The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 40 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
National trends in pharmaceutical opioid related overdose deaths compared to other substance related overdose deaths: 1999-2009.
Open accessAbstract
Background Pharmaceutical opioid related deaths have increased. This study aimed to place pharmaceutical opioid overdose deaths within the context of heroin, cocaine, psychostimulants, and pharmaceutical sedative hypnotics examine demographic trends, and describe common combinations of substances involved in opioid related deaths.Methods We reviewed deaths among 15-64 year olds in the US from 1999-2009 using death certificate data available through the CDC Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) Database. We identified International Classification of Disease-10 codes describing accidental overdose deaths, including poisonings related to stimulants, pharmaceutical drugs, and heroin. We used crude and age adjusted death rates (deaths/100,000 person years [p-y] and 95% confidence interval [CI] and multivariable Poisson regression models, yielding incident rate ratios; IRRs), for analysis.Results The age adjusted death rate related to pharmaceutical opioids increased almost 4-fold from 1999 to 2009 (1.54/100,000 p-y [95% CI 1.49-1.60] to 6.05/100,000 p-y [95% CI 5.95-6.16; p<0.001). From 1999 to 2009, pharmaceutical opioids were responsible for the highest relative increase in overdose death rates (IRR 4.22, 95% CI 3.03-5.87) followed by sedative hypnotics (IRR 3.53, 95% CI 2.11-5.90). Heroin related overdose death rates increased from 2007 to 2009 (1.05/100,000 persons [95% CI 1.00-1.09] to 1.43/100,000 persons [95% CI 1.38-1.48; p<0.001). From 2005-2009 the combination of pharmaceutical opioids and benzodiazepines was the most common cause of polysubstance overdose deaths (1.27/100,000 p-y (95% CI 1.25-1.30).Conclusion Strategies, such as wider implementation of naloxone, expanded access to treatment, and development of new interventions are needed to curb the pharmaceutical opioid overdose epidemic.
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40 Own result · 25 Not checked yet · 12 Own method · 5 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When compared to females, males were almost 4 times more likely to die a heroin related death (IRR 3.92, 95% CI 2.96-5.20).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NHWs (IRR 12.20, 95% CI 8.68-17.15) and AI/ANs (IRR 13.06, 95% CI 9.30-18.34) had the highest rates of pharmaceutical opioid related deaths.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cocaine and psychostimulant related deaths were 2 to 4 times more likely among males (Table 1).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.2. Death Rates by Gender and Age Groups
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heroin related overdose death rates increased from 2007 to 2009 (1.05/100,000 persons [95% CI 1.00-1.09] to 1.43/100,000 persons [95% CI 1.38-1.48; p<0.001).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > Abstract > Results:
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Males aged 15-24 years old were 3.6 times more likely to die from a pharmaceutical opioid related death than similarly aged females. The death rate ratio decreased with each advancing age group. Males aged 55-64 were only 1.3 times more likely to die from a pharmaceutical opioid related death than females of the same age group.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.2. Death Rates by Gender and Age Groups
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increase in heroin related deaths from 2007 to 2009 did not remain significant after adjustment for age, gender, and race.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When compared to females, heroin related deaths were 4 to 6 times more likely among males”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.2. Death Rates by Gender and Age Groups
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 2006, pharmaceutical opioid related deaths were more common than cocaine, heroin, and psychostimulant related deaths combined (Figure 1).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.1. Accidental Overdose Age Adjusted Death Rates
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non Hispanic Whites (NHW) and AI/ANs had the highest death rates related to pharmaceutical opioids and antidepressants (NHW: 0.80/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 0.78-0.82; AI/AN: 0.93/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 0.73-1.16)”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.3. Combined Substance Related Death Rates
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 2009, deaths related to sedative hypnotics exceeded cocaine related deaths.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.1. Accidental Overdose Age Adjusted Death Rates
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among pharmaceutical opioid related deaths, morphine and its derivatives accounted for the highest number of deaths across all years (Figure 1).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.1. Accidental Overdose Age Adjusted Death Rates
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psychostimulant related deaths peaked in 2005 (IRR 2.59, 95% CI 1.14-5.85), declined during 2006 and 2007, but were elevated again in 2009 (IRR 2.52, 95% CI 1.11-5.71).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The death rate for those aged 45-55 years was highest for cocaine (IRR 6.41, 95% CI 4.79-8.58), followed by heroin (IRR 3.56, 95% CI 2.35-5.40), and pharmaceutical opioids IRR 3.15, 95% CI 2.54-3.89).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The crude death rate related to pharmaceutical opioids among 15-24 year olds was 0.51/100,000 persons, 95% CI 0.44-0.58 in 1999 and peaked to 3.38/100,000 persons, 95% CI 3.21-3.56 in 2009, a 6-fold increase.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.2. Death Rates by Gender and Age Groups
