Assessing craving and its relationship to subsequent prescription opioid use among treatment-seeking prescription opioid dependent patients
Open accessAbstract
Background Craving is viewed as a core feature of substance use disorders and has been shown to predict future drug use, particularly over the short term. Accordingly, craving is often assessed in treatment settings as a marker of risk for subsequent drug use. The identification of the briefest measure that maintains predictive validity is of particular value for both clinical and research settings to minimize assessment burden while maintaining utility for the prediction of use.Methods Data from a multi-site clinical trial of treatment for prescription opioid dependence were examined to evaluate whether a brief, 3-item craving scale administered each week predicted urine-confirmed self report of prescription opioid use in the subsequent week. Logistic regression models examining the association between craving and presence or absence of opioid use in the following week were conducted, controlling for opioid use in the previous week, treatment condition, and lifetime history of heroin use.Results Greater craving was associated with a higher odds of prescription opioid use in the following week. For each one-unit increase on this 10-point scale, the odds of using opioids in the subsequent week was 17% higher. In addition to an item assessing urges, items assessing cue-induced craving and perceived likelihood of relapse in an environment where drugs were previously used contributed uniquely to this association.Conclusions A brief measure of prescription opioid craving predicted prescription opioid use among individuals in treatment. This measure offers an efficient strategy to inform the assessment of risk for use in this population.
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The craving scale has high internal consistency and validity.
“The craving scale was initially developed to assess cravings related to cocaine use with high internal consistency and validity [36] and has displayed adequate internal consistency and validity when adapted for other substances [39,40].”
Self-reported craving can be evaluated by tools that are specific to craving or as a single item within a broader assessment tool.
“Self-reported craving can be evaluated by tools that are specific to craving or as a single item within a broader assessment tool (summarized in Table 1 ) (63, 72).”
From Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice (2019) · cites this paper as [63]
Multi-item scales can be cumbersome, time-consuming, and lead to respondent disengagement, demotivation, and increased reactivity.
“Although multi-item scales may offer improved reliability and sensitivity compared with single-item scales (12, 62), they can be cumbersome, time-consuming, and lead to respondent disengagement, demotivation, and increased reactivity (62, 63).”
From Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice (2019) · cites this paper as [63]
Multi-item scales can be used to assess craving; for example, the Opioid Craving Scale includes three questions each rated on a 0-10 visual analogue scale.
“Alternatively, multi-item scales can be used to assess craving (62), for example, the Opioid Craving Scale includes three questions each rated on a 0–10 VAS.”
From Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice (2019) · cites this paper as [63]
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Self-citationMun, C. J., Finan, P. H., Epstein, D. H., Kowalczyk, W. J., Agage, D. A., Letzen, J. E., Phillips, K. A., & Preston, K. L. (2020) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15344 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Loney, G. C., King, C. P., & Meyer, P. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81955-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Burgess-Hull, A., Panlilio, L., Preston, K., & Epstein, D. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109362 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Suzuki, J., Martin, B., Prostko, S., Chai, P. R., & Weiss, R. D. (2022) · Integrative Medicine Reports · doi:10.1089/imr.2022.0070 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Cue-induced craving plays an important role in heightening the risk of relapse, suggesting that interventions that attenuate cue-reactivity may thus hold promise in improving outcomes for individuals already maintained on buprenorphine.(33,34) In a study of individuals with OUD who completed laboratorybased cue-reacti…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSanjuan, P. M., Pearson, M. R., Fokas, K. F., & Leeman, L. M. (2019) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000543 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…populations with SUD, particularly opioid dependence, has established that craving is a predictor of substance use and relapse and represents a source of distress for patients pursuing abstinence (McHugh et al., 2014; Northrup et al., 2015; Serre et al., 2015; Tsui et al., 2014; Witkiewitz, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialBiernacki, K., López-Guzmán, S., Messinger, J. C., Banavar, N. V., Rotrosen, J., Glimcher, P. W., & Konova, A. B. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01248-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Schiffer, F., Reichmann, W. M., Flynn, E., Hamblin, M. R., & McCormack, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00827 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Concept of Affective Dependence and Validation of an Affective Dependence Scale
Sirvent-Ruiz, C. M., Jiménez, M. D. L. V. M., Herrero, J., Miranda, M., & Díaz, F. J. R. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s385807 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“McHugh et al, 81,82 instead, found that higher desire was associated with a higher likelihood of alcohol and prescription opioid use.”
