys as among girls. Overall ASD prevalence was similar across racial and ethnic groups, except American Indian/Alaska Native children had higher ASD prevalence than non-Hispanic White (White) children (29.0 versus 21.2 per 1,000 children aged 8 years). At multiple sites, Hispanic children had lower ASD prevalence than White children (Arizona, Arkansas, Georgia, and Utah), and non-Hispanic Black (Black) children (Georgia and Minnesota). The associations between ASD prevalence and neighborhood-level median household income varied by site. Among the 5,058 children who met the ASD case definition, 75.8% had a diagnostic statement of ASD in an evaluation, 18.8% had an ASD special education classification or eligibility and no ASD diagnostic statement, and 5.4% had an ASD ICD code only. ASD prevalence per 1,000 children aged 8 years that was based exclusively on documented ASD diagnostic statements was 17.4 overall (range: 11.2 in Maryland to 29.9 in California). The median age of earliest known ASD diagnosis ranged from 36 months in California to 63 months in Minnesota. Among the 3,007 children with ASD and data on cognitive ability, 35.2% were classified as having an intelligence quotient (IQ) score ≤70. The percentages of children with ASD with IQ scores ≤70 were 49.8%, 33.1%, and 29.7% among Black, Hispanic, and White children, respectively. Overall, children with ASD and IQ scores ≤70 had earlier median ages of ASD diagnosis than children with ASD and IQ scores >70 (44 versus 53 months). INTERPRETATION: In 2018, one in 44 children aged 8 years was estimated to have ASD, and prevalence and median age of identification varied widely across sites. Whereas overall ASD prevalence was similar by race and ethnicity, at certain sites Hispanic children were less likely to be identified as having ASD than White or Black children. The higher proportion of Black children compared with White and Hispanic children classified as having intellectual disability was consistent with previous findings. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION: The variability in ASD prevalence and community ASD identification practices among children with different racial, ethnic, and geographical characteristics highlights the importance of research into the causes of that variability and strategies to provide equitable access to developmental evaluations and services. These findings also underscore the need for enhanced infrastructure for diagnostic, treatment, and support services to meet the needs of all children.
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California has had the highest prevalence among children aged 4 years and 8 years since joining the ADDM Network in 2018.
“California has had the highest prevalence among children aged 4 years and 8 years since joining the ADDM Network in 2018 (6,10,11,13)”
Surveillance was conducted using the same surveillance methods and case definitions used in 2018 and 2020.
“Surveillance was conducted using the same surveillance methods and case definitions used in 2018 and 2020 (6,13).”
The overall male-to-female ASD prevalence ratio for children aged 4 years was lower than the 4.2 ratio for children aged 8 years.
“No evidence of heterogeneity of the male-to-female ratio among children aged 4 years across sites was observed; however, the overall male-to-female ratio for children aged 4 years was lower than the 4.2 male-to-female ratio for children aged 8 years (11).”
California was the only site where prevalence among children aged 4 years was higher than among children aged 8 years.
“The site in California had the highest cumulative incidence of ASD by age 48 months and the fewest cases of suspected ASD and was the only site where prevalence among children aged 4 years was higher than among children aged 8 years (11).”
The combined prevalence of ASD and suspected ASD (19.7 per 1,000 children aged 4 years) was still lower than ASD prevalence observed among children aged 8 years (23.0 per 1,000 children aged 8 years).
“The combined prevalence of ASD and suspected ASD (19.7 per 1,000 children aged 4 years) was still lower than ASD prevalence observed among children aged 8 years (23.0 per 1,000 children aged 8 years) (11).”
Children with co-occurring intellectual disability are more likely to be identified earlier than children without intellectual disability.
“Children with co-occurring intellectual disability are more likely to be identified earlier than children without intellectual disability, as indicated by an earlier median age at identification among this group (11) as well as the consistently higher proportion of children with intellectual disability at age 4 years (8,13) than at age 8 years (9,11,17).”
A higher proportion of Black children aged 4 years with ASD have co-occurring intellectual disability.
“Consistent with findings among children aged 8 years (11), a higher proportion of Black children aged 4 years with ASD have co-occurring intellectual disability.”
The 2018 estimate for children aged 4 years was lower than the 23.0 per 1,000 ASD prevalence among children aged 8 years.
“The 2018 estimate for children aged 4 years was lower than the 23.0 per 1,000 ASD prevalence among children aged 8 years (11), a finding consistent with previous reports (8,13).”