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heroin related deaths were elevated among NHWs (IRR 7.27, 95% CI 3.77-14.02), African Americans (IRR 7.65, 95% CI 3.97-14.75), and AI/ANs (IRR 7.00, 95% CI 3.62-13.56).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From 1999 to 2009, pharmaceutical opioids were responsible for the highest relative increase in overdose death rates (IRR 4.22, 95% CI 3.03-5.87) followed by sedative hypnotics (IRR 3.53, 95% CI 2.11-5.90).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > Abstract > Results:
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Men were more likely to die from a death related to the combination of pharmaceutical opioids and cocaine (1.08/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 1.05-1.11), alcohol (0.96/100,000 p-y, 95%CI 0.93-0.99), and benzodiazepines (1.63/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 1.60-1.67).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.3. Combined Substance Related Death Rates
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Methadone related deaths rose steadily from 1999 (0.33/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 0.30-0.35) to 2007 (2.34/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 2.27-2.40; p<0.001), but then decreased significantly in 2009 (2.01/100,000 p-y, 95% CI 1.95-2.08; p<0.001).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.1. Accidental Overdose Age Adjusted Death Rates
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Death rates varied by gender for all substances during 2005 to 2009. Males had higher death rates for each substance examined.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.2. Death Rates by Gender and Age Groups
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From 2005-2009 the combination of pharmaceutical opioids and benzodiazepines was the most common cause of polysubstance overdose deaths (1.27/100,000 p-y (95% CI 1.25-1.30).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > Abstract > Results:
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AI/ANs were at high risk of dying from a psychostimulant related or a pharmaceutical opioid related death.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding may be related to misclassification of heroin related deaths, as discussed below.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Non medical use of pharmaceutical opioids leading to injection heroin use and concomitant use of heroin and pharmaceuticals opioids have been reported (Siegal et al., 1994; Lankenau et al., 2012; Nielsen et al., 2011; Wilkins et al., 2011).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Successful strategies to reduce opioid overdoses include wider implementation of rescue medications such as naloxone to reverse opioid overdose and enhanced access to drug treatment with medications such as buprenorphine (Albert et al., 2011; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012; Cornish et al., 2010).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.2. Conclusion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tolerance to pain medications, worsening withdrawal symptoms, and increased availability and affordability of heroin relative to the high street cost of pharmaceutical opioids may push pharmaceutical opioid users to heroin (Inciardi et al., 2009).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Inciardi et al., 2009 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The average milligrams of morphine prescribed per patient per year increased more than 600% from 1997 to 2007, which led to an increased availability of pharmaceutical opioids for illicit use (US Department of Justice, 2012).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Department of Justice, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may have led to an overestimation of pharmaceutical opioid related deaths and an underestimation of heroin related deaths, leading to misclassification bias in our study.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Toxicology findings and cause of death determinations may not be consistent between counties or states due to differing medical examiner/coroner policies.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“National survey data showed that 75% of pharmaceutical opioid users were using opioids prescribed to someone else (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2010).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study was not designed to describe additional causes of death related to substance use, such as homicides, motor vehicle crashes, and long-term sequelae of substance use (e.g. congestive heart failure, infectious disease).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Barriers to receiving substance abuse treatment among AI/ANs living in urban areas or on reservations include low insurance coverage, limited access to transportation, and “discomfort” in the Westernized healthcare system (Gone and Trimble, 2012, Katz, 2004; Moulton et al., 2007; Call et al., 2006).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We could not ascertain the indication for pharmaceutical opioid use.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The prevalence of sedative hypnotic use is higher among the elderly, and risk of inappropriate use is more likely (Straand and Rokstad, 1999).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Straand and Rokstad, 1999