Brown, R., Deyo, B. M. F., Riley, C., Quanbeck, A., Glass, J. E., Turpin, R. L., Hetzel, S., Nicholas, C. R. N., Cruz, M., & Agarwal, S. (2017) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-017-0097-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“92) and predictive validity of future opiate use [22].”
BackgroundYoga as an Adjunctive Intervention to Medication-Assisted Treatment with Buprenorphine+Naloxone
Lander, L. R., Chiasson-Downs, K., Andrew, M. E., Rader, G., Dohar, S., & Waibogha, K. (2017) · Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6105.1000354 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Schiffer, F., Khan, A., Bolger, E. A., Flynn, E., Seltzer, W. P., & Teicher, M. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.713686 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Measures The primary outcome measure was ratings of craving on the opioid craving scale (OCS) (52).”
BackgroundA Systematic Review of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Opioid Use Disorder
Ward, H. B., Mosquera, M. J., Suzuki, J., & Mariano, T. Y. (2020) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1111/ner.13108 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“cue-induced craving, which has been shown to predict relapse and substance use (66,67).”
BackgroundMcAnulty, C., Bastien, G., Socias, M. E., Bruneau, J., Foll, B. L., Lim, R., Brissette, S., Ledjiar, O., Marsan, S., Talbot, A., et al. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109604 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Developing a novel treatment for patients with chronic pain and Opioid User Disorder
Wachholtz, A., Robinson, D. N., & Epstein, E. E. (2022) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-022-00464-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“There was a simultaneous rise in reported cases of abuse of opioid analgesics [4, 5] with estimates of pain-related opioid abuse/addiction up to 50% among individuals with chronic pain [6, 7].”
BackgroundPreis, H., Garry, D. J., Herrera, K. M., Garretto, D. J., & Lobel, M. (2020) · Women s Reproductive Health · doi:10.1080/23293691.2020.1780395 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rodríguez-Espinosa, S., Coloma‐Carmona, A., Pérez-Carbonell, A., Román-Quiles, J. F., & Carballo, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108386 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Recovery from opioid use disorder: A 4-year post-clinical trial outcomes study
Craft, W. H., Tegge, A. N., Keith, D. R., Shin, H., Williams, J., Athamneh, L. N., Stein, J. S., Chilcoat, H. D., Moigne, A. L., DeVeaugh‐Geiss, A., et al. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109389 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Combining Ketamine, Brain Stimulation (rTMS) and Mindfulness Therapy (TIMBER) for Opioid Addiction
Pradhan, B., & Rossi, G. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.11798 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Results In our open-label pilot study sample that consisted of three subjects with opiate use disorder (two with heroin use disorder and one with oxycodone use disorder), the participants rated their craving on the Opiate Craving Scale (OCS: scores range 0-30), five minutes before and five minutes after the rTMS stimu…”
BackgroundShen, Y., & Ward, H. B. (2020) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2020.1841784 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The primary outcome of these studies is cue-induced craving, which has been shown to predict relapse and substance use (47,48).”
BackgroundAhmadi, J., Sarani, E. M., & Jahromi, M. S. (2019) · Tzu Chi Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_220_18 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“A visual analog scale (The Opioid Craving Scale) was used to measure the opioid craving, ranging from 0 to 10 (0 means no craving at all and 10 means severe craving) [19].”
