Stress and opioid use disorder: A systematic review
Abstract
Medication assisted treatment (MAT) is highly effective in reducing illicit opioid use and preventing overdose in individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD); however, treatment retention of patients engaged in MAT is a significant clinical concern. The experience of stress may contribute to a decision to drop out of treatment. The current study is a systematic review conducted across multiple databases of empirical studies on primary appraisal of stress and its relationship to opioid craving, opioid use, and OUD treatment outcomes. Primary appraisal of stress is defined as an explicit inquiry into individual perception of feeling stressed using a self-report measure administered in laboratory, clinical, or naturalistic environment. A total of 21 included studies were organized into three categories: observed stress, experimentally-induced stress, and stress-focused interventions. Appraised stress was generally associated with greater craving, but associations with opioid use and treatment retention were mixed. All but one study included MAT samples and every study sample included some form of drug counseling. These findings suggest that individuals experience considerable stress in spite of receiving standard treatment for OUD. Psychopharmacological interventions targeting stress were promising, but no behavioral interventions specific to stress management were found. The preliminary results with clonidine and lofexidine targeting stress in individuals with OUD warrant further studies. To better understand the impact of stress in OUD, future research should consider using repeated assessment of stress in the context of daily life. Utilization of behavioral treatments specifically targeting stress could have benefits in improving OUD outcomes.
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Stress is strongly associated with increased craving for opioids, leading to increased use and decreased treatment retention.
“Stress is strongly associated with increased craving for opioids, leading to increased use and decreased treatment retention [42].”
From Mindful moms: acceptability and impact of co-designed and digitally delivered video meditations for pregnant and parenting women with opioid use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
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Women, opioid use and addiction
Goetz, T. G., Becker, J. B., & Mazure, C. M. (2021) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202002125r · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Hallgren, K. A., Witwer, E., West, I. I., Baldwin, L., Donovan, D. M., Stuvek, B., Keppel, G. A., Mollis, B. L., & Stephens, K. A. (2019) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2019.11.008 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Factors Predictive of Prolonged Postoperative Narcotic Usage Following Orthopaedic Surgery
Lavoie-Gagne, O. Z., Nwachukwu, B. U., Allen, A. A., Leroux, T. S., Lu, Y., & Forsythe, B. (2020) · JBJS Reviews · doi:10.2106/jbjs.rvw.19.00154 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Schuman‐Olivier, Z., Goodman, H., Rosansky, J. A., Fredericksen, A. K., Barria, J., Parry, G. J., Sokol, R. G., Gardiner, P. M., Cook, B. L., & Weiss, R. D. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.54950 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Suzuki, J., Martin, B., Prostko, S., Chai, P. R., & Weiss, R. D. (2022) · Integrative Medicine Reports · doi:10.1089/imr.2022.0070 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Baxley, C., Borsari, B. E., Reavis, J. V., Manuel, J. K., Herbst, E. D., Becker, W. C., Pennington, D., Batki, S. L., & Seal, K. H. (2022) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107589 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Shi, Z., Langleben, D. D., O’Brien, C. P., Childress, A. R., & Wiers, C. E. (2021) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102806 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Scheidell, J. D., Hoff, L., Khan, M. R., Bennett, A. S., & Elliott, L. C. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100054 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Roos, C. R., Kiluk, B. D., McHugh, R. K., & Carroll, K. M. (2020) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000581 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
McAnulty, C., Bastien, G., Socias, M. E., Bruneau, J., Foll, B. L., Lim, R., Brissette, S., Ledjiar, O., Marsan, S., Talbot, A., et al. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109604 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Roberts, R. L., & Garland, E. L. (2022) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13230 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Michael, A., Onisiforou, A., Georgiou, P., Koumas, M., Powels, C. F., Mammadov, E., Georgiou, A. N., & Zanos, P. (2025) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.70018 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Watson, D. P., Staton, M. D., Grella, C. E., Scott, C. K., & Dennis, M. L. (2022) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-022-00449-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Jussila, H., Ekholm, E. M. K., & Pajulo, M. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00205-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Testa, A. M., Crawford, A. D., Jackson, D. B., & Gemmill, A. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02349-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Acosta-Enriquez, B. G., Ballesteros, M. A. A., Ninaquispe, J. C. M., Farroñán, E. V. R., Tirado, K. S., Jordan, O. H., Ulloa, C. R. G., & Valle, M. D. L. Á. G. (2024) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.36941/ajis-2024-0023 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Impact of Chronic Pain on Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Outcomes
MacLean, R. R., Spinola, S., Garcia‐Vassallo, G., & Sofuoglu, M. (2021) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00352-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationPolenick, C. A., Han, B. H., Meyers, S., Arnold, T. D., & Cotton, B. P. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108580 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Castle, J. P., Jildeh, T. R., Buckley, P. J., Abbas, M. J., Mumuni, S., & Okoroha, K. R. (2021) · Arthroscopy Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.asmr.2021.10.012 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Colzato, L. S., Elmers, J., Xu, X., Zhou, Q., Hommel, B., & Beste, C. (2023) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13343 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
