The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 91 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: Moderation of the relationship between craving and cigarette use
Open accessAbstract
Background Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the US, while abstinence rates remain modest. Smoking has been shown to be perpetuated by operant conditioning, notably negative reinforcement (e.g., smoking to relieve negative affective states). Mindfulness training (MT) shows promise for smoking cessation, by potentially altering an individual's tendency to smoke in response to craving. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of MT and mindfulness practice on the relationship between smoking and craving after receiving four weeks of MT.Methods 33 adults received MT as part of a randomized trial for smoking cessation. Individuals in the MT condition recorded formal and informal mindfulness practice during treatment using daily diaries.Results Analyses showed that strong correlations between craving and smoking at baseline (r=0.582) were attenuated at the end of treatment (r=0.126). Mindfulness home practice significantly predicted cigarette use (formal: B=-1.21, p=0.007; informal: B=-1.52, p<0.0001) and informal practice moderated the relationship between craving and smoking at the end of treatment (B=0.52, p=0.03).Conclusions These findings suggest that MT may be effective as a treatment for smoking cessation and that informal mindfulness practice predicts a decoupling of the association between craving and smoking.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“in studies of cigarette smoking and emotional eating, mindfulness training was found to mechanistically decouple cigarette or food craving from smoking or eating, with a subsequent fivefold increase in smoking cessation rates, and a 40% reduction in craving-related eating, respectively (Brewer et al., 2011; Elwafi, Witkiewitz, Mallik, Thornhill-IV, & Brewer, 2013; Ashley E. Mason, Jhaveri, Cohn, &”
From Can Mindfulness Mechanistically Target Worry to Improve Sleep Disturbances? Theory and Study Protocol for App-Based Anxiety Program. (2020) · cites this paper as Elwafi, Witkiewitz, Mallik, Thornhill-IV, & Brewer, 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The 33 smokers who completed an eight-session mindfulness treatment (adapted from MBRP) demonstrated the normative correlation between cravings and smoking frequency at baseline, but the correlation was no longer present at the post treatment assessment.”
From Decoupling as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness and Acceptance: A Literature Review (2015) · cites this paper as Elwafi et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This review supports the traditional AMT account, with studies showing decoupling effects are related to improvements in self-compassion from treatment (Kuyken et al., 2010), improvements in decentering following mindful breathing (Feldman et al., 2010) and amount of meditation practice (Elwafi et al., 2013).”
From Decoupling as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness and Acceptance: A Literature Review (2015) · cites this paper as Elwafi et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Evidence indicates that mindfulness interventions work through reducing stress and craving and improving mindfulness and interoceptive awareness [15,19,20,28–32].”
From Mindful moms: acceptability and impact of co-designed and digitally delivered video meditations for pregnant and parenting women with opioid use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the frequency of informal meditation practice during the intervention period moderated the relationship between cravings and smoking frequency at post, such that there was a weaker relationship between these internal experiences among those who practiced more (although this moderation effect was not found with frequency of formal meditation practice).”
From Decoupling as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness and Acceptance: A Literature Review (2015) · cites this paper as Elwafi et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The most direct demonstration of decoupling effects come from laboratory-based experiments and treatment outcome studies in which AMT interventions reduce or eliminate the relationship between internal experiences and internal/overt behavior (e.g., urges to smoke are no longer predictive of smoking behavior after a mindfulness intervention; e.g., Elwafi et al., 2013).”
From Decoupling as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness and Acceptance: A Literature Review (2015) · cites this paper as Elwafi et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“A mindfulness-based smoking cessation intervention derived from MBRP significantly reduced the association between craving and cigarette smoking [57].”
From Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research (2018) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, the PFM predicts a reduction in smoking independently of reductions in craving or negative affect (Brewer et al. 2013; Elwafi et al. 2013).”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Elwafi et al. 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,647
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, P., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606266 · Cited by 20,870
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Kemp, F. (2003) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.1046/j.1467-9884.2003.t01-2-00383_4.x · Cited by 9,294
Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016 · Cited by 8,615
Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg016 · Cited by 8,612
The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
Robinson, T. (1993) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-p · Cited by 7,346
Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–161 of 161
Asfar, T., Koru‐Sengul, T., Annane, D. W., McClure, L. A., Perez, A., Antoni, M. H., Brewer, J. A., & Lee, D. J. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100784 · Cited by 5
“Mindfulness training in cancer survivors has also been shown to be effective at improving psychological symptoms of anxiety and stress, quality of life, emotional well-being, and immunological status [23].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSpears, C. A., Mhende, J., Hawkins, C., Vuong, V., Hayat, M. J., Eriksen, M. P., Hedeker, D., Abroms, L. C., & Wetter, D. W. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/35688 · Cited by 5
“Previous research suggests that mindfulness “decouples” the links among negative affect, craving, and substance use [13,44,45].”
