Nucleotide excision repair in humans
Open accessAbstract
The demonstration of DNA damage excision and repair replication by Setlow, Howard-Flanders, Hanawalt and their colleagues in the early 1960s, constituted the discovery of the ubiquitous pathway of nucleotide excision repair (NER). The serial steps in NER are similar in organisms from unicellular bacteria to complex mammals and plants, and involve recognition of lesions, adducts or structures that disrupt the DNA double helix, removal of a short oligonucleotide containing the offending lesion, synthesis of a repair patch copying the opposite undamaged strand, and ligation, to restore the DNA to its original form. The transcription-coupled repair (TCR) subpathway of NER, discovered nearly two decades later, is dedicated to the removal of lesions from the template DNA strands of actively transcribed genes. In this review I will outline the essential factors and complexes involved in NER in humans, and will comment on additional factors and metabolic processes that affect the efficiency of this important process.
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The first incision is introduced in the 5′ end of existing damage by ERCC1-XPF, while the second is introduced by XPG on the opposite side.
“The first incision is introduced in the 5′end of the existing damage by ERCC1-XPF, while the second is introduced by XPG on the opposite side.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [96]
The rest of the TC-NER pathway is quite analogous to GG-NER.
“The rest of the pathway is quite analogous to GG-NER [95,96,105].”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [96]
DNA ligase I or ligase IIIα, working with XRCC1, ligates broken phosphodiester bonds and restores chromatin status before repair is restored.
“Finally, DNA ligase I or ligase IIIα, working together with XRCC1, ligates the broken phosphodiester bonds and the chromatin status form before the repair is restored [95,96].”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [96]
As a result, a 25-32-nt-long DNA fragment containing damage is released.
“As a result, a 25–32-nt.-long DNA fragment containing damage is released.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [96]
DNA polymerase δ/ε works with PCNA and RFC to resynthesize the lost DNA fragment.
“In the next step, DNA polymerase δ/ε works with important cofactors (proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and replication factor C (RFC)) to resynthesize the lost DNA fragment.”
From Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies (2020) · cites this paper as [96]
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- Authors
- Spivak, G.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Spivak, Graciela
- ORCID
- Spivak, Graciela
- Venue
- DNA Repair
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 36
- Pages
- 13-18
- ISSN
- 1568-7856 (ISSN-L)
- 1568-7864
- PMC
- PMC4688078
- OpenAlex
- W1473224886
- Cited by
- 354
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- DNA repair (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA091456)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Genetic factors in colorectal cancer
- Keywords
- nucleotide excision repair, transcription-coupled repair, DNA damage recognition, DNA adducts, DNA repair proteins, DNA ligation
- MeSH terms
- Chromatin, DNA, DNA Damage, DNA Repair, Humans, Transcription, Genetic
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