de Leon, S. J. G., Altice, F. L., Meteliuk, A., Ivasiy, R., Machavariani, E., Farnum, S. O., Fomenko, T., Islam, Z., & Madden, L. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1231581 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ware, O. D., Sacco, P., Cagle, J. G., Frey, J. J., Wagner, F. A., Wimberly, A. S., Gyebi-Foster, B., Diaz, M., Peters, K., & Zemore, S. E. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2023.100502 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ellis, J. D., Han, D. C., Mayo, J. L., Hobelmann, J. G., Finan, P. H., & Huhn, A. S. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.16022 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Endocannabinoid response to social stress in chronic non-medical prescription opioid users
Schmid, V. K., Quednow, B. B., Pellegata, D., Meier, P., Gertsch, J., & Kroll, S. L. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06950-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Basal cortisol level modulates stress-induced opioid-seeking behavior
Greenwald, M. K., Woodcock, E. A., Moses, T. E. H., & Lundahl, L. H. (2024) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100684 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Majer, J. M., Bobak, T. J., & Jason, L. A. (2021) · Advances in Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1108/add-07-2020-0011 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Understanding the Intersections of Stress and the Marketplace to Improve Consumer Well-BeingPreprint
Nitsch, F. J., & Plaßmann, H. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4816043 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Yu, Y. C., Kozłowska, A., Wu, C.-W., Cheng, C.-N., Hsu, Y.-C., Fang, L. L., & Huang, A. C. W. (2025) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174092 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Family feuds and fading job joy: a study on the mediating role of emotional labour
Rajak, B. K., Singh, P., Kumar, V., & Subbarao, S. S. (2025) · Evidence-based HRM a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship · doi:10.1108/ebhrm-04-2024-0132 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Guo, H., Tan, C., & Zeng, X. (2024) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2024.2415449 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Thrul, J., Rabinowitz, J. A., Reboussin, B. A., Maher, B. S., Anthony, J. C., & Ialongo, N. S. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.01.033 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Matto, H. C., Seshaiyer, P., Carmack, S. A., Peixoto, N., & Scherbel, M. (2021) · Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions · doi:10.1080/1533256x.2021.1973833 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Eikemo, M., Løseth, G. E., Carlyle, M., Trøstheim, M., Ernst, G., Pazmandi, C., Thompson, M., Vezzani, C., Meier, I. M., Johnstone, T., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/v8dxy · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lord, S. E., & Rao, D. (2025) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2486585 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…are consistent with other studies that have demonstrated the positive impact of mindfulness interventions on stress and mindfulness constructs [12,15,16,19,20,25–27 Stress is strongly associated with increased craving for opioids, leading to increased use and decreased treatment retention [42].”
Opiate Use Patterns Among Collegiate Athletes
Rugg, C. M., Cheah, J. W., Vomer, R. P., & Lau, B. C. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.31152 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Watson, G. P., Mattison, E. G., & Sinclair, R. R. (2025) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-025-10085-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Role of Leisure and Recreation in Recovery from Addictive Disorders
Page, J., Dyke, J. L., Hawkins, B. L., & Colistra, C. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88900-4_18 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Eikemo, M., Løseth, G. E., Carlyle, M., Trøstheim, M., Ernst, G., Pazmandi, C., Thompson, M., Vezzani, C., Meier, I. M., Roland, M. N., et al. (2026) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-026-00700-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“A Profound, Abiding Hatred”: An Analysis of Hermann Goering’s Alleged Morphine Addiction
Turner, M. D. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.36865
(2024) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-5203-2
Olawole, W., Li, G., Zhou, Z., Wu, Z., & Chen, Q. (2024) · Injury Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/s40621-024-00548-8
Edwards, N. M., Jensen, H. A. R., & Pedersen, A. B. (2025) · Acta Orthopaedica · doi:10.2340/17453674.2025.44759
Wang, X., Le, J., Tang, Y., Huang, Q., Qi, J., Chen, X., Zhao, L., Zhao, L., Liao, Z., & Shen, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1778758
Distinct drug and aversive cue-reactivity patterns are associated with opioid use disorder
Okan, A., Kuplicki, R., Davis, C. B., Pleiman, A. J., McNaughton, B. A., Buchfink, C., Choquette, E. M., Paulus, M. P., Parvaz, M. A., Garland, E. L., et al. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.10.014
- Authors
- MacLean, R. R., Armstrong, J. L., & Sofuoglu, M.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- MacLean, R. Ross
- Venue
- Addictive Behaviors
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 98
- Pages
- 106010
- ISSN
- 0306-4603 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2947787073
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- opioid use disorder, stress, medication-assisted treatment, treatment retention, opioid craving, drug counseling, clonidine, lofexidine, stress management interventions
- MeSH terms
- Ecological Momentary Assessment, Retention in Care, Counseling, Humans, Opioid-Related Disorders, Stress, Psychological, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Craving
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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