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COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence
Open accessAbstract
The ongoing pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, the causal agent of the acute respiratory distress syndrome COVID-19, is placing unprecedented stress on healthcare systems and societies as a whole. The rapid spread of the virus in the absence of targeted therapies or a vaccine, is forcing countries to respond with strong preventative measures ranging from mitigation to containment. In extreme cases, quarantines are being imposed, limiting mobility to varying degrees.
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“Lockdown conditions provide fertile ground for the exercise of coercive control by encouraging people to stay at home, limiting social interactions to household members, reducing mobility and enabling perpetrators to closely monitor their partner's movements.”
From COVID-19 lockdowns, intimate partner violence and coercive control. (2021) · cites this paper as van Gelder et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“However, studies examining connections between the COVID-19 outbreak and IPV are skim.5,6”
From Intimate Partner Violence Victimization and Perpetration among U.S. Adults during COVID-19: A Brief Report (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Social networks, both formal and informal, can help decrease isolation and provide support in case of IPV [8].”
BackgroundFunctional Isolation: Understanding Isolation in Trafficking Survivors
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Cited by
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Family violence and COVID‐19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support
Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi, N., & Jackson, D. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12735 · Cited by 979
“Isolation paired with psychological and economic stressors accompanying the pandemic as well as potential increases in negative coping mechanisms (e.g. excessive alcohol consumption) can come together in a perfect storm to trigger an unprecedented wave of family violence (van Gelder et al. 2020).”
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Domestic Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review
Kourti, A., Stavridou, A., Panagouli, E., Psaltopoulou, T., Spiliopoulou, C., Tsolia, M., Sergentanis, T. N., & Tsitsika, A. (2023) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380211038690 · Cited by 467
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Gender-Based Violence During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mini-Review
Mittal, S., & Singh, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2020.00004 · Cited by 381
COVID-19 and the rise of intimate partner violence
Agüero, J. M. (2020) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105217 · Cited by 326
“…especially for their impacts on developing countries and on gender equality.1 Scholars and International Organizations have argued that stay-at-home policies would increase violence against women (e.g., van Gelder et al., 2020; Peterman et al., 2020; Bradbury-Jones and Isham, 2020; UNFPA, 2020).”
Adaptation of evidence‐based suicide prevention strategies during and after the COVID ‐19 pandemic
Wasserman, D., Iosue, M., Wuestefeld, A., & Carli, V. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20801 · Cited by 307
Violence against women during the COVID‐19 pandemic: An integrative review
Sánchez, O. D. R., Vale, D. B., Rodrigues, L., & Surita, F. G. (2020) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.13365 · Cited by 257
Covid-19 and Domestic Violence: an Indirect Path to Social and Economic Crisis
Sharma, A., & Borah, S. B. (2020) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-020-00188-8 · Cited by 258
“Now that physical isolation is a government-sanctioned approach; it is seen that cases of domestic violence have increased significantly (van Gelder et al. 2020).”
BackgroundPereda, N., & Díaz-Faes, D. A. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-020-00347-1 · Cited by 277
Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence during Lockdown and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Lyons, M. T., & Brewer, G. (2021) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-021-00260-x · Cited by 193
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Domestic violence against women and the COVID-19 pandemic: What is the role of psychiatry?
Gulati, G., & Kelly, B. D. (2020) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101594 · Cited by 204
“A heightened risk of domestic violence is associated with this and other infection-reducing measures (van Gelder et al., 2020).”
Schmidt, R. A., Genois, R., Jin, J., Vigo, D., Rehm, J. T., & Rush, B. R. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109065 · Cited by 178
The Hidden Pandemic of Family Violence During COVID-19: Unsupervised Learning of Tweets
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Sabri, B., Hartley, M., Saha, J., Murray, S. M., Glass, N. E., & Campbell, J. C. (2020) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2020.1833012 · Cited by 146
“Existing literature has attributed these events to stress and instability of employment, poverty, and social and functional isolation (Roesch et al., 2020; van Gelder et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialPayne, J., Morgan, A., & Piquero, A. R. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-020-09441-y · Cited by 148
“…impacts have raised questions about potential increases in organized crime (Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime 2020), cybercrime (Europol 2020), and violent crime (Eisner and Nivette 2020), particularly domestic violence (Fitz-Gibbon and Meyer 2020; van Gelder et al. 2020).”
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Trends in suicide in Japan by gender during the COVID-19 pandemic, up to September 2020
Nomura, S., Kawashima, T., Yoneoka, D., Tanoue, Y., Eguchi, A., Gilmour, S., Kawamura, Y., Harada, N., & Hashizume, M. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113622 · Cited by 129
“…Australia, and New Zealand, increases in family violence coinciding with COVID-19 related restrictions on movement, such as lockdown orders, were reported (van Gelder, 2020; Every-Palmer, 2020; Usher, 2020), which is known to increase suicidal thoughts and attempts in women (Ellsberg, 2008).”
