The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 40 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
National trends in pharmaceutical opioid related overdose deaths compared to other substance related overdose deaths: 1999-2009.
Open accessAbstract
Background Pharmaceutical opioid related deaths have increased. This study aimed to place pharmaceutical opioid overdose deaths within the context of heroin, cocaine, psychostimulants, and pharmaceutical sedative hypnotics examine demographic trends, and describe common combinations of substances involved in opioid related deaths.Methods We reviewed deaths among 15-64 year olds in the US from 1999-2009 using death certificate data available through the CDC Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) Database. We identified International Classification of Disease-10 codes describing accidental overdose deaths, including poisonings related to stimulants, pharmaceutical drugs, and heroin. We used crude and age adjusted death rates (deaths/100,000 person years [p-y] and 95% confidence interval [CI] and multivariable Poisson regression models, yielding incident rate ratios; IRRs), for analysis.Results The age adjusted death rate related to pharmaceutical opioids increased almost 4-fold from 1999 to 2009 (1.54/100,000 p-y [95% CI 1.49-1.60] to 6.05/100,000 p-y [95% CI 5.95-6.16; p<0.001). From 1999 to 2009, pharmaceutical opioids were responsible for the highest relative increase in overdose death rates (IRR 4.22, 95% CI 3.03-5.87) followed by sedative hypnotics (IRR 3.53, 95% CI 2.11-5.90). Heroin related overdose death rates increased from 2007 to 2009 (1.05/100,000 persons [95% CI 1.00-1.09] to 1.43/100,000 persons [95% CI 1.38-1.48; p<0.001). From 2005-2009 the combination of pharmaceutical opioids and benzodiazepines was the most common cause of polysubstance overdose deaths (1.27/100,000 p-y (95% CI 1.25-1.30).Conclusion Strategies, such as wider implementation of naloxone, expanded access to treatment, and development of new interventions are needed to curb the pharmaceutical opioid overdose epidemic.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
40 Own result · 24 Not checked yet · 12 Own method · 5 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given · 1 Supported so far
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When compared to females, males were almost 4 times more likely to die a heroin related death (IRR 3.92, 95% CI 2.96-5.20).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NHWs (IRR 12.20, 95% CI 8.68-17.15) and AI/ANs (IRR 13.06, 95% CI 9.30-18.34) had the highest rates of pharmaceutical opioid related deaths.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cocaine and psychostimulant related deaths were 2 to 4 times more likely among males (Table 1).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.2. Death Rates by Gender and Age Groups
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heroin related overdose death rates increased from 2007 to 2009 (1.05/100,000 persons [95% CI 1.00-1.09] to 1.43/100,000 persons [95% CI 1.38-1.48; p<0.001).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > Abstract > Results:
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Males aged 15-24 years old were 3.6 times more likely to die from a pharmaceutical opioid related death than similarly aged females. The death rate ratio decreased with each advancing age group. Males aged 55-64 were only 1.3 times more likely to die from a pharmaceutical opioid related death than females of the same age group.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.2. Death Rates by Gender and Age Groups
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increase in heroin related deaths from 2007 to 2009 did not remain significant after adjustment for age, gender, and race.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When compared to females, heroin related deaths were 4 to 6 times more likely among males”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.2. Death Rates by Gender and Age Groups
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 2006, pharmaceutical opioid related deaths were more common than cocaine, heroin, and psychostimulant related deaths combined (Figure 1).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.1. Accidental Overdose Age Adjusted Death Rates
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non Hispanic Whites (NHW) and AI/ANs had the highest death rates related to pharmaceutical opioids and antidepressants (NHW: 0.80/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 0.78-0.82; AI/AN: 0.93/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 0.73-1.16)”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.3. Combined Substance Related Death Rates
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 2009, deaths related to sedative hypnotics exceeded cocaine related deaths.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.1. Accidental Overdose Age Adjusted Death Rates
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the adjusted model, there was no significant difference in heroin related deaths across 1999 (IRR 1.00 [ref.]) to 2009 (IRR 1.51, 95% CI 0.94-2.41; Table 4).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the adjusted model of substance related deaths, males had a higher death rate for each substance.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and pharmaceutical opioids and benzodiazepines (NHW: 1.72/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 1.69-1.76; AI/AN: 1.76/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 1.47-2.05).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.3. Combined Substance Related Death Rates
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The death rate related to sedative hypnotics increased 10-fold among 15-24 year olds from 1999 to 2009 (0.11/100,000 persons, 95% CI 0.08-0.15 to 1.16/100,000 persons, 95% CI 1.06-1.26 (data not shown).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.2. Death Rates by Gender and Age Groups
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The decrease in the death rate ratio by advancing age was also noted in deaths related to sedative hypnotics (Table 1).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.2. Death Rates by Gender and Age Groups
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The difference in death rates by gender was less apparent among pharmaceutical opioid and sedative hypnotic related deaths.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.2. Death Rates by Gender and Age Groups