Adding the children identified with ASD to those suspected of having ASD at age 4 years is still less than the prevalence of ASD by age 8 years at all sites except California.
“Adding the children identified with ASD to those suspected of having ASD at age 4 years is still less than the prevalence of ASD by age 8 years at all sites except California (11).”
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“However, epidemiological and meta-analytic studies suggest that ASD is more typically diagnosed between 43 and 50 months of age [6, 7].”
BackgroundThe earlier the better: An RCT of treatment timing effects for toddlers on the autism spectrum
Guthrie, W., Wetherby, A. M., Woods, J., Schatschneider, C., Holland, R. D., Morgan, L., & Lord, C. E. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231159153 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Unfortunately, the median age of diagnosis (50 months; Maenner et al., 2021) continues to be well above the age at which children can often be reliably diagnosed (Guthrie et al., 2013; Pierce et al., 2019).”
REMOVED: Deep learning with image-based autism spectrum disorder analysis: A systematic review
Uddin, M. Z., Shahriar, M. A., Mahamood, M. N., Alnajjar, F. S. K., Pramanik, M. I., & Ahad, M. A. R. (2023) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2023.107185 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
RetractedWei, Q., Cao, H., Shi, Y., Xu, X., & Li, T. (2022) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2022.104254 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Wu, J., Zhang, J., Chen, X., Wettschurack, K. W., Que, Z., Deming, B. A., Olivero-Acosta, M. I., Cui, N., Eaton, M., Zhao, Y., et al. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02518-4 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Talaat, F. M., Ali, Z. H., Mostafa, R. R., & El-Rashidy, N. M. (2024) · Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/s00500-023-09477-y · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“It might be modest to really severe, which is why the word ‘‘spectrum’’ is included in the disorder’s name (Maenner et al. 2021).”
RetractedCTNNB1 in neurodevelopmental disorders
Zhuang, W., Ye, T., Wang, W., Song, W., & Tan, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1143328 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Barbaro, J., Sadka, N., Gilbert, M., Beattie, E., Li, X., Ridgway, L., Lawson, L. P., & Dissanayake, C. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.46415 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The contribution of copy number variants to psychiatric symptoms and cognitive ability
Mollon, J., Almasy, L. A., Jacquemont, S., & Glahn, D. C. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-01978-4 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“are in the borderline range (IQ=71–85) [142].”
Li, Y.-A., Chen, Z., Li, X., Gu, M., Xia, N., Chen, G., Zhou, Z.-W., Yasin, G., Xie, H., Wei, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.972809 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Besides, data sources could have led to heterogeneous results, such as data derived from health records or parents’ report, and from nationally representative population or selected sites (5, 31, 32).”
BackgroundInfluentialEpigenomic signatures reveal mechanistic clues and predictive markers for autism spectrum disorder
LaSalle, J. M. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01917-9 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Jiang, X., Chen, X., Su, J., & Liu, N. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05729-9 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“This marked an increase of 17.8% from the 2018 prevalence of 22.7/1000 (1/44) [17] and a 32.97% increase from the 2016 prevalence [18] of 18.5/1000 (1/54).”
InfluentialClarke, L., & Fung, L. K. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221102016 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Despite the fact that the current ASD prevalence is estimated to be one in every 44 children in the United States (Maenner et al., 2021), the healthcare system has not adapted to meet the needs of these individuals.”
BackgroundInfluentialHe, X., Liu, W., Tang, F., Chen, X., & Song, G. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15061415 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“In addition, prevalence data from both the United States and China suggest that the prevalence of ASD is higher in men than in women [8,9].”
BackgroundBhat, A. N. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2870 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Li, Q., Li, Y., Zheng, J., Yan, X., Huang, J., Xu, Y., Zeng, X., Shen, T., Xing, X., Chen, Q., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-44472-1 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Analysis of Race and Sex Bias in the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2)
Kalb, L. G., Singh, V., Hong, J. S., Holingue, C., Ludwig, N. N., Pfeiffer, D. L., Reetzke, R., Gross, A. L., & Landa, R. J. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.9498 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
He, J., Gong, X., Hu, B., Lin, L., Lin, X., Gong, W., Zhang, B., Cao, M., Xu, Y., Xia, R., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-46566-2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Pham, A. V., & Charles, L. C. (2023) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-023-01417-9 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Bhat, A. N., Boulton, A. J., & Tulsky, D. S. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2711 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
West, K., Yin, X., Rutherford, E. M., Wee, B., Choi, J., Chrisman, B., Dunlap, K., Hannibal, R. L., Hartono, W., Lin, M., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-21327-9 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Ward, J. H., Weir, E., Allison, C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2023) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-023-00565-2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…recently published research suggesting that autism may be more prevalent among non-white (and particularly Black) individuals, it is urgent that more research is conducted on the rates of co-occurring physical and mental health conditions among individuals with diverse ethnic backgrounds [62].”
