The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 91 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mindfulness training for smoking cessation: Moderation of the relationship between craving and cigarette use
Open accessAbstract
Background Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the US, while abstinence rates remain modest. Smoking has been shown to be perpetuated by operant conditioning, notably negative reinforcement (e.g., smoking to relieve negative affective states). Mindfulness training (MT) shows promise for smoking cessation, by potentially altering an individual's tendency to smoke in response to craving. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of MT and mindfulness practice on the relationship between smoking and craving after receiving four weeks of MT.Methods 33 adults received MT as part of a randomized trial for smoking cessation. Individuals in the MT condition recorded formal and informal mindfulness practice during treatment using daily diaries.Results Analyses showed that strong correlations between craving and smoking at baseline (r=0.582) were attenuated at the end of treatment (r=0.126). Mindfulness home practice significantly predicted cigarette use (formal: B=-1.21, p=0.007; informal: B=-1.52, p<0.0001) and informal practice moderated the relationship between craving and smoking at the end of treatment (B=0.52, p=0.03).Conclusions These findings suggest that MT may be effective as a treatment for smoking cessation and that informal mindfulness practice predicts a decoupling of the association between craving and smoking.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“in studies of cigarette smoking and emotional eating, mindfulness training was found to mechanistically decouple cigarette or food craving from smoking or eating, with a subsequent fivefold increase in smoking cessation rates, and a 40% reduction in craving-related eating, respectively (Brewer et al., 2011; Elwafi, Witkiewitz, Mallik, Thornhill-IV, & Brewer, 2013; Ashley E. Mason, Jhaveri, Cohn, &”
From Can Mindfulness Mechanistically Target Worry to Improve Sleep Disturbances? Theory and Study Protocol for App-Based Anxiety Program. (2020) · cites this paper as Elwafi, Witkiewitz, Mallik, Thornhill-IV, & Brewer, 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The 33 smokers who completed an eight-session mindfulness treatment (adapted from MBRP) demonstrated the normative correlation between cravings and smoking frequency at baseline, but the correlation was no longer present at the post treatment assessment.”
From Decoupling as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness and Acceptance: A Literature Review (2015) · cites this paper as Elwafi et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This review supports the traditional AMT account, with studies showing decoupling effects are related to improvements in self-compassion from treatment (Kuyken et al., 2010), improvements in decentering following mindful breathing (Feldman et al., 2010) and amount of meditation practice (Elwafi et al., 2013).”
From Decoupling as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness and Acceptance: A Literature Review (2015) · cites this paper as Elwafi et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Evidence indicates that mindfulness interventions work through reducing stress and craving and improving mindfulness and interoceptive awareness [15,19,20,28–32].”
From Mindful moms: acceptability and impact of co-designed and digitally delivered video meditations for pregnant and parenting women with opioid use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the frequency of informal meditation practice during the intervention period moderated the relationship between cravings and smoking frequency at post, such that there was a weaker relationship between these internal experiences among those who practiced more (although this moderation effect was not found with frequency of formal meditation practice).”
From Decoupling as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness and Acceptance: A Literature Review (2015) · cites this paper as Elwafi et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The most direct demonstration of decoupling effects come from laboratory-based experiments and treatment outcome studies in which AMT interventions reduce or eliminate the relationship between internal experiences and internal/overt behavior (e.g., urges to smoke are no longer predictive of smoking behavior after a mindfulness intervention; e.g., Elwafi et al., 2013).”
From Decoupling as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness and Acceptance: A Literature Review (2015) · cites this paper as Elwafi et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“A mindfulness-based smoking cessation intervention derived from MBRP significantly reduced the association between craving and cigarette smoking [57].”
From Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research (2018) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, the PFM predicts a reduction in smoking independently of reductions in craving or negative affect (Brewer et al. 2013; Elwafi et al. 2013).”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Elwafi et al. 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,647
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, P., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410606266 · Cited by 20,870
Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Kemp, F. (2003) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.1046/j.1467-9884.2003.t01-2-00383_4.x · Cited by 9,294
Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016 · Cited by 8,615
Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg016 · Cited by 8,612
The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
Robinson, T. (1993) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-p · Cited by 7,346
Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Contemplating Mindfulness at Work: An Integrative Review
Good, D. J., Lyddy, C. J., Glomb, T. M., Bono, J. E., Brown, K. W., Duffy, M. K., Baer, R. A., Brewer, J. A., & Lazar, S. W. (2016) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206315617003 · Cited by 1,043
Self-citationReconstructing and deconstructing the self: cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice
Dahl, C. J., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.001 · Cited by 809
Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: A meta-analytic review
Boswell, R. G., & Kober, H. (2016) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12354 · Cited by 703
“In drug addiction, MBTs reduce craving and use of drugs (215–217), and reductions in craving reportedly mediate reductions in drug use (215,217).”
Mindfulness and Behavior Change
Schuman-Olivier, Z., Trombka, M., Lovas, D. A., Brewer, J. A., Vago, D. R., Gawande, R., Dunne, J. P., Lazar, S. W., Loucks, E. B., & Fulwiler, C. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000277 · Cited by 435
Self-citationBrewer, J. A., Elwafi, H. M., & Davis, J. H. (2013) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0028490 · Cited by 303
Self-citationGarland, E. L., & Howard, M. O. (2018) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-018-0115-3 · Cited by 300
“A mindfulness-based smoking cessation intervention derived from MBRP significantly reduced the association between craving and cigarette smoking [57].”
MethodWitkiewitz, K. A., Bowen, S. W., Harrop, E. N., Carroll, H. A., Enkema, M. C., & Sedgwick, C. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.891845 · Cited by 214
“For example, does the “dose” of mindfulness matter? There is some preliminary evidence that additional informal practices are associated with significantly better substance-related outcomes (Brewer et al., 2011; Elwafi et al., 2013); however, examination of whether certain practices are more or less useful is needed.”
BackgroundSelf-citationChristopher, M. S., Hunsinger, M., Goerling, L. R. J., Bowen, S., Rogers, B. S., Gross, C. R., Dapolonia, E., & Pruessner, J. C. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.059 · Cited by 173
“…shift in reaction to emotion or stress, while the emotion or stress itself may not change, is aligned with mindfulness-based practices, and has been seen in other MBI trials (Bowen and Marlatt, 2009; Elwa fi et al., 2013; Garland et al., 2014; Witkiewitz and Bowen, 2010; Witkiewitz et al., 2011).”
Garrison, K. A., Pal, P., O’Malley, S. S., Pittman, B. P., Gueorguieva, R., Rojiani, R., Scheinost, D., Dallery, J., & Brewer, J. A. (2020) · Nicotine and Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nty126 · Cited by 155
Self-citationLoucks, E. B., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Britton, W. B., Fresco, D. M., Desbordes, G., Brewer, J. A., & Fulwiler, C. (2015) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-015-0668-7 · Cited by 158
Self-citationBrewer, J. A., & Garrison, K. A. (2014) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12246 · Cited by 134
Self-citationCiarrochi, J., Atkins, P. W. B., Hayes, L. L., Sahdra, B. K., & Parker, P. D. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01561 · Cited by 169
“…urges to smoke and unhelpful thoughts, and not still smoke Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 8 October 2016 | Volume 7 | Article 1561 (Elwafi et al., 2013; Adams et al., 2014), experience disordered eating cognitions (e.g., fear of weight gain) and not engage in problem eating…”
BackgroundMindfulness and craving: effects and mechanisms
Tapper, K. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.003 · Cited by 127
“…to long term, over and above what might be achieved by other strategies that interrupt elaborative processes (Tang et al., 2013), and second that over the medium to long term there may be a decoupling between cravings and craving-related behaviors (Bowen & Marlatt, 2009; Elwafi et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMason, A. E., Jhaveri, K., Cohn, M., & Brewer, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-017-9884-5 · Cited by 106
“For example, informal and in-the-moment mindfulness practices, such as those accessible in this smartphone-delivered intervention (e.g., RAIN), have been more directly associated than formal meditation in reducing cigarette smoking (Elwafi et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWills, T. A., Simons, J. S., Sussman, S., & Knight, R. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.039 · Cited by 98
Korotana, L. M., Dobson, K. S., Pusch, D., & Josephson, T. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.007 · Cited by 114
Ribeiro, L., Atchley, R. M., & Oken, B. S. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0781-3 · Cited by 91
“2014), and on a smoking cessation clinical trial in which only the amount of informal practice moderated the correlation between craving and smoking, being negatively correlated with the number of cigarettes per day (Elwafi et al. 2013).”
