Perinatal substance use: a prospective evaluation of abstinence and relapse
Open accessAbstract
Background Substance use decreases in pregnancy but little prospective data are available on the rates of abstinence and relapse for specific substances. This study compared rates of abstinence in pregnancy and relapse postpartum for nicotine cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine.Methods Data from 152 women drawn from a randomized controlled trial comparing psychological treatments for substance use in pregnancy were analyzed. Self-reports of substance use and urine for toxicology testing throughout pregnancy and 3-months, 12-months and 24-months post-delivery were collected. Multivariate Cox models were used to compare rates of abstinence and relapse across substances.Results In pregnancy, 83% of all women achieved abstinence to at least one substance. The mean (SE) days to abstinence was 145.81 (9.17), 132.01 (6.17), 151.52 (6.24), and 148.91 (7.68) for cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana and cocaine, respectively. Participants were more likely to achieve abstinence from alcohol (HR 7.24; 95% CI 4.47-11.72), marijuana (HR 4.06; 95% CI 1.87-6.22), and cocaine (HR 3.41; 95% CI 2.53-6.51), than cigarettes. Postpartum, 80% of women abstinent in the last month of pregnancy relapsed to at least one substance. The mean days to relapse was 109.67 (26.34), 127.73 (21.29), 138.35 (25.46), and 287.55 (95.85) for cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana and cocaine, respectively. Relapse to cocaine was only 34% (HR 0.34; 95% CI 0.15-0.77) that of cigarettes.Conclusions Pregnancy-related abstinence rates were high for all substances except cigarettes. Postpartum relapse was common, with cocaine using women being less likely to relapse after attaining abstinence compared to women using cigarettes, alcohol or marijuana.
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80% of individuals relapse in the first few months postpartum.
“Yet, 80% of individuals relapse in the first few months postpartum [13]”
From Written exposure therapy for treatment of perinatal PTSD among women with comorbid PTSD and SUD: A pilot study examining feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
The Introduction reports that 80% of women who stopped smoking during pregnancy relapse within six months, but that figure is specific to smoking, not all substance use. In §3.3 (Relapse), this study reports lower three-month relapse rates across the substances examined: 58% for cigarettes, 51% for alcohol, 41% for marijuana, and 27% for cocaine. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost individuals (83%) abstain from at least one problematic substance during pregnancy.
“Studies have found that most individuals (83%) abstain from at least one problematic substance (primarily alcohol, cocaine, and/or marijuana, but not cigarettes) during pregnancy [13].”
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ResultPostpartum smoking relapse among women who quit during pregnancy: Cross‐sectional study in J apan
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Substance use among women who are pregnant: Examining treatment completion by race and ethnicity
Suntai, Z. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108437 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mothering under the influence: how perinatal drugs of abuse alter the mother-infant interaction
Brancato, A., & Cannizzaro, C. (2017) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2017-0052 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…for the impact of substances on their babies leads some women to moderate their use of drugs and alcohol during pregnancy (Forray and Foster, 2015), offsetting appears to be responsible for the precipitous increase in substance use during the 12 months after parturition (Forray et al., 2015).”
BackgroundEpidemiology of perinatal substance use: Exploring trends in maternal substance use
Rodríguez, J. J., & Smith, V. C. (2019) · Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.siny.2019.01.006 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Unpacking Perinatal Experiences with Opioid Use Disorder: Relapse Risk Implications
Williams, L. R., Mendoza, N. S., & Grisham, L. M. (2022) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-022-00847-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Peltier, M. R., Roberts, W., Verplaetse, T. L., Burke, C., Zakiniaeiz, Y., Moore, K. E., & McKee, S. A. (2022) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-022-01244-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Xu, K. Y., Jones, H. E., Schiff, D. M., Martin, C. E., Kelly, J. C., Carter, E. B., Bierut, L. J., & Grucza, R. A. (2023) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000005117 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nillni, Y. I., Baul, T. D., Paul, E., Godfrey, L. B., Sloan, D. M., & Valentine, S. E. (2023) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.04.013 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hai, A. H., Hammock, K., & Velasquez, M. M. (2019) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14203 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Prenatal, perinatal, and adolescent exposure to marijuana: Relationships with aggressive behavior
Barthelemy, O. J., Richardson, M. A., Cabral, H., & Frank, D. A. (2016) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2016.06.009 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mark, K., Pierce, E., Joseph, D., & Crimmins, S. D. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107723 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sanjuan, P. M., Pearson, M. R., Fokas, K. F., & Leeman, L. M. (2019) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000543 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Of note, craving during treatment predicts relapse following treatment (Northrup et al., 2015; Witkiewitz, 2013) and this may be especially relevant for pregnant women who are at high risk of relapse after giving birth (Forray et al., 2015).”