BackgroundThe Current View on the Paradox of Pain in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Bogdanova, O. V., Bogdanov, V. B., Pizano, A., Bouvard, M. P., Cazalets, J., Mellen, N. M., & Amestoy, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.910824 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“3% (3), a male-to-female ratio around 3:1 (4).”
Dougherty, J. D., Marrus, N. M., Maloney, S. E., Yip, B. H. K., Sandin, S., Turner, T. N., Selmanovic, D., Kroll, K. L., Gutmann, D. H., Constantino, J. N., et al. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.020 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentifying autism symptom severity trajectories across childhood
Waizbard‐Bartov, E., Ferrer, E. E., Heath, B. E., Rogers, S. J., Nordahl, C. W., Solomon, M., & Amaral, D. G. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2674 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition currently affecting 1 out of every 44 children in the United States (Maenner et al., 2021).”
BackgroundChi, N., Washington, P. Y., Kline, A., Husic, A., Hou, C., He, C., Dunlap, K., & Wall, D. P. (2022) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/35406 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Autism prevalence has rapidly increased in recent years: according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, autism rates have tripled since 2000 to 1 in 44 children in 2018 [2].”
MethodSleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Narrative Review and Systematic Update
Schwichtenberg, A., Janis, A., Lindsay, A., Desai, H., Sahu, A., Kellerman, A., Chong, P., Abel, E. A., & Yatcilla, J. (2022) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-022-00234-5 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“The field is ready for a shift toward more (1) interventionbased and implementation science studies, (2) global and age representation, and (3) mechanistic understanding. A long line of work documents elevated rates of sleep problems and their association with several aspects of development 56 Current Sleep Medicine R…”
BackgroundInfluentialMeta-analysis of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised/Follow-up for Screening
Aishworiya, R., Ma, V. K., STEWART, S. L., Hagerman, R. J., & Feldman, H. M. (2023) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-059393 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Chronic Effects of Dietary Pesticides on the Gut Microbiome and Neurodevelopment
Gama, J. S., Neves, B. C., & Pereira, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.931440 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are a group of developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral deficits which affect approximately 1 in 44 children in the United States (Maenner et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhu, F.-L., Wang, S., Liu, W., Zhu, H., Li, M., & Zou, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1039293 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Inclusion criteria for toddlers with DD included the following: (1) isolated developmental delay (involving single domain); (2) multiple developmental delays—two or more domains or developmental lines affected; (3) global developmental delay (GDD)—significant delay in most of the developmental domains (21).”
BackgroundInfluentialLi, X., Ruan, C., Zibrila, A. I., Musa, M., Wu, Y., Zhang, Z., Liu, H., & Salimeen, M. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000032061 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) currently estimated that 1 in 68 children are diagnosed with ASD[21] with a male-to-female ratio of 4:1, resulting in numbers of 1 in 42 boys and 1 in 189 girls.”
BackgroundCasseus, M., Kim, W. J., & Horton, D. B. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2894 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Increased neurodevelopmental disorders, greater level of ASD severity, repetitive behaviors, and language and social deficits were also observed in children with ASD + ADHD (Gadow et al., 2009; Gordon-Lipkin et al., 2018; Mulligan et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Gut-Brain-Immune Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A State-of-Art Report
Puricelli, C., Rolla, R., Gigliotti, C. L., Boggio, E. M., Beltrami, E., Dianzani, U., & Keller, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.755171 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Are the diagnostic rates of autistic females increasing? An examination of state‐wide trends
Harrop, C., Tomaszewski, B. R., Putnam, O. C., Klein, C. B., Lamarche, E., & Klinger, L. G. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13939 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Maternal tobacco smoking and offspring autism spectrum disorder or traits in ECHO cohorts
Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Korrick, S., Ladd‐Acosta, C., Karagas, M. R., Lyall, K., Schmidt, R. J., Dunlop, A. L., Croen, L., Dabelea, D., Daniels, J. L., et al. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2665 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Primary Care Framework to Monitor Preterm Infants for Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Early Childhood
Davis, B. E., Leppert, M. L. O., German, K. R., Lehmann, C. U., Adams-Chapman, I. S., Noritz, G. H., Agrawal, R., Foster, J. E. A., Fremion, E., Frierson, S. L., et al. (2023) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2023-062511 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Gaze Patterns in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder to Emotional Faces: Scanpath and Similarity
Zhou, W., Yang, M., Tang, J., Wang, J., & Hu, B. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2024.3361935 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) [2] from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released that the overall ASD prevalence rose to 23.0 per 1000 (one in 44) children aged 8 years.”