BackgroundBrewer, J. A., Ruf, A., Beccia, A. L., Essien, G. I., Finn, L. M., Lutterveld, R. V., & Mason, A. E. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01418 · Cited by 82
“We have found with mindful eating as well as smoking cessation programs that using in-the-moment exercises, such as RAIN (Recognize the craving, Allow it to exist, Investigate what it feels like in the body, Note the associated physical sensations from moment-to-moment) gives pragmatic tools for observing and even co-…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationRandomized trial comparing mindfulness training for smokers to a matched control
Davis, J. M., Manley, A. R., Goldberg, S. B., Smith, S. S., & Jorenby, D. E. (2014) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.04.005 · Cited by 83
Garrison, K. A., Pal, P., Rojiani, R., Dallery, J., O’Malley, S. S., & Brewer, J. A. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0468-z · Cited by 74
“mal (RAIN) practice will be included in the model as independent predictor variables [15] to test whether”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKober, H., Brewer, J. A., Height, K. L., & Sinha, R. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.042 · Cited by 75
“Further, this decoupling of craving and smoking was moderated by informal mindfulness practice (Elwafi et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDecoupling as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness and Acceptance: A Literature Review
Levin, M. E., Luoma, J. B., & Haeger, J. A. (2015) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515603707 · Cited by 71
Enkema, M. C., & Bowen, S. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.036 · Cited by 72
Self-Regulation Without Force: Can Awareness Leverage Reward to Drive Behavior Change?
Ludwig, V. U., Brown, K. W., & Brewer, J. A. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620931460 · Cited by 85
Self-citationTreatment approaches for interoceptive dysfunctions in drug addiction
Paulus, M. P., Stewart, J. L., & Haase, L. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00137 · Cited by 69
“For example, meditation has been used as an effective adjunctive therapy for relapse prevention in alcohol dependence (99), smoking cessation (100), and a diverse group of substance dependent individuals (101).”
BackgroundRuscio, A. C., Muench, C., Brede, E., & Waters, A. J. (2015) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntv074 · Cited by 74
Roy, A., Druker, S., Hoge, E. A., & Brewer, J. A. (2020) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/15608 · Cited by 55
“Introduces how to mindfully work with worry cues and affective states using RAIN (Recognize, Accept, Investigate, and Note what emotions feel like as they arise and pass away) [34,37].”
MethodSelf-citationComputational models of drug use and addiction: A review.
Mollick, J., & Hedy Kober, A. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000503 · Cited by 64
Brewer, J. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.014 · Cited by 58
Self-citationJanes, A. C., Datko, M., Roy, A., Barton, B., Druker, S., Neal, C., Ohashi, K., Benoit, H., van Lutterveld, R., & Brewer, J. A. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0403-y · Cited by 55
Self-citationMindfulness in Treatment Approaches for Addiction — Underlying Mechanisms and Future Directions
Rosenthal, A., Levin, M. E., Garland, E. L., & Romanczuk-Seiferth, N. (2021) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-021-00372-w · Cited by 54
“In addition to reduce cigarette use, participants of a mindfulness training intervention exhibited a decreased association between craving and smoking [98].”