COVID-19, gender inequality, and the responsibility of the state
Fortier, N. (2020) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v10i3.1305 · Cited by 123
Understanding Domestic Violence in India During COVID-19: a Routine Activity Approach
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Tadesse, A. W., Mihret, S. T., Biset, G., Muluneh, M. D., & Kassa, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520976222 · Cited by 85
“Despite the increased reports of IPV cases during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic (Duncan et al., 2020; Jarnecke & Flanagan, 2020; Taub, 2020; Van Gelder et al., 2020), there is a little research to assess the factors and magnitude of IPV during the pandemic.”
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“Some have suggested that reducing the penetrance of COVID-19 infections and the need for social distancing might mitigate IPV exacerbations (van Gelder et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCOVID‐19 and family violence: Is this a perfect storm?
Usher, K. J., Bradbury‐Jones, C., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi, N., Fatema, S. R., & Jackson, D. W. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12876 · Cited by 91
“COVID-19 restrictions, which overlap with the strategies employed by abusers in abusive relationships (Van Gelder et al. 2020), have meant women and children are locked away at home, isolated from their usual supports systems such as family and friends, unable to escape the family situation, and…”
BackgroundInfluentialThiel, F., Büechl, V. C. S., Rehberg, F., Mojahed, A., Daniels, J. K., Schellong, J., & Garthus‐Niegel, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.874183 · Cited by 80
Considerations of the impacts of COVID-19 on domestic violence in the United States
Bright, C. F., Burton, C., & Kosky, M. (2020) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100069 · Cited by 74
“While social isolation occurs when one is separated from family and friends, functional isolation occurs when support systems are no longer reliable (van Gelder et al., 2020).”
The impact of COVID‐19 on services for people affected by sexual and gender‐based violence
Johnson, K., Green, L., Volpellier, M., Kidenda, S., McHale, T., Naimer, K., & Mishori, R. (2020) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1002/ijgo.13285 · Cited by 73
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“Under these conditions, children may have been more vulnerable to abusive situations and cut off from potential protective interventions (Van der Berg & Spaull, 2020).”
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Intimate partner violence among Arab women before and during the COVID-19 lockdown
El-Nimr, N., Mamdouh, H. M., Ramadan, A., Saeh, H. M. E., & Shata, Z. N. (2021) · Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association · doi:10.1186/s42506-021-00077-y · Cited by 62
“IPV is a deeply rooted public health problem in the Arab world that is expected to be on rise following the COVID-19 pandemic [6, 15].”
BackgroundViolence against Jordanian Women during COVID‐19 Outbreak
Abuhammad, S. (2020) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.13824 · Cited by 63
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Elementos precipitadores/intensificadores da violência conjugal em tempo da Covid-19
da Silva, A. F., Estrela, F. M., Soares, C. F. S. E., de Magalhães, J. R. F., Lima, N. S., Morais, A. C., Gomes, N. P., & Lima, V. L. D. A. (2020) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232020259.16132020 · Cited by 60
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“Domestic violence abuse (DVA) is a widespread public health problem [1,2] that includes different kinds of abuse, such as that upon elderly individuals and children in the family, while intimate partner violence (IPV) refers to violence by a current or former spouse or partner in an intimate relationship with the vict…”
BackgroundGarcía, L. P., & Sanchez, Z. M. (2020) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00124520 · Cited by 80
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“Some academics also revealed that there was an increase in reports of quarantine violence for women and children (van Gelder et al. 2020; John et al. 2020).”
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COVID-19 lockdowns, intimate partner violence and coercive control.
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“However, it is clear that the conditions of COVID- 19 lockdowns provide fertile ground for the exercise of coercive control by encouraging people to stay at home, limiting social interactions to family/household members and reducing mobility (Slackoff et al., 2020; van Gelder et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMichielsen, K., Larrson, E. C., Kågesten, A., Erausquin, J. T., Griffin, S., de Velde, S. M. V., & Tucker, J. D. (2020) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2020-054664 · Cited by 57
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BackgroundImmigrant Family Financial and Relationship Stress From the COVID-19 Pandemic
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“No cenário da pandemia e isolamento social os fatores econômicos, instabilidade emocional e falta de apoio ou suporte social(24) aumentam as chances de violência doméstica, de ameaças e de outros comportamentos violentos como agressão física, psíquica, sexual(24-27).”
BackgroundInfluentialNecessidades pessoais de Enfermeiros durante a pandemia da COVID-19 em Mato Grosso
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“Ao contrário, segundo a literatura, para outros casais, manterem-se em quarentena juntos nesta pandemia está sendo um motivo de sofrimento e violência, pelos conflitos e comportamentos nocivos gerados, estando protegidos do vírus, porém em risco de danos à integridade física e psicoemocional(35).”
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“The effects of anxious attachment are amplified by isolation and a lack of social support, which are themselves augmented by extraordinary measures imposed to curtail the spread of COVID-19, such as lockdowns and home confinement (van Gelder et al. 2020).”
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“The additional stressors created by the need to stay home and socially isolate (e.g., economic stress and stress associated with additional childcare responsibilities) may act as triggers to IPV (van Gelder et al., 2020).”