BackgroundAsta, D. M., Davis, A. L., Krishnamurti, T., Klocke, L. C., Abdullah, W., & Krans, E. E. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108665 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kock, L. S., Erath, T. G., Coleman, S. R. M., Higgins, S. T., & Heil, S. H. (2023) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107654 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Differential responses to infant faces in relation to maternal substance use: An exploratory study
Rutherford, H. J. V., Yip, S. W., Worhunsky, P. D., Kim, S., Strathearn, L., Potenza, M. N., & Mayes, L. C. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107805 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Even for women able to abstain from substance use during pregnancy, most relapse within two years postpartum (Forray et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSubstance-Related and Addictive Disorders
(2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x16_substance_related_disorders · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Interventions Addressing Cannabis Use During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review
Groff, D., Bollampally, P., Buono, F., Knehans, A. C., Spotts, H., & Bone, C. (2022) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001027 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cochran, G., Smid, M. C., Krans, E. E., Yu, Z., Carlston, K., White, A., Abdulla, W., Baylis, J. D., Charron, E. M., Okifugi, A., et al. (2023) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16364 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Midwives’ attitudes towards pregnant women using substances: Informing a care pathway
Geraghty, S., Doleman, G., & Leo, A. D. (2018) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2018.09.007 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Yonkers, K. A., Dailey, J. I., Gilstad‐Hayden, K., Ondersma, S. J., Forray, A., Olmstead, T. A., & Martino, S. (2020) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2020.02.012 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Pregnancy is a powerful motivator for abstinence(Forray et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCharacteristics of Pregnant Women Reporting Cannabis Use Disorder at Substance Use Treatment Entry
Washio, Y., Mark, K., & Terplan, M. (2018) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000424 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Profile of Reported Alcohol, Tobacco, and Recreational Drug Use in Nulliparous Women
Haas, D. M., Mahnke, B., Yang, Z., Guise, D. M., Daggy, J., Simhan, H. N., Silver, R. M., Grobman, W. A., Wapner, R. J., Makhoul, J. A., et al. (2020) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000003826 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Swenson, K. S. (2023) · Journal of Cannabis Research · doi:10.1186/s42238-023-00184-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Shan, F., MacVicar, S., Allegaert, K., Offringa, M., Jansson, L. M., Simpson, S., Moulsdale, W., & Kelly, L. E. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4183-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Morrison, P. K., Yourish, E., Chang, J. C., Krans, E. E., & Pallatino, C. (2022) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-022-00466-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Second, research suggests that opioid use disorder (OUD) among reproductively aged women, including those who are currently pregnant or immediately post-partum, has risen in the last fifteen years (Haight et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSmoking, alcohol, and substance use and rates of quitting during pregnancy: is it hard to quit?
Yazıcı, A. B., Yuvacı, H. U., Yazıcı, E., Çalışkan, E., Cevrioğlu, A. S., & Erol, A. (2016) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s116170 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Polysubstance use was reported to be as high as 50% in some studies.(12,13) While cigarette use in pregnancy has been investigated to some extent by clinicians, alcohol and substance use has generally escaped attention.”