BackgroundSánchez, M., & Amaro, H. D. L. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1048798 · Cited by 5
“Current theory suggests that including mindfulness training in SUD treatment can improve outcomes by altering the craving–use relationship (Brewer et al., 2013; Elwafi et al., 2013; Witkiewitz et al., 2013a).”
BackgroundMatiz, A., Fabbro, F., & Crescentini, C. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s441494 · Cited by 5
Horváth, M., Pittman, B. P., O’Malley, S. S., Grutman, A. J., Khan, N., Gueorguieva, R. V., Brewer, J. A., & Garrison, K. A. (2024) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2352803 · Cited by 6
“…the survey was followed by a brief online mindfulness training, using video and animation to introduce the concepts of craving and urge surfing and a guided RaiN exercise: Recognize, allow, investigate, Nonidentification [38], to work mindfully with cravings rather than to react by smoking [11,47].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationExamining the Relationships between Mindfulness and Tobacco Craving Factors
Barré, T., Ramier, C., Mounir, I., David, R., Menvielle, L., Marcellin, F., Carrieri, P., Protopopescu, C., & Chérikh, F. (2021) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2021.2019782 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, mindfulness training may be effective for smoking cessation by decoupling the association between craving and smoking (Elwafi et al., 2013).”
BackgroundNosratabadi, M., Halvaiepour, Z., & Abootorabi, S. H. (2017) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2016-0113 · Cited by 5
“In this regard, other studies have shown that training mindful attention awareness reduces the severity of self-reported factors associated with craving for cigarettes [40], [41].”
BackgroundAncient Indian Education and Mindfulness
Anālayo, B. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01145-3 · Cited by 5
Roos, C. R., Brewer, J. A., O’Malley, S. S., & Garrison, K. A. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01188-6 · Cited by 5
Self-citationMomentary craving, craving variability, and cannabis use: Associations with THC concentrates and sex
Phillips, K. T., Phillips, M. M., Lalonde, T. L., & Stein, M. D. (2023) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.22-00330 · Cited by 4
Moghadam, M., Makvandi, B., & Naderi, F. (2021) · Journal of Client-centered Nursing Care · doi:10.32598/jccnc.7.2.329.2 · Cited by 4
Taylor, V. A., Smith, R. S., & Brewer, J. A. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22145131 · Cited by 4
“We expanded on a previous study by Elwafi and colleagues [31] in two ways.”
ResultInfluentialSelf-citation(2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 4
Asfar, T., Lee, D. J., Alcaide, M. L., Jones, D. L., Zvolensky, M. J., Oluwole, O. J., Pan, Y., Brewer, J. A., & Carrico, A. W. (2025) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaf077 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSchmidt, M. B. R., Grekin, E. R., & Lumley, M. A. (2023) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2023.2215311 · Cited by 3
“…these treatments have been somewhat successful, yielding abstinence in 20–30% of participants, they are difficult to implement due to the ubiquitousness of smoking cues and the cognitive/emotional burden associated with avoidance and distraction (Elwafi et al., 2013; Muraven & Baumeister, 2000).”
BackgroundFrom Confound to Clinical Tool: Mindfulness and the Observer Effect in Research and Therapy
Bauer, C. C. C., Atad, D. A., Farb, N. A. S., & Brewer, J. A. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.01.012 · Cited by 6
Self-citationRoys, M. R., Stewart, S. A., & Copeland, A. L. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04467-7 · Cited by 3
“…interventions for smoking reduction and cessation, there remains mixed evidence on whether decreases in cravings and/or NA (Baker et al., 2004; Elwafi et al., 2012) are necessary for mindfulness interventions to have an impact on smoking behaviors (de Souza et al., 2015; Oikonomou et al.,…”
Gordon, J. S., Armin, J. S., Giacobbi, P. R., Hsu, C., Marano, K. M., & Sheffer, C. E. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/48898 · Cited by 4
“In another RCT, 33 adults were taught mindfulness and GI and encouraged to practice at home [9].”