BackgroundMethodRecovery Capital Gains May Precede Craving Reduction in Opioid Use Disorder
Bormann, N. L., Weber, A. N., Miskle, B., Arndt, S. V., & Lynch, A. (2023) · Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation · doi:10.2147/sar.s433350 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“5 Regular assessment of both cravings and RC, intervening in areas where a deficit is noted, may therefore impact SUD outcomes.”
King, V. L., Siegel, G., Priesmeyer, H. R., Siegel, L. H., & Potter, J. S. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/48068 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Parikh, A., Moeller, S. J., & Garland, E. L. (2022) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2021.2007258 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Craving of prescription opioids among veterans with chronic pain
Toor, T., Murphy, E., Simmons, A. N., Palyo, S. A., Librodo, S., & Strigo, I. A. (2022) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002598 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Opioid Use Patterns and Risk Characteristics among Injured Patients
Cochran, G., Pacella‐LaBarbara, M. L., Ringwald, W. R., Repine, M. J., Hruschak, V., Beaugard, C. A., Sewall, C. J. R., Rosen, D., Alarcon, L. H., Tarkin, I. S., et al. (2019) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2019.1635065 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The Opioid Craving Scale was employed to assess current level of opioid craving.(10) A modified Drug Abuse Screening Test-10(11) was used to measure nonmedical/illicit opioid use severity in the year prior to the index injury, and an unmodified Drug Abuse Screening Test-10 was used to determine nonopioid substance use…”
MethodMcHugh, R. K., Hilton, B. T., Chase, A. R., Griffin, M. L., & Weiss, R. D. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109084 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationWartko, P. D., Krakauer, C. A., Turner, J. A., Cook, A. J., Boudreau, D. M., & Sullivan, M. D. (2023) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002982 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Honeycutt, S. C., Paladino, M. S., Camadine, R. D., Mukherjee, A., & Loney, G. C. (2022) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13170 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Consistent with these results, a two-factor ANOVA conducted on the number of earned infusions revealed a significant Session Drug interaction (F(8,368) = 2.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBanks, D. E., Paschke, M., Li, X., Fentem, A., Rich, A., Szlyk, H. S., & Cavazos‐Rehg, P. A. (2022) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2022.2079443 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Elkrief, L., Bastien, G., McAnulty, C., Bakouni, H., Hébert, F.-O., Socias, M. E., Foll, B. L., Lim, R., Ledjiar, O., Marsan, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2023.209031 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gharbo, R. S. (2020) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2020.07.003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Abdoli, N., Farnia, V., Radmehr, F., Alikhani, M., Moradinazar, M., Khodamoradi, M., Salemi, S., Rezaei, M., & Davarinejad, O. (2020) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2020.1851406 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Since women exert tremendous effects on various aspects of life, especially family life, their addiction entails harmful consequences for human societies, especially about the family unit and children’s upbringing (McHugh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundCommentary: Craving in Opioid Use Disorder: From Neurobiology to Clinical Practice
Zheng, R., Liu, H., Li, Y., Zhang, T., Bai, D., Zhang, L., Li, D., & Hao, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.615921 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Despite the development of several psychometrically validated multi-item craving inventory tools (12, 13), self-reported cravings are still most commonly evaluated using a single item craving inventory (11).”
MethodDual-Brain Psychology: A novel theory and treatment based on cerebral laterality and psychopathology
Schiffer, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.986374 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In regard to opioid cravings measured by an opioid craving scale (McHugh et al., 2014), overall, in the active group, there was a 75% decrease in opioid cravings in the actively treated group and a 30% decrease in the sham group.”
MethodKlein, M. R., Darnall, B. D., & You, D. S. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/53784 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The secondary outcome measures are pain catastrophizing [35], pain intensity [39], pain bothersomeness [38], and sleep disturbance [40] as reported by the patient at the 1-month posttreatment time frame.”
