The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The absolute and relative risk of type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 129 studies
Open accessAbstract
Aims To estimate development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in women with previous gestational diabetes (GDM) and investigate characteristics associated with higher diagnoses, building on previous meta-analyses and exploring heterogeneity. Methods Systematic literature review of studies published up to October 2019. We included studies reporting progression to T2DM ≥6 months after pregnancy, if diagnostic methods were reported and ≥50 women with GDM participated. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regression of absolute and relative T2DM risk. PROSPERO ID: CRD42017080299. Results In 129 included studies, the percentage diagnosed with T2DM was 12% (95% confidence interval 8–16%) higher for each additional year after pregnancy, with a third developing diabetes within 15 years. Development was 18% (5–34%) higher per unit BMI at follow-up, and 57% (39–70%) lower in White European populations compared to others (adjusted for ethnicity and follow-up). Women with GDM had a relative risk of T2DM of 8.3 (6.5–10.6). 17.0% (15.1–19.0%) developed T2DM overall, although heterogeneity between studies was substantial (I 2 99.3%), and remained high after accounting for various study-level characteristics. Conclusions Percentage developing T2DM after GDM is highly variable. These findings highlight the need for sustained follow-up after GDM through screening, and interventions to reduce modifiable risk factors.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This risk is especially high for individuals with a high severity or postpartum continuation of glucose intolerance and high BMI199–201.”
From A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy (2022) · cites this paper as [200]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Women with GDM have a much higher risk of developing impaired glucose tolerance and T2DM in later life than women with uncomplicated pregnancies7,195–201”
From A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy (2022) · cites this paper as [200]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Development of type 2 diabetes is 18% higher per unit of BMI increase from prepregnancy BMI at follow-up, highlighting the importance of effective weight management after GDM (138).”
From 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 (2024) · cites this paper as [138]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040
Ogurtsova, K., Fernandes, J. D. D. R., Huang, Y., Linnenkamp, U., Guariguata, L., Cho, N. H., Cavan, D. A., Shaw, J. E., & Makaroff, L. (2017) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.024 · Cited by 7,138
Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus* (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.11.3160 · Cited by 3,784
Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bellamy, L., Casas, J.-P., Hingorani, A. D., & Williams, D. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60731-5 · Cited by 3,253
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2018
American Diabetes Association (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-s002 · Cited by 3,159
Elective induction versus spontaneous labor after sonographic diagnosis of fetal macrosomia.
Combs, C. A., Singh, N. B., & Khoury, J. C. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 2,463
Gestational Diabetes and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes
Kim, C., Newton, K. M., & Knopp, R. H. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.10.1862 · Cited by 2,276
Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus
American Diabetes Association (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-s067 · Cited by 2,245
Buchanan, T. A., & Xiang, A. H. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200524531 · Cited by 2,123
Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes
Carpenter, M. W., & Coustan, D. R. (1982) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(82)90349-0 · Cited by 1,924
Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes and Risk of Progression to Type 2 Diabetes: a Global Perspective
Zhu, Y., & Zhang, C. (2016) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0699-x · Cited by 1,260
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. 2019. Available from: www.diabetesatlas.org. Date last accessed: 01 Sept 2020.
- National Institute for Health Care and Excellence. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. NICE Clin Guidel 2015;13:2–65.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sex differences in type 2 diabetes
Kautzky-Willer, A., Leutner, M., & Harreiter, J. (2023) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-023-05891-x · Cited by 624
A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy
Jiang, L., Tang, K., Magee, L. A., von Dadelszen, P., Ekeroma, A., Li, X., Zhang, E., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00734-y · Cited by 314
15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023
ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Hilliard, M. E., Isaacs, D. M., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-s015 · Cited by 345
15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., Bruemmer, D., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Ekhlaspour, L., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-s015 · Cited by 252
15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Bannuru, R. R., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Ekhlaspour, L., Hilliard, M. E., Johnson, E. L., Khunti, K., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-s015 · Cited by 232
Metadata
- Authors
- Dennison, R. A., Chen, E. S., Green, M. E., Legard, C., Kotecha, D., Farmer, G., Sharp, S. J., Ward, R. J., Usher-Smith, J. A., & Griffin, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dennison, Rebecca A.
- Kotecha, Deeya
- Farmer, George
- Sharp, Stephen J.
- Ward, Rebecca J.
- Griffin, Simon J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 171
- Pages
- 108625
- ISSN
- 0168-8227 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7610694
- OpenAlex
- W3111270620
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 14
- FWCI
- 2.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK (A21464, 21464)
- Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12015/4)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- gestational diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, postpartum diabetes risk, diabetes progression, body mass index, ethnicity, racial disparities, diabetes screening, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Mass Screening, Pregnancy, Risk, Risk Factors, Diabetes, Gestational, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