Correlates of Smoking, Work Stress, and Mindful Awareness among Private Hospital Workers in Istanbul
Uslu, N. Z., Karaman, İ., Oral, A., Torun, S. D., & Balcı, M. K. (2024) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2024.2302129 · Cited by 3
“This suggests that individuals can become aware of their feelings and cravings to smoke, allowing these sensations to arise and subside without succumbing to them due to habit or impulse (Elwafi et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSchiek, H., Esch, T., Michaelsen, M. M., & Hoetger, C. (2024) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-024-00483-5 · Cited by 5
“For example, mindfulness training may aid in reducing the number of cigarettes smoked per day [38], weaken the link between cigarette cravings and smoking [39, 40], and enhance the self-efficacy of adults who smoke for managing negative emotions without using cigarettes [41].”
BackgroundSocial Media Desire and Impulsiveness: Intensified by Self-Immersion, Reduced by Mindfulness
Galla, B., Baelen, R. N., Fiore, H. M., Hutt, S., & Shenhav, A. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ch43n · Cited by 3
Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction as a Treatment for Adolescent Social Media Addiction
Sugara, G. S., Rachmawati, S., Muhajirin, M., Rahimsyah, A. P., Bariyyah, K., & Muqodas, I. (2025) · Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling · doi:10.1002/jaoc.70006 · Cited by 6
Girishankara, K. S. M., Shetty, S., Ramaswamy, K. A., & Shetty, P. (2024) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_117_24 · Cited by 2
“[57,58,60] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Yoga‑based relaxation technique that has been administered on smokers, and outcomes assessed were pulmonary function and subjective variables such as SASEQ, Minnesota Tobacco Withdrawal Revised Scale (MTWS‑Revised), and Brief sQSU‑”
Pearson, M. R., Roos, C. R., Brown, D. B., & Witkiewitz, K. A. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137362650_6 · Cited by 2
Self-citationMindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioral Treatments
Roemer, L., Arbid, N., Martinez, J. H., & Orsillo, S. M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803457-6.00008-8 · Cited by 4
Sanford, B. T. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70539-2_37 · Cited by 2
Scarlett, C. A., Strosnider, C. L., Elahi, H., Dannenfelser, M., Owen‐Smith, A. A., & Spears, C. A. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02151-2 · Cited by 3
“The participants in this study described the lived experience of what has been demonstrated quantitatively — that mindfulness decouples, or weakens the association between cravings or stress and addictive behaviors (Adams et al., 2015; Brewer et al., 2013; Elwafi et al., 2013; Spears et al., 2019a, 2019b).”
BackgroundMindfulness and Substance Abuse
Kozasa, E. H., de Souza, I. C. W., de Barros, V. V., & Noto, A. R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43172-7_6 · Cited by 2
Relationship Between the Five Facets of Mindfulness on Mood and Substance Use Relapse
Temme, L. J., & Wang, D. (2018) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/1044389418784961 · Cited by 3
Mindfulness Practices in Prevention and Therapy of Addictiveness: Review of Scientific Studies
Слонова, А. И. (2020) · Психиатрия психотерапия и клиническая психология · doi:10.34883/pi.2020.11.3.017 · Cited by 2
Lord, S. E., & Rao, D. (2025) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2486585 · Cited by 1
Mindfulness, Emotion Regulation, and Links to Behavioral Health
Heppner, W. L., & Spears, C. A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91451-5_11 · Cited by 1
Smoking Cessation in the Context of Integrated Care
Sanford, B. T. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93003-9_12 · Cited by 1
Cardona, E. Y. B. (2018) · Psicología y Salud · doi:10.25009/pys.v29i1.2569 · Cited by 3
Tabakkonsum – ein wichtiges Feld der Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung
Kröger, C. B. (2020) · Springer Reference Pflege, Therapie, Gesundheit · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-55793-8_79-1 · Cited by 1
“Des Weiteren kann Mindfullness Training dabei helfen, die Assoziation zwischen Rauchverlangen und dem Rauchen aufzulösen und so das Rauchen in einer Versuchssituation zu vermeiden (Elwafi et al. 2013).”