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Factors which may lead to increased substance use, such as mental disorders and stress, are more prevalent among AI/ANs as compared to the general population (Grant et al., 2004).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grant et al., 2004 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We could not examine other risk factors for death, such as socioeconomic status or lifetime history of substance abuse.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“6-MAM can be tested for in the blood and urine, but the absence of 6-MAM does not have a high predictive value due to its short half life (Verstraete, 2004).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Verstraete, 2004 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increased access and use of state run prescription drug monitoring programs may allow prescribers to identify patients who have filled multiple prescriptions for pharmaceutical medications and are at increased risk of abuse.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Autopsy information was recorded beginning in 2003 on all overdose deaths and were performed 69-87% of the time.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Over the last decade, the number of methadone prescriptions written for treatment of chronic pain and the overall sales of methadone increased (US Government Accountability Organization, 2009; US Department of Justice, 2011).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites US Government Accountability Organization, 2009
- Not checked yetcites US Department of Justice, 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Culturally targeted substance abuse interventions may impact initiation of substance use and help in the treatment of abuse (Hetch et al., 2003; Unger, 2012).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Certain sub-populations have been found to be at greater risk of inappropriate sedative hypnotic use including those with opioid and/or alcohol abuse/dependence (Wolf et al., 1990; Havens et al., 2012).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wolf et al., 1990
- Not checked yetcites Havens et al., 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additional factors contributing to methadone related deaths are physician error due to knowledge deficits regarding evidence based guidelines used for pain treatment, unanticipated medical and mental health comorbidites, and insurance payer policies mandating methadone as first line therapy for pain (Scanlon and Chugh, 2004; Webster et al., 2011).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study examined trends in accidental overdose deaths using a national dataset of all deaths among 15-64 year olds in the US over an 11 year period.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Confirmation of substances present through toxicology performed during an autopsy may have increased the validity of these results; however, if a person had multiple drugs in their system at death, it may have been difficult for the coroner to determine which substance predominantly contributed to death.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“AI/ANs aged 12 years and older reported the highest rates of substance dependence or abuse among all racial/ethnic groups examined (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2004; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2010).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data source did not permit us to estimate how many individuals used each substance thus we were unable to calculate the death rate among users nor could we determine how common overdose was for appropriately versus inappropriately used pharmaceutical medications.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increasing pharmaceutical opioids related death rate may be attributed to an overall increase in the number of people taking pharmaceutical opioids.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not examine intentional overdose deaths, i.e. suicides, or deaths of undetermined intent, because we focused on accidental, and potentially preventable, deaths.”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Risks associated with pharmaceutical opioid related overdose included taking high daily doses of opioids and seeking care from multiple healthcare providers to obtain many prescriptions (Paulozzi et al., 2012; Hall et al., 2008).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
““Doctor shopping” has also been associated with opioid diversion and illicit use (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2010; Rigg et al., 2012).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Rigg et al., 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, rates of methadone used for addiction treatment have remained relatively stable compared to rates of methadone used for chronic pain, which have risen significantly, and mirror the increase in death rates related to methadone overdose (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2007).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“these medications are often present in drug overdose deaths, such as opioid overdoses (10).”
From Prevalence and correlates of the misuse of z-drugs and benzodiazepines in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
“After adjusting for gender, race, and year of death, those aged 45-54 were generally at highest risk of death (Table 4).”
§ National Trends in Pharmaceutical Opioid Related Overdose Deaths Compared to other Substance Related Overdose Deaths: 1999-2009 > 3. Results > 3.4. Incidence Risk Ratios by Gender, Race, Age Group and Year
“The death rate for those aged 45-55 years was highest for cocaine (IRR 6.41, 95% CI 4.79-8.58), followed by heroin (IRR 3.56, 95% CI 2.35-5.40), and pharmaceutical opioids IRR 3.15, 95% CI 2.54-3.89).”