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COVID-19 and violence: a research call to action
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Gregory, A. C., & Williamson, E. (2021) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-021-00292-3 · Cited by 42
Domestic violence against women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A scoping review
Santos, D. D. S., Bittencourt, E. A., Malinverni, A. C. D. M., Kisberi, J. B., Vilaça, S. D. F., & Iwamura, E. S. M. (2022) · Forensic Science International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.fsir.2022.100276 · Cited by 41
Loneliness and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Intimate Partner Violence Survivors
Goodman, L. A., & Epstein, D. (2020) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-020-00215-8 · Cited by 45
“Physical distancing polices, combined with the dramatic rise in unemployment, have trapped victims at home with their abusive partners during a period of extreme stress and resource scarcity, leaving them highly vulnerable to heightened coercive control and violence (Van Gelder et al. 2020).”
BackgroundTing-Chun, Y., Huang, H., Yeh, T., Huang, W., Huang, H., Chang, Y., & Chen, W. (2020) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.14022 · Cited by 39
Morgan, R., Davies, S. E., Feng, H., Gan, C. C. R., Grépin, K. A., Harman, S., Herten-Crabb, A., Smith, J., & Wenham, C. (2021) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czab149 · Cited by 39
Barbàra, G., Viero, A., Pellizzone, I., Buggio, L., Facchin, F., Cattaneo, C., D’Amico, M. E., Vercellini, P., & Kustermann, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19094973 · Cited by 38
Kimber, M., McTavish, J. R., Vanstone, M. G., Stewart, D. E., & MacMillan, H. L. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104743 · Cited by 38
Italians on the Age of COVID-19: The Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Through Web-Based Survey
Balsamo, M., & Carlucci, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569276 · Cited by 41
It takes a curfew: The effect of Covid-19 on female homicides
Aşık, G. A., & Özen, E. N. (2021) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2021.109761 · Cited by 38
Existence theory: Outline for a theory of social behaviour
Baert, P., Morgan, M., & Ushiyama, R. (2021) · Journal of Classical Sociology · doi:10.1177/1468795x21998247 · Cited by 37
Intimate Partner Violence Experiences During COVID-19 Among Male Couples
Walsh, A. R., Sullivan, S. P., & Stephenson, R. B. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211005135 · Cited by 38
“…contact information and this new partner was then sent an Walsh et al. NP14169Walsh et al. 3 the fear of acquiring and/or transmitting the virus, have increased the risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) and decreased IPV resource availability (Evans et al., 2020; van Gelder et al., 2020).”
Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health during Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Glowacz, F., Schmits, É., & Dziewa, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052535 · Cited by 47
Maleitzke, T., Pumberger, M., Gerlach, U. A., Herrmann, C., Slagman, A. C., Henriksen, L. S., von Mauchenheim, F., Hüttermann, N., Santos, A. N., Fleckenstein, F. N., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246956 · Cited by 34
Investigating Public Discourses Around Gender and COVID-19: a Social Media Analysis of Twitter Data
Al‐Rawi, A., Grépin, K. A., Li, X., Morgan, R., Wenham, C., & Smith, J. (2021) · Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research · doi:10.1007/s41666-021-00102-x · Cited by 39
Lebni, J. Y., Irandoost, S. F., Xosravi, T., Ahmadi, S., Ziapour, A., Soofizad, G., & SoleimanvandiAzar, N. (2021) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455065211063291 · Cited by 37
Muldoon, K. A., Denize, K. M., Talarico, R., Boisvert, C., Frank, O., Dingwall‐Harvey, A. L. J., White, R. R., Fell, D. B., O’Hare-Gordon, M. A., Guo, Y., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049295 · Cited by 36
Safer If Connected? Mobile Technology and Intimate Partner Violence
Pesando, L. M. (2022) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-9774978 · Cited by 39
How Does COVID-19 Affect the Neurobiology of Suicide?
Conejero, I., Nobile, B., Olié, É., & Courtet, P. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01227-x · Cited by 86
van Gelder, N. E., van Haalen, D. L., Ekker, K., Ligthart, S. A., & Oertelt‐Prigione, S. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06674-z · Cited by 34
“With the implementation of lockdowns across the world, worries emerged about a rise in domestic violence and abuse (DVA) cases [11, 12].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWomen's Substance Use and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Devoto, A., Himelein-Wachowiak, M., Liu, T., & Curtis, B. L. (2022) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2022.01.004 · Cited by 34
Metadata
- Authors
- van Gelder, N., Peterman, A., Potts, A., O'Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N., & Oertelt-Prigione, S.
- Affiliations
- United Nations Children's Fund (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- Center for Global Development (US)
- United States Agency for International Development (US)
- Venue
- EClinicalMedicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 21
- Pages
- 100348
- ISSN
- 2589-5370 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7151425
- OpenAlex
- W3015481426
- Cited by
- 488
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 103
- FWCI
- 56.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- EClinicalMedicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Publikationen an der Universität Bielefeld (Universität Bielefeld) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UNC Libraries
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, intimate partner violence, infection control, quarantine, lockdown, SARS-CoV-2, public health measures
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