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“African Americans had the highest death rate related to cocaine (IRR 17.36, 95% CI 12.04-25.04).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders were chosen as the referent group because they had the lowest death rate for most substances examined, excluding psychostimulants.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women were more likely to die from a death related to pharmaceutical opioids and antidepressants (0.65/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 0.63-0.67).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.3. Combined Substance Related Death Rates
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Deaths related to sedative hypnotics increased 5-fold from 1999 to 2009 (0.43/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 0.40-0.46 to 2.31/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 2.25-2.38; p<0.001).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.1. Accidental Overdose Age Adjusted Death Rates
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) had the highest death rate related to pharmaceutical opioids and alcohol (1.43/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 1.17-1.69) (Table 4).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.3. Combined Substance Related Death Rates
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those aged 45-54 years old had the highest death rates related to pharmaceutical opioids combined with other substances.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.3. Combined Substance Related Death Rates
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After adjusting for gender, race, and year of death, those aged 45-54 were generally at highest risk of death (Table 4).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pharmaceutical opioids used in combination with other substances contributed to overdose deaths (Table 2).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.3. Combined Substance Related Death Rates
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The gender difference was less pronounced for sedative hypnotic related deaths (IRR 1.58, 95% CI 1.27-1.98; Table 4).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar trends were noted among NHWs and AI/ANs for sedative hypnotic related deaths.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With adjustment for gender, race, and age group, there were significant increases in the death rates related to pharmaceutical opioids each year relative to 1999 starting in 2002 (IRR 1.76, 95% CI 1.21-2.55) through 2009 (IRR 4.22, 95% CI 3.03-5.87;Table 4).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cocaine related deaths peaked in 2005 (IRR 1.61, 95% CI 1.20-2.16).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The age adjusted death rate related to pharmaceutical opioids increased almost 4-fold from 1999 to 2009 (1.54/100,000 p-y [95% CI 1.49-1.60] to 6.05/100,000 p-y [95% CI 5.95-6.16; p<0.001).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > Abstract > Results:
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psychostimulant related deaths were lowest among African Americans (IRR 0.48, 95% CI 0.27-0.84).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar trends were noted for sedative hypnotic related death from 2005 (IRR 2.39, 95% CI 1.20-4.75) to 2009 (IRR 3.53, 95% CI 2.11-5.90).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pharmaceutical opioids have become the primary cause of overdose death in the US.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.2. Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“The risk of heroin transition has been shown to increase with illicit use of multiple types of pharmaceutical opioids or illicit use of pharmaceutical opioids for greater that two years (Grau et al., 2007).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grau et al., 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increase in non medical use of pharmaceutical opioids may contribute to an increase in heroin use and related overdose deaths in the future.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pharmaceutical opioid related deaths have increased.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > Abstract > Background:
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Paulozzi et al., 2006 source
- Not checked yetcites Warner et al., 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data do not allow us to know definitively if the decedent overdosed on heroin or mophine.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study was not designed to calcuate the fatality rate related to the use of pharmaceutical opioids because our denominators were based on US population estimates rather than the number of people taking pharmaceutical opioids.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Use of pharmaceutical opioids in combination with other substances is common.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McCabe et al., 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“National prevalence estimates have shown that the majority of individuals with past year sedative, tranquilizer, stimulant and opioids use disorders also met DSM-IV criteria for an additional past-year substance use disorder (McCabe et al., 2008).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McCabe et al., 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Medical examiners may have attributed the decedent’s poisoning to be due to morphine when they were unsure if the overdose was related to heroin or morphine, i.e. in situations where drug injection paraphernalia was not found on the scene.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Risk factors for death among sedative hypnotic users increased with the number of prescriptions obtained, the number of providers visited in the previous year, and the number of pharmacies used to obtain prescriptions (Paulozzi et al., 2012; Martyres et al., 2004).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Heroin is quickly metabolized to 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) before it is metabolized to morphine.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Verstraete, 2004 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Opioids and benzodiazepines were found to be co-abused by opioid users to enhance opioid intoxication (Jones et al., 2012).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jones et al., 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The increase in methadone related deaths may be the result of diversion from hospitals, pharmacies, practitioners, and to a lesser extent, methadone treatment programs for addiction (National Drug Intelligence Agency, 2007).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites National Drug Intelligence Agency, 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 27