Citations
Cites
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Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers---United States, 1999--2008.
Paulozzi, L. J., Jones, C. M., Mack, K. A., & Rudd, R. A. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 1,350
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
Patterson, C. H. (1995) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/647001 · Cited by 1,338
Office of National Drug Control Policy
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Patterns of abuse among unintentional pharmaceutical overdose fatalities
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Polydrug abuse: a review of opioid and benzodiazepine combination use
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Increasing deaths from opioid analgesics in the United States
Paulozzi, L. J., Budnitz, D. S., & Xi, Y. (2006) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.1276 · Cited by 696
Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers---United States, 1999--2008.
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JCAHO Pain Management Standards Are Unveiled
Phillips, D. M. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.4.423b · Cited by 565
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Opioid Abuse in Chronic Pain — Misconceptions and Mitigation Strategies
Volkow, N. D., & McLellan, A. T. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1507771 · Cited by 1,366
Changing dynamics of the drug overdose epidemic in the United States from 1979 through 2016
Jalal, H. J., Buchanich, J. M., Roberts, M. S., Balmert, L. C., Zhang, K., & Burke, D. S. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau1184 · Cited by 680
Binswanger, I. A., Blatchford, P. J., Mueller, S. R., & Stern, M. F. (2013) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-9-201311050-00005 · Cited by 598
Self-citationLow back pain in older adults: risk factors, management options and future directions
Wong, A. Y. L., Karppinen, J. I., & Samartzis, D. (2017) · Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s13013-017-0121-3 · Cited by 502
Connor, J. P., Gullo, M. J., White, A., & Kelly, A. B. (2014) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000069 · Cited by 462
Optimal pain management for patients with cancer in the modern era
Scarborough, B. M., & Smith, C. B. (2018) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21453 · Cited by 367
Martins, S. S., Sampson, L., Cerdá, M., & Galea, S. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302843 · Cited by 333
Cohort Study of the Impact of High-Dose Opioid Analgesics on Overdose Mortality
Dasgupta, N., Funk, M. J., Proescholdbell, S., Hirsch, A., Ribisl, K. M., & Marshall, S. W. (2015) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12907 · Cited by 320
Cannabis and Pain: A Clinical Review
Hill, K. P., Palastro, M. D., Johnson, B., & Ditre, J. W. (2017) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2017.0017 · Cited by 282
Gaither, J. R., Leventhal, J. M., Ryan, S. A., & Camenga, D. R. (2016) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2154 · Cited by 277
Glial and Neuroimmune Mechanisms as Critical Modulators of Drug Use and Abuse
Lacagnina, M. J., Rivera, P. D., & Bilbo, S. D. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.121 · Cited by 271
“For instance, the recent crisis of opioid abuse, driven in part by increased use of opioid-based prescription pain medication, has resulted in a dramatic rise of overdose-associated deaths in the past decade (Calcaterra et al, 2013; Case and Deaton, 2015).”
BackgroundSex differences in prescription opioid use
Serdarevic, M., Striley, C. W., & Cottler, L. B. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000337 · Cited by 277
“Although men are more likely to die from prescription overdose than women [5], overdoses related to opioids have greatly increased in women compared with men [6]; further, women are approximately twice as likely to be prescribed prescription opioids compared with men [7].”
BackgroundRisks, Management, and Monitoring of Combination Opioid, Benzodiazepines, and/or Alcohol Use
Gudin, J. A., Mogali, S., Jones, J. D., & Comer, S. D. (2013) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2013.07.2684 · Cited by 252
Prescription Opioid Misuse, Abuse, and Treatment in the United States: An Update
Brady, K. T., McCauley, J. L., & Back, S. E. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020262 · Cited by 249
“From 2000 to 2010, rates of accidental prescription opioid overdose increased almost fourfold (5) and treatment admissions for prescription opioid dependence increased more than fivefold (6).”