Lynch, V., Clemans-Cope, L., Howell, E. M., & Hill, I. T. (2020) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108265 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bariselli, S., Mateo, Y., Reuveni, N., & Lovinger, D. M. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01594-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Considering the high rate of alcohol relapse during perinatal periods [2] and the developmental similarities between the last trimester of human pregnancy and the first 10 postnatal days (P0-P10) in mice [15], we implemented a mouse model of binge-like and late-term gestational ethanol exposure that would cover this d…”
BackgroundMethodExploration Into Patterns of Cannabis Use Across Pregnancy and Postpartum
Eitel, A. E., Witcraft, S. M., McRae‐Clark, A. L., Brady, K. T., King, C. E., & Guille, C. (2024) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001270 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Psychosocial and medication interventions to stop or reduce alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Minozzi, S., Ambrosi, L., Saulle, R., Uhm, S., Terplan, M., Sinclair, J., & Agabio, R. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015042.pub2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Guille, C., Hall, C., King, C. E., Sujan, A. C., Brady, K. T., & Newman, R. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100064 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
CHOICES-TEEN: Reducing Substance-Exposed Pregnancy and HIV Among Juvenile Justice Adolescent Females
Parrish, D. E., von Sternberg, K. L., Benjamins, L. J., Duron, J. F., & Velasquez, M. M. (2018) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731518779717 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Vicario, S., Buykx, P., Peacock, M., Hardie, I., Freitas, L. D., Bissell, P., & Meier, P. S. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13643 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Reddy, J., Palmer, L., & Putnam‐Hornstein, E. (2023) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-023-03690-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that many women who achieve abstinence during pregnancy return to substance use within a year of giving birth (Forray et al., 2015).”
BackgroundCharacteristics of pregnant women who reported alcohol use at admission to substance use treatment
Washio, Y., Martin, C. E., Goldstein, N. D., & Terplan, M. (2017) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2017.09.010 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dauber, S. E., Beacham, A. R., Hammond, C., West, A. L., & Thrul, J. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/36849 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Reese, S. E., Glover, A., Fitch, S., Salyer, J., Lofgren, V., & McCracken, C. (2023) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-023-03842-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“While some people cease using substances during pregnancy, many return to use in the postpartum period (Forray et al., 2015).”
BackgroundCioffi, C. C., Schweer‐Collins, M. L., & Leve, L. D. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106494 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Relapse into opiate and crack cocaine misuse: a scoping review
Klein, M. (2020) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2020.1724972 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Morris, E., Bardsley, T. R., Schulte, K., Seidel, J., Shakib, J. H., Buchi, K. F., & Fung, C. M. (2020) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1716490 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sterba, K. R., Johnson, E. E., Douglas, E., Aujla, R., Boyars, L., Kruis, R. D., Verdin, R., Grater, R., King, K. L., Ford, D. W., et al. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05463-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The majority of women with PSUDs will abstain from substance use in pregnancy, but 80% will relapse postpartum, increasing their risk for overdose and death [3].”
BackgroundFusco, R. A., Kulkarni, S. J., & Pless, J. (2024) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2024.209407 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Stevens, M., Cooper, M., Cusack, L., Ali, R. L., Holmwood, C. B., & Briley, A. L. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13927 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This is problematic, as evidence suggests that while many women with a history of substance use remain abstinent during pregnancy, a significant proportion will return to use post-birth [40].”
BackgroundMarijuana use, fetal growth, and uterine artery Dopplers
Bruno, A. M., Blue, N. R., Allshouse, A. A., Haas, D. M., Shanks, A. L., Grobman, W. A., Simhan, H. N., Reddy, U. M., Silver, R. M., & Metz, T. D. (2021) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2021.1960973 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Marijuana use typically decreases across gestation [37,38]; therefore, those with ongoing use at the time of visit two may be those with heavier use, and results may therefore demonstrate a larger discrepancy than would be seen with lower frequency of MJ use, or cessation early in pregnancy.”
BackgroundTowobola, A., Towobola, B., Nair, B., & Makwana, A. P. (2021) · BJPsych Bulletin · doi:10.1192/bjb.2021.102 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wolfson, L., Poole, N., Harding, K. D., & Stinson, J. (2022) · Journal of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder · doi:10.22374/jfasd.v4isp1.13 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Поиски равновесного состояния в миграционной теории
Лисицын, П. П., Резаев, А. В., & Stepanov, A. V. (2024) · Journal of Economic Sociology · doi:10.17323/1726-3247-2024-1-137-160 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Henry, M. C., Sanjuan, P. M., Stone, L. C., Cairo, G. F., Lohr-Valdez, A., & Leeman, L. M. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2021.100013 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Many women with SUD prior to pregnancy detection are able o abstain from or substantially reduce substance use during pregnancy, ut many others continue to struggle with substance use throughout regnancy, and postpartum substance use recurrence rates are high for oth groups ( Forray et al., 2015 ).”