BackgroundGawrysiak, M. J., Grassetti, S. N., Greeson, J. M., Shorey, R. C., Pohlig, R., & Baime, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22521 · Cited by 52
Kakoschke, N., Hassed, C., Chambers, R., & Lee, K. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258999 · Cited by 51
How Does Paying Attention Improve Sexual Functioning in Women? A Review of Mechanisms
Arora, N., & Brotto, L. A. (2017) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.01.005 · Cited by 52
Vowles, K. E., Witkiewitz, K., Cusack, K. J., Gilliam, W. P., Cardon, K. E., Bowen, S., Edwards, K. A., McEntee, M. L., & Bailey, R. W. (2020) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.11.007 · Cited by 49
Self-citationAndreu, C. I., Cosmelli, D., Slagter, H. A., & Franken, I. H. A. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191661 · Cited by 47
Ashe, M. L., Newman, M. G., & Wilson, S. J. (2015) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.122 · Cited by 45
“…with drug addiction by increasing the capacity to attend to and tolerate bouts of craving (the pull of an immediate reward) without using drugs (Elwafi et al., 2013; Witkiewitz et al., 2014), thereby allowing long-term goals (maintaining abstinence) to have a stronger influence on their…”
BackgroundRoos, C. R., Kirouac, M., Stein, E., Wilson, A. D., Bowen, S., & Witkiewitz, K. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1054-5 · Cited by 45
Self-citationLuberto, C. M., Park, E. R., & Goodman, J. H. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0825-8 · Cited by 42
Kamboj, S. K., Irez, D., Serfaty, S., Thomas, E., Das, R. K., & Freeman, T. P. (2017) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyx064 · Cited by 41
Mindfulness-based interventions for addictive behaviors: implementation issues on the road ahead
Wilson, A. D., Roos, C. R., Robinson, C. S., Stein, E. R., Manuel, J. A., Enkema, M. C., Bowen, S., & Witkiewitz, K. (2017) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000319 · Cited by 41
Self-citationMindfulness Practice and Its Relationship to the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Manuel, J., Somohano, V. C., & Bowen, S. W. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0605-x · Cited by 42
Paz, R., Zvielli, A., Goldstein, P., & Bernstein, A. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.017 · Cited by 39
Being While Doing: An Inductive Model of Mindfulness at Work
Lyddy, C. J., & Good, D. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02060 · Cited by 46
“, 2011), permitting greater intentionality in directing attention, thought, and behavior (Levesque and Brown, 2007; Williams, 2008; Elwafi et al., 2013; Good et al., 2016).”
BackgroundPbert, L., Druker, S., Crawford, S., Frisard, C., Trivedi, M., Osganian, S. K., & Brewer, J. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01273-w · Cited by 40
Self-citationMindfulness Training to Promote Self-Regulation in Youth: Effects of the Inner Kids Program
Galla, B. M., Greenland, S. K., & Black, D. S. (2016) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3506-2_19 · Cited by 40
Mindfulness for smoking cessation
Jackson, S., Brown, J., Norris, E., Livingstone-Banks, J., Hayes, E., & Lindson, N. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013696.pub2 · Cited by 45
Bravo, A. J., Pearson, M. R., Stevens, L. E., & Henson, J. M. (2016) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.661 · Cited by 38
“Converging evidence from mindfulness-based intervention studies (Elwafi et al., 2013; Witkiewitz & Bowen, 2010) and the present study suggests that mindfulness is a protective factor that can decouple the conditioned associations between negative emotional states and substance use.”