BackgroundThe United States opioid epidemic
Lyden, J. R., & Binswanger, I. A. (2019) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2019.01.001 · Cited by 262
Self-citationOpioid Prescribing at Hospital Discharge Contributes to Chronic Opioid Use
Calcaterra, S. L., Yamashita, T. E., Min, S.-J., Keniston, A., Frank, J. W., & Binswanger, I. A. (2016) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-015-3539-4 · Cited by 236
Self-citationAssociation of Emergency Department Opioid Initiation With Recurrent Opioid Use
Hoppe, J. A., Kim, H. S., & Heard, K. J. (2014) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.11.015 · Cited by 210
Marsden, J., Stillwell, G., Jones, H. E., Cooper, A., Eastwood, B., Farrell, M., Lowden, T., Maddalena, N., Metcalfe, C. D., Shaw, J. J., et al. (2017) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13779 · Cited by 187
“The United States saw a fourfold increase in opioid poisoning deaths between 1999 and 2009 [5].”
Mueller, S. R., Walley, A. Y., Calcaterra, S. L., Glanz, J. M., & Binswanger, I. A. (2015) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2015.1010032 · Cited by 193
Self-citationTrends in the Concomitant Prescribing of Opioids and Benzodiazepines, 2002−2014
Hwang, C. S., Kang, E. M., Kornegay, C. J., Staffa, J. A., Jones, C. M., & McAninch, J. K. (2016) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.02.014 · Cited by 190
Doe-Simkins, M., Quinn, E. K., Xuan, Z., Sorensen-Alawad, A., Hackman, H., Ozonoff, A., & Walley, A. Y. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-297 · Cited by 175
“specifically addresses polysubstance use, particularly opioidbenzodiazepine combinations, which is an important risk for overdose [52].”
BackgroundThe Use of Opioid Analgesics following Common Upper Extremity Surgical Procedures
Waljee, J. F., Zhong, L., Hou, H., Sears, E. D., Brummett, C. M., & Chung, K. C. (2016) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000475788.52446.7b · Cited by 168
Trends in heroin and pharmaceutical opioid overdose deaths in Australia
Roxburgh, A., Hall, W., Dobbins, T., Gisev, N., Burns, L., Pearson, S., & Degenhardt, L. J. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.018 · Cited by 159
Evaluation of UiO‐66 metal organic framework as an effective sorbent for Curcumin's overdose
Molavi, H., Zamani, M., Kiyaseh, M., Manjili, H. K., Danafar, H., & Shojaei, A. (2018) · Applied Organometallic Chemistry · doi:10.1002/aoc.4221 · Cited by 152
Explaining recent mortality trends among younger and middle-aged White Americans
Masters, R. K., Tilstra, A. M., & Simon, D. H. (2017) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx127 · Cited by 143
“Consistent with others’ reports, we observe increasing mortality from drug use among US White men and women in their 20 s, 30 s, 40 s and 50 s.(21,22,25,27) Moreover, the mortality increases from drug-related deaths among White men and women in their 20 s and 30 s are driving increases in overall mortality rates at th…”
ResultWeiss, R. D., Potter, J. S., Griffin, M. L., Provost, S. E., Fitzmaurice, G. M., McDermott, K. A., Srisarajivakul, E. N., Dodd, D. R., Dreifuss, J. A., McHugh, R. K., et al. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.030 · Cited by 146
Vestal-Laborde, A. A., Eschenroeder, A. C., Bigbee, J. W., Robinson, S. E., & Sato‐Bigbee, C. (2014) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000365074 · Cited by 144
Kandel, D. B., Hu, M., Griesler, P. C., & Wall, M. M. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.047 · Cited by 131
Frank, D., Mateu‐Gelabert, P., Guarino, H., Bennett, A. S., Wendel, T., Jessell, L., & Teper, A. (2014) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.013 · Cited by 130
Bohnert, A. S. B., Bonar, E. E., Cunningham, R., Greenwald, M. K., Thomas, L., Chermack, S., Blow, F. C., & Walton, M. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.018 · Cited by 123
“Background Between 1999 and 2009, the rate of prescription opioid overdose deaths increased by 293% in the U.S. (Calcaterra et al., 2013).”