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Non medical use of pharmaceutical opioids leading to injection heroin use and concomitant use of heroin and pharmaceuticals opioids have been reported (Siegal et al., 1994; Lankenau et al., 2012; Nielsen et al., 2011; Wilkins et al., 2011).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Siegal et al., 1994 source
- Supportedcites Lankenau et al., 2012 source
The Discussion reports a trajectory from prescription opioid misuse to injecting heroin, as well as injecting both opioids and heroin, among young injection drug users. The Results section (“Injected a Prescription Opioid Before Heroin”) describes the sequence from opioid misuse through opioid injection to heroin injection. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked yetcites Nielsen et al., 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among pharmaceutical opioid related deaths, morphine and its derivatives accounted for the highest number of deaths across all years (Figure 1).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.1. Accidental Overdose Age Adjusted Death Rates
- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psychostimulant related deaths peaked in 2005 (IRR 2.59, 95% CI 1.14-5.85), declined during 2006 and 2007, but were elevated again in 2009 (IRR 2.52, 95% CI 1.11-5.71).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The death rate for those aged 45-55 years was highest for cocaine (IRR 6.41, 95% CI 4.79-8.58), followed by heroin (IRR 3.56, 95% CI 2.35-5.40), and pharmaceutical opioids IRR 3.15, 95% CI 2.54-3.89).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The crude death rate related to pharmaceutical opioids among 15-24 year olds was 0.51/100,000 persons, 95% CI 0.44-0.58 in 1999 and peaked to 3.38/100,000 persons, 95% CI 3.21-3.56 in 2009, a 6-fold increase.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.2. Death Rates by Gender and Age Groups
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heroin related deaths were elevated among NHWs (IRR 7.27, 95% CI 3.77-14.02), African Americans (IRR 7.65, 95% CI 3.97-14.75), and AI/ANs (IRR 7.00, 95% CI 3.62-13.56).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From 1999 to 2009, pharmaceutical opioids were responsible for the highest relative increase in overdose death rates (IRR 4.22, 95% CI 3.03-5.87) followed by sedative hypnotics (IRR 3.53, 95% CI 2.11-5.90).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > Abstract > Results:
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Men were more likely to die from a death related to the combination of pharmaceutical opioids and cocaine (1.08/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 1.05-1.11), alcohol (0.96/100,000 p-y, 95%CI 0.93-0.99), and benzodiazepines (1.63/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 1.60-1.67).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.3. Combined Substance Related Death Rates
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Methadone related deaths rose steadily from 1999 (0.33/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 0.30-0.35) to 2007 (2.34/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 2.27-2.40; p<0.001), but then decreased significantly in 2009 (2.01/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 1.95-2.08; p<0.001).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.1. Accidental Overdose Age Adjusted Death Rates
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Death rates varied by gender for all substances during 2005 to 2009. Males had higher death rates for each substance examined.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.2. Death Rates by Gender and Age Groups
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From 2005-2009 the combination of pharmaceutical opioids and benzodiazepines was the most common cause of polysubstance overdose deaths (1.27/100,000 p-y (95% CI 1.25-1.30).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > Abstract > Results:
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AI/ANs were at high risk of dying from a psychostimulant related or a pharmaceutical opioid related death.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding may be related to misclassification of heroin related deaths, as discussed below.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Successful strategies to reduce opioid overdoses include wider implementation of rescue medications such as naloxone to reverse opioid overdose and enhanced access to drug treatment with medications such as buprenorphine (Albert et al., 2011; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012; Cornish et al., 2010).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.2. Conclusion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tolerance to pain medications, worsening withdrawal symptoms, and increased availability and affordability of heroin relative to the high street cost of pharmaceutical opioids may push pharmaceutical opioid users to heroin (Inciardi et al., 2009).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Inciardi et al., 2009 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The average milligrams of morphine prescribed per patient per year increased more than 600% from 1997 to 2007, which led to an increased availability of pharmaceutical opioids for illicit use (US Department of Justice, 2012).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Department of Justice, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may have led to an overestimation of pharmaceutical opioid related deaths and an underestimation of heroin related deaths, leading to misclassification bias in our study.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Toxicology findings and cause of death determinations may not be consistent between counties or states due to differing medical examiner/coroner policies.