BackgroundPochard, L., Dupouy, J., Frauger, É., Giocanti, A., Micallef, J., Lapeyre‐Mestre, M., & French Addictovigilance Network (2018) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/fcp.12346 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
MacDonald, A. M., Gabos, S., Braakman, S., Cheperdak, L., Lee, B. E., Hrudey, S. E., Le, X. C., Li, X., Mandal, R., Martin, J. W., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113990 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dauber, S. E., Beacham, A. R., West, A. L., Devkota, J., Barrie, K., & Thrul, J. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2023.100146 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jackson, S., Chubb, L. A., & Haan, I. D. (2023) · Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work · doi:10.11157/anzswj-vol35iss3id1060 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“International research has also highlighted the importance of wraparound services and comprehensive care that are trauma informed and gender specific (Forray et al., 2015; Schamp et al., 2021).”
BackgroundChhabra, N., Gupta, A., Chibber, R., Minhaj, M. M., Hofer, J. E., Mueller, A., Tung, A., O’Connor, M. F., Scavone, B. M., Rana, S., et al. (2017) · Pregnancy Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2017.07.147 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bello, J. K., Xu, K. Y., Salas, J., Kelly, J. C., & Grucza, R. A. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2024.100248 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Against this backdrop, the postpartum period can be especially difficult for people with OUD, as return to use and treatment discontinuation rates are known to surge after delivery (Forray et al., 2015; Jagodzinski and Fleming, 2007; Wilder et al., 2015).”
BackgroundPostpartum psychoactive substance abuse after severe maternal morbidity
Pereira, C. M., Pacagnella, R. C., Parpinelli, M. Â., Andreucci, C. B., Zanardi, D. M. T., Souza, R. T., Angelini, C. R., Silveira, C., & Cecatti, J. G. (2019) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.12967 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Этика искусственного интеллекта: кейсы и варианты решения этических проблем
Stahl, B. C., Schroeder, D., & Rodrigues, R. (2024) · Journal of Economic Sociology · doi:10.17323/1726-3247-2024-1-85-95 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Schiff, D. M., Walt, G., Kane, M. T., Maitland, M., Liu, G., Wakeman, S. E., & Gray, J. R. (2024) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2024.2422872 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“However, the postpartum year, when women with SUD are parenting young children or are separated from them, is a time of increased risk of overdose (Forray et al., 2015; Schiff et al., 2018).”
Loree, A. M., Ondersma, S. J., & Grekin, E. R. (2016) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw262 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Symptomology Associated with in Utero Exposures to Polysubstance in an Appalachian Population.
Lester, W., Andrews, L., Nellhaus, E. M., Murray, S., Loudin, S., & Davies, T. H. (2019) · Marshall Journal of Medicine · doi:10.33470/2379-9536.1212 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Postpartum heavy episodic drinking: A survey to inform development of a text messaging intervention
Dauber, S. E., West, A. L., Hammond, C., Cohen, I., & Thrul, J. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13341 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“While most women reduce their drinking during pregnancy, more than half return to pre-pregnancy levels by 3 months postpartum [2], and 8%–12% show postpartum patterns of escalating HED [3].”
Pre-natal and post-natal screening and testing in neonatal abstinence syndrome
Ostfeld‐Johns, S. (2024) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.semperi.2024.152009 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bariselli, S., Reuveni, N., Westcott, N., Mateo, Y., & Lovinger, D. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1160185 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“, 1990), while about 30–50% of those who remained abstinent during pregnancy relapsed during the three-month post-parturition period (Jagodzinski and Fleming, 2007; Forray et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSchauberger, C. W., Smid, M. C., Terplan, M., & Wright, T. E. (2024) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2024.2422957 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Pregnancy frequently inspires an abstinence-based treatment approach (Forray et al., 2015) .”
Joyce, K. M., Delaquis, C. P., Alsaidi, T. H., Sulymka, J., Conway, A., Garcia, J., Paton, A., Kelly, L. E., & Roos, L. E. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108241 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Smith, B. T., Davidov, D. M., Gannon, M. A., Groth, C. P., & Kristjánsson, Á. L. (2025) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.112782 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“One study found that 80 % of mothers who achieved abstinence during pregnancy returned to use postpartum (Forray et al., 2015).”