Binswanger, I. A., Koester, S. K., Mueller, S. R., Gardner, E. M., Goddard, K., & Glanz, J. M. (2015) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-015-3394-3 · Cited by 129
Self-citationPrescription drug abuse: from epidemiology to public policy
McHugh, R. K., Nielsen, S., & Weiss, R. D. (2014) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.08.004 · Cited by 123
Colledge‐Frisby, S., Peacock, A., Leung, J., Larney, S., Grebely, J., Hickman, M., Cunningham, E. B., Trickey, A., Stone, J., Vickerman, P. T., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.030 · Cited by 115
National trends in long‐term use of prescription opioids
Mojtabai, R. (2017) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.4278 · Cited by 109
“This increase has been associated with concurrent increases in misuse of these medications, increased morbidity, and higher rates of mortality due to opioid overdose.(3,9-15) There are indications that the growing trend in overall prescription and use of opioid medications has been associated with an even faster growi…”
BackgroundTodd, A., McNamara, C. L., Balaj, M., Huijts, T., Akhter, N., Thomson, K. H., Kasim, A., Eikemo, T. A., & Bambra, C. L. (2019) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1409 · Cited by 109
Franklin, G. M., Sabel, J. C., Jones, C. M., Mai, J., Baumgartner, C., Banta‐Green, C. J., Neven, D., & Tauben, D. J. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302367 · Cited by 116
Chang, H., Lyapustina, T., Rutkow, L., Daubresse, M., Richey, M., Faul, M., Stuart, E. A., & Alexander, G. C. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.033 · Cited by 114
“Similarly, the age adjusted death rate attributable to prescription opioids quadrupled between 1999 and 2009, surpassing that of stimulants, heroin, and other prescription drugs (Calcaterra et al., 2013).”
Alter, T. H., & Ilyas, A. M. (2017) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.07.003 · Cited by 114
“(2) To take non-opioid therapy prior to utilizing the prescribed opioids.”
MethodRisk markers for fatal and non-fatal prescription drug overdose: a meta-analysis
Brady, J. E., Giglio, R. E., Keyes, K. M., DiMaggio, C. J., & Li, G. (2017) · Injury Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/s40621-017-0118-7 · Cited by 116
“Other studies have found that White race is associated with an increased risk for alcohol dependence, and heroin (Hasin et al. 2007; Woerle et al. 2007; Calcaterra et al. 2013).”
BackgroundTurner, B. J., & Liang, Y. (2015) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-015-3199-4 · Cited by 109
“The combination of prescribed opioids and benzodiazepines is themost common cause of polysubstance overdose deaths nationally.(1) Persons withmental health disorders are more likely to be treated for chronic pain with high-dose opioid therapy that has also been associated with more coprescribed sedative-hypnotic thera…”
InfluentialEpidemiology of Substance Use in Reproductive-Age Women
McHugh, R. K., Wigderson, S. B., & Greenfield, S. F. (2014) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.02.001 · Cited by 116
Criminal justice continuum for opioid users at risk of overdose
Brinkley‐Rubinstein, L., Zaller, N. D., Martino, S., Cloud, D. H., McCauley, E., Heise, A., & Seal, D. W. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.024 · Cited by 117
Macmadu, A., Carroll, J. J., Hadland, S. E., Green, T. C., & Marshall, B. D. L. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.01.014 · Cited by 104
Glanz, J. M., Narwaney, K. J., Mueller, S. R., Gardner, E. M., Calcaterra, S. L., Xu, S., Breslin, K. D., & Binswanger, I. A. (2018) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-017-4288-3 · Cited by 101
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Combining opioids and benzodiazepines: effects on mortality and severe adverse respiratory events
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“Besides the interaction between opioids and benzodiazepines, interactions between opioids and other centrally acting substances, such as cocaine, antidepressants and alcohol were also commonly reported (12,13,15-18,20,23).”