BackgroundToulami, M., Ghasemi, K., Rafei, P., Sangchooli, A., Nafissi, N., Zonoozi, A. K., Ardabili, H. M., Ebrahimi, M., Rezapour, T., & Ekhtiari, H. (2025) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70064 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In terms of multi-item questionnaires, the OCS [54] was more frequently used compared to the DDQ [ 51], the HCQ [69] and the OCDUS [51], which Kleykamp et al .”
InfluentialExtended-Release vs Sublingual Buprenorphine in Pregnancy Through 12 Months Post Partum
Winhusen, T. M., Lofwall, M. R., Kropp, F. B., Lewis, D. F., Smid, M. C., Young, J. L., Hodgkins, C. C., Krans, E. E., Hansen, Z., Wachman, E. M., et al. (2026) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2026.0057 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Li, X., Langleben, D. D., Lynch, K. G., Wang, G., Elman, I., Wiers, C. E., & Shi, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1247961 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Buenrostro, C. M., & Plante, T. G. (2024) · Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling · doi:10.1002/jaoc.12127 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Craving is a foundational aspect of SUDs, and greater cravings are associated with a higher risk for substance use (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; McHugh et al., 2014).”
InfluentialMcAnulty, C., Bastien, G., Ledjiar, O., Socias, M. E., Foll, B. L., Lim, R., & Jutras‐Aswad, D. (2024) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108023 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Impact of Chronic Pain on Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Outcomes
MacLean, R. R., Spinola, S., Garcia‐Vassallo, G., & Sofuoglu, M. (2021) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00352-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Barry, D. T., Beitel, M., Cutter, C. J., Fiellin, D. A., Madden, L. M., Lipkind, N., Bollampally, P., Liong, C., & Schottenfeld, R. S. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108608 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pericot‐Valverde, I., Perez, A., Heo, M., Coleman, A., Ortiz, E. G., Merchant, K., Melling, T., & Litwin, A. H. (2022) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100918 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…and confidence to change using two visual analog scales from 0 to 100 [35], any counseling or coaching received and its length, level of craving experienced using the Opioid Craving Scale [36], and the severity of withdrawal symptoms experienced using the Subjective Opiate Withdrawal [37] (week 4).”
MethodLearning from addiction: Craving of prescription opioids in chronic pain sufferers
Strigo, I. A., Murphy, E., Mitchell, J., & Spadoni, A. D. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104904 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Peter, S. C., Murphy, J. G., Witkiewitz, K. A., Hand, S. B., Thomas, F., Johnson, K., Cowan, R. L., Harris, M., & Derefinko, K. J. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07102-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sleep disruption, stress, and craving during inpatient treatment for opioid use disorder
Bichon, J. A., Bailey, A. J., Votaw, V. R., & McHugh, R. K. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108427 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationBeard, C., Peckham, A., Griffin, M. L., Weiss, R. D., Taghian, N. R., & McHugh, R. K. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107644 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationBiondi, B. E., Mohanty, S., Wyk, B. V., Montgomery, R. R., Shaw, A. C., & Springer, S. A. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100704 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Thrul, J., Nordeck, C. D., Devkota, J., Mun, C. J., Dunn, K. E., Bergeria, C. L., Zipunnikov, V. M., Vandrey, R. G., & Finan, P. H. (2024) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2024.2331572 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Craving to use substances is an indicator for problematic substance use, including opioid use in treatment studies for opioid use disorder (OUD) (McHugh et al., 2014), is cited by patients as a primary treatment goal and unmet need in their OUD treatments (FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 2019), and has be…”
InfluentialCharacterizing withdrawal from long-acting injectable buprenorphine: An observational case series
Hayes, V., Mills, L., Byron, G., Stubley, C., Black, E., Trevitt, B. T., Somogyi, A. A., Sahid, A. S., & Lintzeris, N. (2025) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2025.100329 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“• Opioid Craving Scale (OCS; McHugh et al., 2014; weekly): This three-item scale measures opioid cravings on a 0 (no craving) to 10 (severe craving) response scale for each item: (i) at the time the respondent is completing the questionnaire, (ii) over the previous week when the respondent is…”
Leventelis, C., Veskoukis, A. S., Malliori, M., Koutsilieris, M., Zyga, S., Gil, A. P. R., Kampitsi, A., Goutzourelas, N., & Tsironi, M. (2020) · doi:10.4172/2324-9005.1000189 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Similarly, it has been shown that craving for opioids is a prognostic factor for recurrence in individuals with a record in opioid use disorders [23,24].”