Midwifery student's perceptions of caring for substance-using pregnant women
Doleman, G., Geraghty, S., & DeLeo, A. (2019) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2019.01.027 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dauber, S. E., Hammond, C., Hogue, A., Henderson, C. E., Nugent, J., Ford, V. L., Brown, J., Scott, L., & Ondersma, S. J. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/37865 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The risk of relapse increases because of hormonal changes, the stress of caring for a newborn, sleep deprivation, and social isolation, making the early postpartum weeks a critical period for intervention [8,9].”
Serwatka, C., Griebel-Thompson, A. K., Eiden, R. D., & Kong, K. L. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15132990 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“0 oz of absolute alcohol per day or ≥4 or more standard drinks per occasion), 22% of pregnant individuals who use cannabis, 27% of pregnant individuals who snort cocaine, and 68% of individuals who smoke cigarettes on a regular basis continued to engage in these behaviors after learning of their pregnancy [26].”
BackgroundGavin, A. R., & Morris, J. (2017) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2016.5789 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Potential Utility for Massage Therapy During Pregnancy to Decrease Stress and Tobacco Use
O’Hair, C. M., Kathryn Armstrong, M., & Rutherford, H. J. V. (2018) · International Journal of Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork Research Education & Practice · doi:10.3822/ijtmb.v11i3.379 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“(10) Indeed, while approximately 50% of women quit smoking upon learning of their pregnancy, many struggle to maintain abstinence, with 40% of women relapsing within 6 months of delivery.”
BackgroundCuidado de mulheres usuárias de crack na gestação
Ribeiro, M. C. L., Giusti, B. B., Ciosak, S. I., & da Silva, I. M. (2018) · SMAD Revista Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool e Drogas (Edição em Português) · doi:10.11606/issn.1806-6976.smad.2018.000407 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Os estudos analisados apontam diversas complicações gestacionais recorrentes entre gestantes usuárias de cocaína-crack(15,20-22,28-29,34,43), porém o texto do Manual Técnico de Pré-Natal de Alto Risco limitase a reconhecer o problema, sem apontar sugestões para o cuidado dessa população.”
BackgroundKim, S. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00886-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…(Forray et al., 2015), opioids and tobacco (Jarlenski et al., 2020), cannabis and alcohol (Young-Wolff et al., 2022), and tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana (Forray et al., 2015), a generalized understanding of these diverse substance use behaviors among pregnant women is limited for several reasons.”
InfluentialThe Prevention of Smoking Relapse in Postpartum Women: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
Tangamornsuksan, W., Boonpattharatthiti, K., Aiumtanaporn, N., Pongpetch, T., Thananithisak, C., Sadeghirad, B., Dhippayom, T., & Guyatt, G. H. (2025) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000001522 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Martin, C. E., Bello, J. K., Galati, B. M., Buss, J. L., Terplan, M., Jones, H. E., Mitchell, K. T., Martins, S. S., Grucza, R. A., Suarez, E. A., et al. (2025) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.70117 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cioffi, C. C., Lewis, L. F., & Gau, J. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1521093 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Stanfield, J., Dunlop, A. L., Barr, D. B., Corwin, E. J., Panuwet, P., Yakimavets, V., & Brennan, P. A. (2025) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.112660 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Johnson, E. E., Kruis, R. D., Verdin, R., Wells, E., Ford, D. W., & Sterba, K. R. (2023) · Telemedicine Reports · doi:10.1089/tmr.2023.0039 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Forray, A., Merry, B., Lin, H., Ruger, J. P., & Yonkers, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics (US)
- Corresponding author
- Forray, Ariadna
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 150
- Pages
- 147-155
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4387084
- OpenAlex
- W2055580782
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 8.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000142)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA025555, R01DA019135, K12DA000167)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- perinatal substance use, substance use in pregnancy, abstinence, relapse, postpartum period, nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, cocaine
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Recurrence, Smoking, Health Behavior, Substance-Related Disorders, Pregnant People, Young Adult, Self Report
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