BackgroundMinami, H., Brinkman, H. R., Nahvi, S., Arnsten, J. H., Mindt, M. R., Wetter, D. W., Bloom, E. L., Price, L. H., Vieira, C., Donnelly, R., et al. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2017.12.014 · Cited by 34
Szeto, E. H., Schoenmakers, T. M., van de Mheen, D., Snelleman, M., & Waters, A. J. (2019) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000473 · Cited by 33
A Report on Smoking Detection and Quitting Technologies
Ortis, A., Caponnetto, P., Polosa, R., Urso, S., & Battiato, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17072614 · Cited by 33
Vinci, C., Li, L., Wu, C., Lam, C. Y., Guo, L., Correa-Fernández, V., Spears, C. A., Hoover, D. S., Etcheverry, P. E., & Wetter, D. W. (2017) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000535 · Cited by 33
Beccia, A. L., Ruf, A., Druker, S. K., Ludwig, V. U., & Brewer, J. A. (2020) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2019.0318 · Cited by 32
Self-citationNeural Mechanisms Underlying Craving and the Regulation of Craving
Hedy Kober, A., & Mell, M. M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118472415.ch9 · Cited by 33
Khusid, M. A., & Vythilingam, M. (2016) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-14-00678 · Cited by 31
Witkiewitz, K. A. (2016) · Alcohol research · doi:10.35946/arcr.v38.1.07 · Cited by 28
“Additional research has found that significant improvements in elements of spiritual growth such as acceptance and attentional awareness—defined as the ability to attend to what one deems relevant—as well as changes in the management of craving and negative affect, significantly mediate effects of mindfulness based in…”
BackgroundSelf-citationGrounding motivation for behavior change
Papies, E. K., Barsalou, L. W., Claassen, M. A., Davis, T., Farrar, S. T., Gauthier, E., Rodger, A., Tatar, B., Wehbe, L. H., & Werner, J. (2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2022.04.002 · Cited by 39
Galla, B. M., Baelen, R. N., Duckworth, A. L., & Baime, M. J. (2016) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1037/mot0000045 · Cited by 26
Brain Mechanisms of Change in Addiction Treatment: Models, Methods, and Emerging Findings
Chung, T. A., Noronha, A., Carroll, K. M., Potenza, M. N., Hutchison, K. E., Calhoun, V. D., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Morgenstern, J., Nixon, S. J., Wexler, B. E., et al. (2016) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-016-0113-z · Cited by 26
Self-citationMindfulness-Based Interventions for Weight Loss and CVD Risk Management
Fulwiler, C., Brewer, J. A., Sinnott, S. M., & Loucks, E. B. (2015) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-015-0474-1 · Cited by 29
Self-citationThe mobile assistance for regulating smoking (MARS) micro-randomized trial design protocol
Nahum-Shani, I., Potter, L. N., Lam, C. Y., Yap, J., Moreno, A., Stoffel, R., Wu, Z., Wan, N., Dempsey, W., Kumar, S., et al. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2021.106513 · Cited by 23
Leone, F. T., Carlsen, K., Folan, P. A., Latzka, K., Munzer, A., Neptune, E., Pakhale, S. S., Sachs, D. P. L., Samet, J. M., Upson, D. J., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201506-1081st · Cited by 23
“Safe in My Own Mind:” Supporting Healthy Adolescent Development Through Meditation Retreats
Galla, B. M. (2017) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2017.09.006 · Cited by 25
The Daily Dose-Response Hypothesis of Mindfulness Meditation Practice: An Experience Sampling Study
Levi, K., Shoham, A., Amir, I., & Bernstein, A. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000912 · Cited by 20
Brewer, J. A., Roy, A., Deluty, A., Liu, T., & Hoge, E. A. (2020) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000874 · Cited by 16
Self-citationAlrabadi, L. S., Dutton, A., Rabiee, A., Roberts, S. J., Deng, Y., Cusack, L., Silveira, M. G., Ciarleglio, M. M., Bucala, R., Sinha, R., et al. (2022) · JHEP Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100450 · Cited by 17
Reynolds, R. M., Popova, L., Ashley, D. L., Henderson, K. C., Ntansah, C. A., Yang, B. K., Hackworth, E. E., Hardin, J. W., & Thrasher, J. F. (2022) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc-2022-057577 · Cited by 16
Enkema, M. C., Hallgren, K. A., Bowen, S. W., Lee, C. M., & Larimer, M. E. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106750 · Cited by 20
Can Approaching Anxiety Like a Habit Lead to Novel Treatments?