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Systematic Review of Pharmacological Properties of the Oligodendrocyte Lineage
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“The growing use/abuse of opioids among younger persons (Compton and Volkow, 2006; Calcaterra et al., 2013) poses an especially high risk to pregnant addicts (in whom drug effects could target early myelination in the fetus and newborn) and adolescents and young adults (in whom late myelination of…”
BackgroundRowe, C. L., Santos, G., Vittinghoff, E., Wheeler, E., Davidson, P. J., & Coffin, P. O. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12961 · Cited by 83
“7% world-wide between 1990 and 2013 [1], and drug overdose has been the largest cause of injury-related death among US adults since 2008 [2–4], a trend driven by increased opioid overdose mortality [5].”
BackgroundEmergency Medical Services Naloxone Access: A National Systematic Legal Review
Davis, C. S., Southwell, J. K., Niehaus, V. R., Walley, A. Y., & Dailey, M. W. (2014) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.12485 · Cited by 84
Disparities in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Does Where You Live Matter?
Acevedo, A., Panas, L., Garnick, D. W., Acevedo‐García, D., Miles, J., Ritter, G. A., & Campbell, K. M. (2018) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/s11414-018-9586-y · Cited by 78
“American Indians have the highest rates of SUDs (15%) and have among the highest rates of drug-induced mortality.(5,6) Given the disproportionate negative impact of SUDs on racial/ethnic minority populations, it is critical that SUD treatment be equitable.”
BackgroundPolice officer attitudes towards intranasal naloxone training
Ray, B. R., O’Donnell, D., & Kahre, K. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.026 · Cited by 78
Trends in U.S. Emergency Department Visits for Opioid Overdose, 1993–2010
Hasegawa, K., Espinola, J. A., Brown, D., & Camargo, C. A. (2014) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12461 · Cited by 81
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Cannabis and pain: a scoping review
Pantoja‐Ruiz, C., Restrepo-Jiménez, P., Castañeda‐Cardona, C., Ferreirós, A., & Rosselli, D. (2021) · Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.bjane.2021.06.018 · Cited by 77
Overdose and adverse drug event experiences among adult patients in the emergency department
Bohnert, A. S. B., Walton, M. A., Cunningham, R. M., Ilgen, M. A., Barry, K. L., Chermack, S. T., & Blow, F. C. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.11.030 · Cited by 68
“Although a large proportion of overdose deaths (Calcaterra et al., 2013) and nonfatal overdoses that result in ED visits (Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration, 2013) are due to prescription opioids, alcohol may contribute to more overdose experiences across the spectrum of severity than indicated th…”
Assessing Risk for Drug Overdose in a National Cohort: Role for Both Daily and Total Opioid Dose?
Liang, Y., & Turner, B. J. (2014) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2014.11.007 · Cited by 63
Comparing opioids: A guide to estimating oral morphine equivalents (OME) in research
Nielsen, S., Degenhardt, L. J., Hoban, B., et al. (2014) · Cited by 62
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Prescription opioid misuse among middle-aged and older adults in the United States, 2015–2016
Han, B. H., Sherman, S. E., & Palamar, J. J. (2019) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.018 · Cited by 59
“The co-use of stimulants and opioids, particularly if misused, could have potential harms (Calcaterra et al., 2013; Truillo et al., 2011).”
BackgroundStopka, T. J., Donahue, A., Hutcheson, M., & Green, T. C. (2017) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2016.12.077 · Cited by 55
“The structured questionnaire was designed to be answered by pharmacists, pharmacy managers, or pharmacy technicians, to take between three and five minutes, and to focus on: (1) Pharmacy characteristics (e.”
BackgroundThe Polysubstance Overdose-Death Crisis
Peppin, J. F., Raffa, R. B., & Schatman, M. E. (2020) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s295715 · Cited by 56
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“Age, median (IQR), y 22 (11-45) 21 (11-45)”
Using opioids in general practice for chronic non‐cancer pain: an overview of current evidence
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Vassoler, F. M., Wright, S. J., & Byrnes, E. M. (2015) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.026 · Cited by 52
“Currently, the United States is in the midst of an opioid addiction crisis (Calcaterra et al., 2013; Johnston, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialPain volatility and prescription opioid addiction treatment outcomes in patients with chronic pain.