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“National survey data showed that 75% of pharmaceutical opioid users were using opioids prescribed to someone else (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2010).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study was not designed to describe additional causes of death related to substance use, such as homicides, motor vehicle crashes, and long-term sequelae of substance use (e.g. congestive heart failure, infectious disease).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Barriers to receiving substance abuse treatment among AI/ANs living in urban areas or on reservations include low insurance coverage, limited access to transportation, and “discomfort” in the Westernized healthcare system (Gone and Trimble, 2012, Katz, 2004; Moulton et al., 2007; Call et al., 2006).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We could not ascertain the indication for pharmaceutical opioid use.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The prevalence of sedative hypnotic use is higher among the elderly, and risk of inappropriate use is more likely (Straand and Rokstad, 1999).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Straand and Rokstad, 1999
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Factors which may lead to increased substance use, such as mental disorders and stress, are more prevalent among AI/ANs as compared to the general population (Grant et al., 2004).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grant et al., 2004 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We could not examine other risk factors for death, such as socioeconomic status or lifetime history of substance abuse.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“6-MAM can be tested for in the blood and urine, but the absence of 6-MAM does not have a high predictive value due to its short half life (Verstraete, 2004).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Verstraete, 2004 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increased access and use of state run prescription drug monitoring programs may allow prescribers to identify patients who have filled multiple prescriptions for pharmaceutical medications and are at increased risk of abuse.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Autopsy information was recorded beginning in 2003 on all overdose deaths and were performed 69-87% of the time.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Over the last decade, the number of methadone prescriptions written for treatment of chronic pain and the overall sales of methadone increased (US Government Accountability Organization, 2009; US Department of Justice, 2011).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Government Accountability Organization, 2009
- Not checked yetcites US Department of Justice, 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Culturally targeted substance abuse interventions may impact initiation of substance use and help in the treatment of abuse (Hetch et al., 2003; Unger, 2012).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Certain sub-populations have been found to be at greater risk of inappropriate sedative hypnotic use including those with opioid and/or alcohol abuse/dependence (Wolf et al., 1990; Havens et al., 2012).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wolf et al., 1990
- Not checked yetcites Havens et al., 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additional factors contributing to methadone related deaths are physician error due to knowledge deficits regarding evidence based guidelines used for pain treatment, unanticipated medical and mental health comorbidites, and insurance payer policies mandating methadone as first line therapy for pain (Scanlon and Chugh, 2004; Webster et al., 2011).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study examined trends in accidental overdose deaths using a national dataset of all deaths among 15-64 year olds in the US over an 11 year period.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confirmation of substances present through toxicology performed during an autopsy may have increased the validity of these results; however, if a person had multiple drugs in their system at death, it may have been difficult for the coroner to determine which substance predominantly contributed to death.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“AI/ANs aged 12 years and older reported the highest rates of substance dependence or abuse among all racial/ethnic groups examined (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2004; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2010).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data source did not permit us to estimate how many individuals used each substance thus we were unable to calculate the death rate among users nor could we determine how common overdose was for appropriately versus inappropriately used pharmaceutical medications.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increasing pharmaceutical opioids related death rate may be attributed to an overall increase in the number of people taking pharmaceutical opioids.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not examine intentional overdose deaths, i.e. suicides, or deaths of undetermined intent, because we focused on accidental, and potentially preventable, deaths.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Risks associated with pharmaceutical opioid related overdose included taking high daily doses of opioids and seeking care from multiple healthcare providers to obtain many prescriptions (Paulozzi et al., 2012; Hall et al., 2008).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
““Doctor shopping” has also been associated with opioid diversion and illicit use (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2010; Rigg et al., 2012).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Rigg et al., 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, rates of methadone used for addiction treatment have remained relatively stable compared to rates of methadone used for chronic pain, which have risen significantly, and mirror the increase in death rates related to methadone overdose (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2007).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“these medications are often present in drug overdose deaths, such as opioid overdoses (10).”