Brewer, J. A., & Roy, A. (2021) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276211008144 · Cited by 13
Self-citationMindfulness Training & Assessment and Intelligence
Drigas, A. S., & Karyotaki, M. (2018) · International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering Science & IT (iJES) · doi:10.3991/ijes.v6i3.9248 · Cited by 19
Taylor, V. A., Moseley, I. H., Sun, S., Smith, R. S., Roy, A., Ludwig, V. U., & Brewer, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2021.00020 · Cited by 14
Self-citationThe Emerging Science of Mindfulness as a Treatment for Addiction
Houlihan, S. D., & Brewer, J. A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22255-4_9 · Cited by 14
Self-citationHaugg, A., Manoliu, A., Sladky, R., Hulka, L. M., Kirschner, M., Brühl, A. B., Seifritz, E., Quednow, B. B., Herdener, M., & Scharnowski, F. (2021) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13083 · Cited by 13
Rosen, R. K., Thind, H. K., Jennings, E., Guthrie, K. M., Williams, D. M., & Bock, B. C. (2016) · International Journal of Yoga Therapy · doi:10.17761/1531-2054-26.1.33 · Cited by 14
Serfaty, S., Gale, G., Beadman, M., Froeliger, B., & Kamboj, S. K. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0767-1 · Cited by 12
“In contrast, the PFM predicts a reduction in smoking independently of reductions in craving or negative affect (Brewer et al. 2013; Elwafi et al. 2013).”
BackgroundBarrows, P. D., & Gordon, W. V. (2021) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel12080586 · Cited by 12
A Network Analysis of Cigarette Craving
Aslan, M., Sala, M., Gueorguieva, R. V., & Garrison, K. A. (2023) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntad021 · Cited by 14
Vidrine, J. I., Businelle, M. S., Reitzel, L. R., Cao, Y., Cinciripini, P. M., Marcus, M. T., Li, Y., & Wetter, D. W. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0276-4 · Cited by 11
“The results of four of these studies indicated that mindfulness-based treatments were generally associated with enhanced cessation outcomes (Bowen and Marlatt 2009; Brewer et al. 2011; Davis et al. 2007; Elwafi et al. 2013).”
ResultHemenway, M., Witkiewitz, K. A., Unrod, M., Brandon, K. O., Brandon, T. H., Wetter, D. W., Sutton, S. K., & Vinci, C. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.106218 · Cited by 10
Self-citationUnresolved Issues in the Application of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Substance Use Disorders
Witkiewitz, K. A., & Black, D. S. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.852797 · Cited by 12
“A few studies have identified that changing the association between craving and substance use could be a promising mechanism of change following mindfulness-based treatment (Elwafi et al., 2013; Witkiewitz & Bowen, 2010), while changes in mindful awareness, nonjudgment, and acceptance may be a promising mechanism for…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMhende, J., Bell, S. A., Cottrell‐Daniels, C., Luong, J., Streiff, M., Dannenfelser, M., Hayat, M. J., & Spears, C. A. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/25926 · Cited by 9
Horváth, M., Grutman, A. J., O’Malley, S. S., Gueorguieva, R. V., Khan, N., Brewer, J. A., & Garrison, K. A. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/32521 · Cited by 9
“Last, a “RAIN” (recognize, allow, investigate, nonidentification [21]) mindfulness exercise is targeted to predicted smoking events according to individualized smoking profiles to help smokers work mindfully with cravings rather than to react by smoking [27,32].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMindfulness, Emotions and Leadership
Ayoko, O. B. (2023) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2023.26 · Cited by 7
“In this regard, mindfulness has been shown to help individuals quit smoking (a behaviour that is deeply ingrained and often automatised) by reducing cigarette cravings (Westbrook et al., 2013) and by breaking the connection between craving and smoking (Elwafi et al., 2013).”
BackgroundVinci, C., Sutton, S. K., Yang, M.-J., Jones, S. R., Kumar, S., & Wetter, D. W. (2025) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/55379 · Cited by 9
“…delivery of a strategy (vs none) participants would report higher positive affect (PA [43,46-48]), mindfulness [15,49-51], abstinence self-efficacy [44,45,52,53], and motivation to quit [54,55], and report lower NA [3,44,48,56-59], craving [9,11,44,51,60,61], and smoking expectancies [49,62,63].”