Psychometric properties of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 in adults with substance use disorders
Hilton, B. T., Yusufov, M., Rosellini, A. J., Taghian, N. R., Weiss, R. D., Griffin, M. L., & McHugh, R. K. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108507 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationSubstance use patterns, quantities, and associated risk factors in women with polysubstance misuse
Fogelman, N., Tate, M. S., Wemm, S., Sullivan, L., Hart, R. L. D., Vacey, E., Fox, H. C., & Sinha, R. (2024) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13390 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dampening of Positive Affect Predicts Substance Use During Partial Hospitalization
Peckham, A., McHugh, R. K., Kneeland, E. T., Björgvinsson, Þ., & Beard, C. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10101-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychometric properties of the Treatment Effectiveness Assessment in methamphetamine use disorder
Vo, H. T., Kulikova, A., Mayes, T. L., Carmody, T. J., SHOPTAW, S. J., Ling, W. W., Trombello, J. M., & Trivedi, M. H. (2023) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2023.209085 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Roberts, A. W., Skinner, A. C., Lauffenburger, J. C., & Galt, K. A. (2019) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2019.1674239 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Yunos, N., Ibrahim, F. B., Zakaria, E. B., Sulaiman, W. S. W., Hassan, N., Kamaluddin, M. R., & Tharshini, N. K. (2021) · International Journal of Current Research and Review · doi:10.31782/ijcrr.2021.131819 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Schultheis, A., Sanchez, M., Steinhauser, S. F., Kyriakides, T. C., Ho, Y., Kluger, Y., & Springer, S. A. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100866 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rosansky, J. A., Howard, L., Goodman, H., Okst, K., Fatkin, T., Fredericksen, A. K., Sokol, R., Gardiner, P., Parry, G., Cook, B. L., et al. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107417 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Saraiya, T. C., Singal, S., Prakash, K., Johal, P. K., Hameed, S., Back, S. E., Mills, K. L., & Hien, D. A. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15070874 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Opioid craving was measured by the Desire for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ; Franken et al., 2002) and the Opioid Craving Scale (OCS; McHugh et al., 2014).”
Shulman, M., Provost, S. E., Ohrtman, K., Novo, P., Meyers-Ohki, S. E., Veldhuisen, P. C. V., Oden, N. L., Otterstatter, M. C., Bailey, G. L., Liu, D., et al. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2024.107543 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationPain severity contributes to worse outcomes in opioid use disorder recovery than pain status
Craft, W. H., Craft, C. L., Tegge, A. N., Athamneh, L. N., Stein, J. S., Keith, D. R., Moigne, A. L., DeVeaugh‐Geiss, A., Chilcoat, H. D., & Bickel, W. K. (2025) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112530 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A pilot study of benzodiazepine cue-induced craving
McHugh, R. K., Korte, F. M., McCarthy, M. D., & Geyer, R. B. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109443 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationPain in the management of opioid use disorder
SIROHI, S. K., & Tiwari, A. K. (2016) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s123667 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“24,25 Craving has been shown to predict lapse to opioid use in patients receiving treatment for OUD, 26,27 and a recent study reported that among patients treated for OUD, those with chronic pain had higher opioid craving.”