From Prevalence and correlates of the misuse of z-drugs and benzodiazepines in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
“After adjusting for gender, race, and year of death, those aged 45-54 were generally at highest risk of death (Table 4).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
“The death rate for those aged 45-55 years was highest for cocaine (IRR 6.41, 95% CI 4.79-8.58), followed by heroin (IRR 3.56, 95% CI 2.35-5.40), and pharmaceutical opioids IRR 3.15, 95% CI 2.54-3.89).”
Citations
Cites
Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Dufour, M. C., Compton, W., Pickering, R. P., & Kaplan, K. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.807 · Cited by 2,889
Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers---United States, 1999--2008.
Paulozzi, L. J., Jones, C. M., Mack, K. A., & Rudd, R. A. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 1,350
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
Patterson, C. H. (1995) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/647001 · Cited by 1,338
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Madras, B. K. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05278.x · Cited by 859
Weddington, W. W., & McLellan, A. T. (1994) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.45.1.80 · Cited by 839
Patterns of abuse among unintentional pharmaceutical overdose fatalities
Hall, A. J. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2008.802 · Cited by 815
Polydrug abuse: a review of opioid and benzodiazepine combination use
Jones, J. D., Mogali, S., & Comer, S. D. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.004 · Cited by 703
Increasing deaths from opioid analgesics in the United States
Paulozzi, L. J., Budnitz, D. S., & Xi, Y. (2006) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.1276 · Cited by 696
Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers---United States, 1999--2008.
(2011) · PubMed · Cited by 640
JCAHO Pain Management Standards Are Unveiled
Phillips, D. M. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.4.423b · Cited by 565
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Opioid Abuse in Chronic Pain — Misconceptions and Mitigation Strategies
Volkow, N. D., & McLellan, A. T. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1507771 · Cited by 1,366
Changing dynamics of the drug overdose epidemic in the United States from 1979 through 2016
Jalal, H. J., Buchanich, J. M., Roberts, M. S., Balmert, L. C., Zhang, K., & Burke, D. S. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau1184 · Cited by 680
Binswanger, I. A., Blatchford, P. J., Mueller, S. R., & Stern, M. F. (2013) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-9-201311050-00005 · Cited by 598
Self-citationLow back pain in older adults: risk factors, management options and future directions
Wong, A. Y. L., Karppinen, J. I., & Samartzis, D. (2017) · Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s13013-017-0121-3 · Cited by 502
Connor, J. P., Gullo, M. J., White, A., & Kelly, A. B. (2014) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000069 · Cited by 462
Metadata
- Authors
- Calcaterra, S., Glanz, J., & Binswanger, I. A.
- Affiliations
- Denver Health Medical Center (US)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Corresponding author
- Calcaterra, Susan
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 263-270
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3935414
- OpenAlex
- W2074807110
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 38.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA031041)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K01AI073295)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Poisoning and overdose treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- benzodiazepines, opioid epidemic, age-adjusted death rates, demographic trends, drug overdose deaths, death certificates, ICD-10
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cause of Death, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Naloxone, Opioid-Related Disorders, Retrospective Studies, United States, Databases, Factual, Substance-Related Disorders, Prescription Drugs, Young Adult, Drug Overdose
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