BackgroundInfluentialShan, L., Feng, J., Wang, T., Xu, Z., & Jia, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.794238 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Previous studies have mostly explored the comorbidities of GDD/ID in children with ASD from the perspective of ASD (5, 8).”
BackgroundMethodOsman, A., Mervosh, N. L., Strat, A. N., Euston, T. J., Zipursky, G., Pollak, R. M., Meckel, K. R., Tyler, S. R., Chan, K. L., Grice, A. B., et al. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.08.020 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Early identification of autism spectrum disorder based on machine learning with eye-tracking data
Wei, Q., Dong, W., Yu, D., Wang, K., Yang, T., Xiao, Y., Long, D., Xiong, H., Chen, J., Xu, X., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.049 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A systematic review of social support for siblings of children with neurodevelopmental disorders
Kirchhofer, S. M., Orm, S., Haukeland, Y. B., Fredriksen, T., Wakefield, C. E., & Fjermestad, K. W. (2022) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104234 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Chen, Q., Kong, L., & Liu, G. (2022) · BMJ Health & Care Informatics · doi:10.1136/bmjhci-2022-100544 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“We compared the prediction performance of the models using the augmented variables with our base case models.”
Neurological and psychiatric disorders among autistic adults: a population healthcare record study
Underwood, J. F. G., DelPozo‐Baños, M., Frizzati, A., Rai, D., John, A. M., & Hall, J. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002884 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Fang, F., Arnberg, F. K., Kuja‐Halkola, R., D'Onofrio, B. M., Larsson, H., Brikell, I., Chang, Z., Andreassen, O. A., Lichtenstein, P., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101105 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“5,6 The current evidence on sex differences in psychiatric disorders is mainly based on prevalence studies, 7 – 9 without differentiating incident cases from prevalent and recurrent cases.”
CRISPR activation for SCN2A-related neurodevelopmental disorders
Tamura, S., Nelson, A. D., Spratt, P. W. E., Hamada, E. C., Zhou, X., Kyoung, H., Li, Z., Arnould, C., Barskyi, V., Krupkin, B., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09522-w · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Nebel, M. B., Lidstone, D. E., Wang, L., Benkeser, D. C., Mostofsky, S. H., & Risk, B. B. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119296 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Allen, K., Harrington, J. W., Quetsch, L. B., Masse, J. J., Cooke, C. G., & Paulson, J. F. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05428-y · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Since 2000, prevalence rates have increased by over 150% leading ASD to become an urgent public health concern (Maenner et al., 2021).”
BackgroundPenner, M., Senman, L., Andoni, L. Y., Dupuis, A., Anagnostou, E. A., Kao, S., Solish, A., Shouldice, M., Ferguson, G., & Brian, J. A. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.52879 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Washington, P. Y., & Wall, D. P. (2023) · Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-020722-125454 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“It is estimated that 1 In 44 children in the United States have autism [1], with the prevalence continuing to rise.”
BackgroundManter, M. A., Birtwell, K. B., Bath, J., Friedman, N. D. B., Keary, C. J., Neumeyer, A. M., Palumbo, M. L., Thom, R. P., Stonestreet, E., Brooks, H., et al. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03814-0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Barbaresi, W. J., Cacia, J., Friedman, S., Fussell, J. J., Hansen, R. L., Hofer, J., Roizen, N., Stein, R. E. K., Vanderbilt, D. L., & Sideridis, G. D. (2022) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3605 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Microglia: Synaptic modulator in autism spectrum disorder
Hu, C., Li, H., Li, J., Luo, X., & Hao, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.958661 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Wang, S., Chen, D., Yang, Y., Zhu, L., Xiong, X., & Chen, A. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Lagod, P. P., & Naser, S. A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242417432 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Shiani, A., Sharafi, K., Omer, A. K., Kiani, A., Matin, B. K., Massahi, T., & Ebrahimzadeh, G. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159246 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Maggio, M. G., Calatozzo, P., Cerasa, A., Pioggia, G., Quartarone, A., & Calabrò, R. S. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12111427 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“ASD is more common among boys than among girls (3/4:1) [5], and the syndrome occurs early in life with symptoms appearing within the first 2 years.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSex, hormones and cerebrovascular function: from development to disorder
Collignon, A., Dion‐Albert, L., Ménard, C., & Coelho‐Santos, V. (2024) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-023-00496-3 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Kuo, S. S., van der Merwe, C., Fu, J. M., Carey, C. E., Talkowski, M. E., Bishop, S. L., & Robinson, E. (2022) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2423 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Computer-Aided Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis With Behavior Signal Processing
Cheng, M., Zhang, Y., Xie, Y., Pan, Y., Li, X., Liu, W., Yu, C., Zhang, D., Xing, Y., Huang, X., et al. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2023.3238712 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Diversity and Classification of Genetic Variations in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kereszturi, É. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242316768 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Zhang, F., Zhang, Y., Li, G., & Luo, H. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11010041 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Moreover, the prevalence of ASD in children has continued to rise [67,68].”