Mindfulness and smoking frequency: An investigation with Australian students
Chan, E. Y. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100342 · Cited by 8
Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in a Community Sample over 2 Years
Madson, L., Klug, B., Madson, L., Stimatze, T., Eness-Potter, K., & MacDonald, J. A. (2018) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/154733251803000108 · Cited by 8
Grounding Motivation for Behaviour ChangePreprint
Papies, E. K., Barsalou, L. W., Claassen, M. A., Davis, T., Farrar, S. T., Gauthier, E., Rodger, A., Tatar, B., Wehbe, L. H., & Werner, J. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/j94vb · Cited by 8
Effects of mindfulness meditation on human impulsivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Tsang, E. W., Gao, J., Lo, C. N., Trapp, N. T., Boes, A. D., & Sik, H. (2025) · Academia Mental Health and Well-Being · doi:10.20935/mhealthwellb7477 · Cited by 8
Smoking Detection and Cessation: An Updated Scoping Review of Digital and Mobile Health Technologies
Casu, M., Guarnera, F., Rosa, G. R. M. L., Battiato, S., Caponnetto, P., Polosa, R., & Emma, R. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2025.3549255 · Cited by 7
Current Smoking: An Independent Predictor of Elevated A1C in Persons With Type 2 Diabetes
DiNardo, M. M., Sereika, S. M., Korytkowski, M. T., Baniak, L. M., Weinzierl, V., Hoenstine, A. L., & Chasens, E. R. (2019) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/0145721719829068 · Cited by 7
Smoking Cessation Using Wearable Sensors: Protocol for a Microrandomized Trial
Hernandez, L. M., Wetter, D. W., Kumar, S., Sutton, S. K., & Vinci, C. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/22877 · Cited by 7
“Most importantly, mindfulness is linked to underlying mechanisms associated with abstinence, such as decreasing negative affect [19-23], increasing positive affect [20,23,24], increasing self-efficacy [25-28], and lowering craving [29-32].”
BackgroundMindfulness and the Addictive Process: Psychological Models and Neurobiological Mechanisms
Brewer, J. A., Dam, N. T. V., & Davis, J. H. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_14 · Cited by 7
Self-citationWeakness of Will and the Measurement of Freedom
Côté, N. (2020) · Ethics · doi:10.1086/707214 · Cited by 7
An assessment of mindfulness intervention as a regular subject in Ecuadorian higher education
Prado, S. M. M., & Anastacio, J. A. R. (2018) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2018.1450273 · Cited by 6
The Relationship between Mindfulness and Readiness to Change in Alcohol Drinkers
Hamza, E. A., Yoon, A., Liu, L., Garg, A., Richard, Y., Frydecka, D., Helal, A. A., & Moustafa, A. A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20095690 · Cited by 9
“Finally, Elwafi, Witkiewitz, Mallik, Thornhill, and Brewer [51] suggested that through Non-Judging of Inner Experience and Acting with Awareness facets, individuals become aware of and tolerate situations where drinkers are likely to engage in automatic reactive behaviours.”
BackgroundResultObservational Study on a Mindfulness Training for Smokers within a Smoking Cessation Program
Davis, J. M., Goldberg, S. B., Angel, K. S., Silver, R. H., Kragel, E. A., & Lagrew, D. J. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0744-8 · Cited by 6
“Neuroimaging and cognitive processing studies have led to two compellingmodels for howmindfulness may function therapeutically within an addiction (Brewer et al. 2013; Elwafi et al. 2013; Garland et al. 2013).”
Stone, D. I. G., DuBois, R. H., DeJesus, B., Rodgers, R. F., & Rizzo, C. J. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.09.002 · Cited by 6
Brewer, J. A. (2018) · Contemporary Buddhism · doi:10.1080/14639947.2018.1443553 · Cited by 6
Self-citationVinci, C., Cambron, C., Lam, C. Y., & Wetter, D. W. (2021) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001093 · Cited by 7
Cioe, P. A., Sokolovsky, A. W., Brewer, J. A., & Kahler, C. W. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20064826 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Elwafi, H. M., Witkiewitz, K., Mallik, S., IV, T. A. T., & Brewer, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brewer, Judson A.
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 222-229
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3619004
- OpenAlex
- W2157337754
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 5.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Yale University
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K12 DA00167, R03DA029163, K12DA000167)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- mindfulness training, smoking cessation, craving, cigarette smoking, negative reinforcement, operant conditioning, moderation, daily diary, nicotine dependence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Conditioning, Operant, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Behavior, Addictive, Mind-Body Therapies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