Worley, M. J., Heinzerling, K. G., SHOPTAW, S. J., & Ling, W. W. (2015) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000039 · Cited by 49
The Opioid Prescription Epidemic and the Role of Emergency Medicine
Poon, S. J., & Greenwood‐Ericksen, M. B. (2014) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.06.016 · Cited by 51
Herzig, S. J., Mosher, H. J., Calcaterra, S. L., Jena, A. B., & Nuckols, T. K. (2018) · Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12788/jhm.2980 · Cited by 52
Self-citationStrang, J., McDonald, R., Alqurshi, A. A., Royall, P. G., Taylor, D. M., & Forbes, B. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.042 · Cited by 51
Managing Opioid Addiction Risk in Plastic Surgery during the Perioperative Period
Demsey, D., Carr, N. J., Clarke, H. A., & Vipler, S. (2017) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000003742 · Cited by 50
Smith, K. Z., Smith, P. H., Cercone, S. A., McKee, S. A., & Homish, G. G. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.019 · Cited by 48
“Notably, Calcaterra et al. (2013) found that opioid use, compared to all other illicit substance use, was associated with the largest increase in deaths by overdose in individuals in the Unites States (aged 15–64) between 1999 and 2009.”
BackgroundTrends in the use of buprenorphine by office-based physicians in the United States, 2003-2013
Turner, L. W., Kruszewski, S. P., & Alexander, G. C. (2014) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12174 · Cited by 52
“Between 1999 and 2009, the death rate from prescription opioids increased by nearly 300% andwas, by 2009, four times higher than the death rate from heroin.(9)”
BackgroundEndogenous opiates and behavior: 2013
Bodnar, R. J. (2014) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2014.09.013 · Cited by 52
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Pharmacogenetics and Forensic Toxicology: A New Step towards a Multidisciplinary Approach
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Association of childhood abuse and prescription opioid use in early adulthood
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Laboratory-induced stress and craving among individuals with prescription opioid dependence
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An update on oxycodone: lessons for death investigators in Australia
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“is now regarded as an ‘‘epidemic,’’ with more deaths attributed to pharmaceutical opioids than cocaine, heroin, and psychostimulants combined [13].”
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“In the United States, overdose deaths from opioids have risen dramatically over the past decade (Calcaterra et al, 2013; Rudd et al, 2016).”
BackgroundNeurocognitive, psychiatric, and substance use characteristics in opioid dependent adults
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“…all fatalities related to prescription drugs in the US (Miech et al., 2013; C.M. Jones et al., 2013) and it is a leading cause of premature death among non-Hispanic whites, middle-aged men, and young adults (Calcaterra et al., 2013; C. M. Jones et al., 2013; Paulozzi, 2011; Paulozzi et al., 2011).”
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“The volume of opioid prescriptions in the United States has increased dramatically over the last two decades, and evidence suggests that this has perpetuated opioid misuse, addiction, overdose, and drug-related deaths [1,2].”
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“In contrast, in substance addictions, such impairments may manifest in much more lethal health risks, such as liver disease, cancer (Rehm et al., 2003), and/or overdose (Calcaterra, Glanz, & Binswanger, 2013).”
Background“Narcan Encounters:” Overdose and Naloxone Rescue Experiences among People who use Opioids
Kahn, L. S., Wozniak, M., Vest, B. M., & Moore, C. (2020) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2020.1748165 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Calcaterra, S., Glanz, J., & Binswanger, I. A.
- Affiliations
- Denver Health Medical Center (US)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Corresponding author
- Calcaterra, Susan
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 263-270
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3935414
- OpenAlex
- W2074807110
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 38.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA031041)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K01AI073295)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Poisoning and overdose treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- benzodiazepines, opioid epidemic, age-adjusted death rates, demographic trends, drug overdose deaths, death certificates, ICD-10
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cause of Death, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Naloxone, Opioid-Related Disorders, Retrospective Studies, United States, Databases, Factual, Substance-Related Disorders, Prescription Drugs, Young Adult, Drug Overdose
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