BackgroundGut microbiome and serum amino acid metabolome alterations in autism spectrum disorder
Chang, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Li, S., Mei, H., Xiao, H., Ma, X., Liu, Z., & Li, R. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54717-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Racial Differences in the Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review
Gallin, Z., Kolevzon, A. M., Reichenberg, A., Hankerson, S. H., & Kolevzon, A. L. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06403-5 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network (Baio, 2012, 2014; Baio et al., 2018; Christensen et al., 2016; Dur-kin et al., 2017; Maenner et al., 2020, 2021, 2023; Mandell et al., 2009; Rice, 2007, 2009; Shaw et al., 2020, 2023).”
InfluentialOh, J., Shin, H., Kannan, K., Busgang, S. A., Schmidt, R. J., Schweitzer, J. B., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., & Bennett, D. H. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114322 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Systematic Review of Virtual Reality in Behavioral Interventions for Individuals with Autism
Carnett, A., Neely, L. C., Gardiner, S., Kirkpatrick, M., Quarles, J. P., & Christopher, K. (2022) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-022-00287-1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
- Authors
- Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Bakian, A. V., Bilder, D. A., Durkin, M. S., Esler, A., Furnier, S. M., Hallas, L., Hall-Lande, J., Hudson, A., Hughes, M. M., Patrick, M., Pierce, K., Poynter, J. N., Salinas, A., Shenouda, J., Vehorn, A., Warren, Z., Constantino, J. N., DiRienzo, M., Fitzgerald, R. T., Grzybowski, A., Spivey, M. H., Pettygrove, S., Zahorodny, W., Ali, A., Andrews, J. G., Baroud, T., Gutierrez, J., Hewitt, A., Lee, L.-C., Lopez, M., Mancilla, K. C., McArthur, D., Schwenk, Y. D., Washington, A., Williams, S., & Cogswell, M. E.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (US)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- United States Department of Health and Human Services (US)
- Corresponding author
- Maenner, Matthew J.
- ORCID
- Maenner, Matthew J.
- Bakian, Amanda V.
- Bilder, Deborah A.
- Durkin, Maureen S.
- Esler, Amy
- Furnier, Sarah M.
- Hughes, Michelle M.
- Patrick, Mary
- Pierce, Karen
- Poynter, Jenny N.
- Shenouda, Josephine
- Warren, Zachary
- Constantino, John N.
- DiRienzo, Monica
- Fitzgerald, Robert T.
- Pettygrove, Sydney
- Zahorodny, Walter
- Ali, Akilah
- Andrews, Jennifer G.
- Lee, Li-Ching
- Lopez, Maya
- McArthur, Dedria
- Washington, Anita
- Cogswell, Mary E.
- Venue
- MMWR. Surveillance Summaries
- Published
- 2021-12-03
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1-16
- ISSN
- 1545-8636 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-0738
- PMC
- PMC8639024
- OpenAlex
- W3216151710
- Cited by
- 1,818
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 101 · 2025: 270 · 2024: 438 · 2023: 553 · 2022: 438 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 193.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- MMWR Surveillance Summaries (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD103537)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, autism prevalence, special education eligibility, ICD-10 codes, sex differences, racial and ethnic disparities, American Indian and Alaska Native children, median household income, neighborhood socioeconomic status, United States states and territories
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Race Factors, Child, Ethnicity, Female, Geography, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance, United States, Prevalence, Racial Groups, Health Status Disparities, Epidemiological Monitoring
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