BackgroundWartko, P. D., Boudreau, D. M., Turner, J. A., Cook, A. J., Wellman, R., Fujii, M., Garcia, R., Moser, K. A., & Sullivan, M. D. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2021.106499 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
McClain, N. E., Ceceli, A. O., Kronberg, G., Nelly Alia-klein, A., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.01.01.25319860 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Rodríguez-Espinosa, S., Coloma‐Carmona, A., Pérez-Carbonell, A., Román-Quiles, J. F., & Carballo, J. L. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.03.236 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pericot‐Valverde, I., Byrne, K. A., Ortiz, E. G., Davis, S. C., Hammond, E., Nahvi, S., Thrasher, J. F., Sivaraj, L. B., Cumby, S., Goodwin, E., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20166610 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“BMT participants also completed the Opioid Craving Scale (OCS) [27], a 3-item scale assessing urges, cue-induced-craving, and the likelihood of use on a visual analogue scale from 0 to 10.”
BackgroundInfluentialUebelacker, L. A., Braun, T. D., Taylor, L. E., Saper, R. B., Baldwi, M., Abrantes, A. M., Tremont, G. N., Toribio, A., Kirshy, S., Koch, R., et al. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107411 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bhargav, H., Holla, B., Mahadevan, J., Jasti, N., Philip, M., Sharma, P., Vedamurthachar, A., Mehta, U. M., Varambally, S. S., Venkatasubramanian, G., et al. (2024) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19392.1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“3) Opioid craving scale 58 : It is a three-item test that is a reliable and valid tool to assess craving in opioid use disorders 59 and has been used in many studies before.”
Self-citationOkafor, C. N., Carmody, T. J., Stotts, A. L., Bart, G. B., Mayes, T. L., Karns-Wright, T., Trivedi, M. H., SHOPTAW, S. J., & Potter, J. S. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2024.100230 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The study used a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) to assess methamphetamine craving over the past week (McHugh et al., 2014), with the VAS ranging from 0 (no craving) to 100 (most intense craving possible).”
MethodHeinz, M. V., Lekkas, D., Abreu, V., Lee, C. M., Marsch, L. A., & Jacobson, N. C. (2024) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-024-00086-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The OCS has demonstrated strong predictive validity, with a 17% higher odds of using opioidsforeach1pointincreaseincravings 80 .”
Armeni, K., Chambers, L. C., Peachey, A. M., Berk, J., Langdon, K. J., Peterson, L., Beaudoin, F. L., & Wightman, R. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-085888 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Shared Decision-Making Tool to Prevent Substance Abuse: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Long, J., Yuan, J. M., & Johnson, R. K. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.7650 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“• Adapted from the 3-item Opioid Craving Scale by McHugh et al [31], participants will be asked to rate on a scale from 1 to 10 how much they currently crave a drug, how strong their desire to use has been when something in the environment reminded them of the drug, and the likelihood that they would use the drug in a…”
Trinh, C. D., Griffin, M. L., Li, V., McHugh, R. K., & Weiss, R. D. (2023) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2023.2181702 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Recovery from substance use disorder requires sustained interest and effort to confront challenges such as external stress (1), withdrawal symptoms (2), and craving (3).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
- Authors
- McHugh, R. K., Fitzmaurice, G. M., Carroll, K. M., Griffin, M. L., Hill, K. P., Wasan, A. D., & Weiss, R. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Yale University (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 145
- Pages
- 121-126
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4254575
- OpenAlex
- W1967066293
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 3.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R00DA029115, K24DA022288, K99/R00 DA029115, U10DA015831, K23DA035297)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Keywords
- craving, prescription opioid dependence, recurrence prediction, cue-induced craving, opioid use, addiction treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analgesics, Opioid, Heroin, Female, Humans, Male, Narcotic Antagonists, Opioid-Related Disorders, Drug Prescriptions, Substance Abuse Treatment Centers, Young Adult, Self Report, Craving
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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