BackgroundEffect of mindfulness on treatment motivation in patients with substance use disorder
Tanrıkulu, A. B., & Kayaoğlu, K. (2024) · Journal of Dependence · doi:10.51982/bagimli.1396776 · Cited by 1
Cheng, L., Luo, M., Ge, J., Fu, Y., Gan, Q., & Chen, Z. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299797 · Cited by 1
Taherifard, M., & Abolghasemi, A. (2017) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 1
Need for mindfulness-based relapse prevention strategies for postpartum smoking relapse prevention
Vadivale, A. M., & Sathiyaseelan, A. (2022) · Indian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.4103/ijph.ijph_1494_21 · Cited by 1
Development of a Measure of Craving Suppression
Upton, B. T. (2015) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Mindfulness in Health Education and Health Promotion
D’Abundo, M. L., Sidman, C. L., & Heller, D. (2014) · Advances in human services and public health (AHSPH) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-6260-5.ch006
Ripley‐Moffitt, C., & Goldstein, A. O. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71812-5_4
Roos, C. R. (2018) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
Tan, R. (2019) · Research Commons (University of Waikato)
Mindfulness Training and Smoking Cessation
Jeung, O., Lee, E. S., & Paek, Y. (2019) · Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · doi:10.25055/jksrnt.2019.10.1.13
“였음을 알 수 있었다.(15) Vidrine 등의 연구에서 412명의 연구대상자를 MT군, CBT(인지행동치료)군, usual care 세 군으로 배정하였고”
Precautionary Principle: Cancer Prevention Efforts During Critical Periods of Growth and Development
Cormier, A. C. (2019) · Clinical journal of oncology nursing · doi:10.1188/19.cjon.659-663
Tabakkonsum – ein wichtiges Feld der Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung
Kröger, C. B. (2021) · Springer Reference Pflege, Therapie, Gesundheit · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-62426-5_79
Rodrigues-Fernandes, H., Pereira, H. P., de Almeida, L., Teixeira, C. M., & Vasconcelos-Raposo, J. (2021) · doi:10.26580/pthj.art35-2021
Park, E. R., Luberto, C. M., O’Cleirigh, C. M., Perez, G. K., & Wilner, J. G. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29294-6_2
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Medical Conditions
Carlson, L. E., Toivonen, K., Flynn, M. J., Deleemans, J. M., Piedalue, K.-A., Subnis, U. B., Oberoi, D. V., Patton, M., Pirbhai, H., & Baydoun, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81245-4_7
Brewer, J. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00134-8
Self-citationMindfulness Based Treatment for Smoking Cessation: How It Works and Future Directions
(2016) · Journal of Addictions and Therapies · doi:10.29011/2577-1507.100011
Shoenbill, K. A., Byron, M., Weiner, A. A., & Goldstein, A. O. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29171-5_4
Cevallos Viera, N. A., & Gaibor González, I. Á. (2023) · LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades · doi:10.56712/latam.v4i2.771
Cosme, D., Helion, C., Kang, Y., Lydon‐Staley, D. M., Doré, B., Stanoi, O. A., Ahn, J., Jovanova, M., McGowan, A. L., Boyd, Z. M., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7j4ey
Youdin, R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197575024.003.0008
石, 威. (2024) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2024.143132
Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation: Introduction to the Volume
Robinson, M. D., Ostafin, B. D., & Meier, B. P. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91451-5_1
Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders
Kirouac, M., Otero, D. S., & Witkiewitz, K. A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29009-1.00102-5
Self-citationMurphy, M., Henderson, K. C., Abdirahim, S., Kulkarni, T., Kendzor, D. E., Businelle, M. S., Eriksen, M. P., Hayat, M. J., Wetter, D. W., & Spears, C. A. (2026) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053261461905
Cosme, D., Helion, C., Kang, Y., Lydon‐Staley, D. M., Doré, B., Stanoi, O. A., Ahn, J., Jovanova, M., McGowan, A. L., Boyd, Z. M., et al. (2026) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7j4ey_v2
Metadata
- Authors
- Elwafi, H. M., Witkiewitz, K., Mallik, S., IV, T. A. T., & Brewer, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brewer, Judson A.
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 222-229
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3619004
- OpenAlex
- W2157337754
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 5.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Yale University
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K12 DA00167, R03DA029163, K12DA000167)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- mindfulness training, smoking cessation, craving, cigarette smoking, negative reinforcement, operant conditioning, moderation, daily diary, nicotine dependence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Conditioning, Operant, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Behavior, Addictive, Mind-Body Therapies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
