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Probiotic alleviate fluoride-induced memory impairment by reconstructing gut microbiota in mice

Xin, Jinge, Wang, Hesong, Sun, Ning, Bughio, Shamsuddin, Zeng, Dong, Li, Lianxin, Wang, Yanyan, Khalique, Abdul, Zeng, Yan, Pan, Kangcheng, Jing, Bo, Ma, Hailin, Bai, Yang, Ni, Xueqin·2021·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
DOI 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112108

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Fig. 1 Results of behavioral tests and the serum CORT level. (A) T-Maze (n = 8; one-way ANOVA, F 2, 21 = 10.407, P = 0.001), (B) NOR preference tests (n = 10; one-way ANOVA, F 2, 27 = 16.685, P < 0.001), and (C) the serum CORT level (n = 4 -5; one-way ANOVA, F 2, 10 = 15.748, P = 0.001). Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation. Bars with different letters indicate significant difference based on Duncan ' s multiple range test ( P < 0.05).
Fig. 1 Results of behavioral tests and the serum CORT level. (A) T-Maze (n = 8; one-way ANOVA, F 2, 21 = 10.407, P = 0.001), (B) NOR preference tests (n = 10; one-way ANOVA, F 2, 27 = 16.685, P < 0.001), and (C) the serum CORT level (n = 4 -5; one-way ANOVA, F 2, 10 = 15.748, P = 0.001). Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation. Bars with different letters indicate significant difference based on Duncan ' s multiple range test ( P < 0.05).CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF
Fig. 2 Expressions of neurogenesis-related factors in the hippocampus. Relative expression levels of (A) BDNF (Kruskal -Wallis test, H 2 = 11.622, P = 0.003; Wilcoxon test, control vs. F, P = 0.011; F vs. prob, P = 0.011; control vs. prob, P = 0.036), (B) CREB (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 11 = 5.229, P = 0.025), (C) NCAM (oneway ANOVA, F 2, 15 = 1.144, P = 0.345), and (D) SCF (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 9 = 6.691, P = 0.017). Immunohistochemistry of BDNF (E-G) and CREB (H-J) expression in the hippocampus of mice. The BDNF- and CREB-positive cells are brown like the arrow indication. Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation (n = 4 -6). Bars with different letters indicate significant difference on the basis of Duncan ' s multiple range test (CREB, NCAM, SCF) or Wilcoxon test (BDNF) ( P < 0.05). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 2 Expressions of neurogenesis-related factors in the hippocampus. Relative expression levels of (A) BDNF (Kruskal -Wallis test, H 2 = 11.622, P = 0.003; Wilcoxon test, control vs. F, P = 0.011; F vs. prob, P = 0.011; control vs. prob, P = 0.036), (B) CREB (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 11 = 5.229, P = 0.025), (C) NCAM (oneway ANOVA, F 2, 15 = 1.144, P = 0.345), and (D) SCF (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 9 = 6.691, P = 0.017). Immunohistochemistry of BDNF (E-G) and CREB (H-J) expression in the hippocampus of mice. The BDNF- and CREB-positive cells are brown like the arrow indication. Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation (n = 4 -6). Bars with different letters indicate significant difference on the basis of Duncan ' s multiple range test (CREB, NCAM, SCF) or Wilcoxon test (BDNF) ( P < 0.05). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF
Fig. 3 mRNA expression levels of myelin- and apoptosis-associated proteins in the hippocampus. Relative expression levels of (A) PLP (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 13 = 13.906, P = 0.001), MOG (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 10 = 8.091, P = 0.008), MBP (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 11 = 0.651, P = 0.541), and MAG (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 10 = 56.933, P < 0.001). Relative expression levels of (B) Bcl-2 (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 11 = 2.559, P < 0.112), Bcl-xl (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 10 = 4.269, P = 0.046), Bax (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 15 = 0.206, P = 0.816), Bad (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 11 = 4.704, P = 0.033), caspase-3 (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 11 = 1.528, P = 0.260), and caspase-9 (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 13 = 0.705, P = 0.512). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 4 -6). Bars with different letters indicate significant difference on the basis of Duncan ' s multiple range test ( p < 0.05).
Fig. 3 mRNA expression levels of myelin- and apoptosis-associated proteins in the hippocampus. Relative expression levels of (A) PLP (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 13 = 13.906, P = 0.001), MOG (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 10 = 8.091, P = 0.008), MBP (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 11 = 0.651, P = 0.541), and MAG (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 10 = 56.933, P < 0.001). Relative expression levels of (B) Bcl-2 (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 11 = 2.559, P < 0.112), Bcl-xl (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 10 = 4.269, P = 0.046), Bax (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 15 = 0.206, P = 0.816), Bad (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 11 = 4.704, P = 0.033), caspase-3 (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 11 = 1.528, P = 0.260), and caspase-9 (one-way ANOVA, F 2, 13 = 0.705, P = 0.512). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 4 -6). Bars with different letters indicate significant difference on the basis of Duncan ' s multiple range test ( p < 0.05).CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF
Image 5
CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF
Image 6
CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF
Fig. 6 LEfSe analysis of discriminative taxa of gut microbiota in mice. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score (A, C, and E) and cladogram (B, D, and F) were generated from LDA effect size (LEfSe). Only taxa meeting the LDA significance thresholds ( > 4) are shown.
Fig. 6 LEfSe analysis of discriminative taxa of gut microbiota in mice. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score (A, C, and E) and cladogram (B, D, and F) were generated from LDA effect size (LEfSe). Only taxa meeting the LDA significance thresholds ( > 4) are shown.CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF
Fig. 7 Correlations analysis. (A) Correlations between intestinal flora and spontaneous exploration (T-maze), exploration ratio (NOR test), mRNA levels of BDNF, CREB, NCAM, and SCF of hippocampus. (B) Correlations between intestinal flora and protein expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in hippocampus. (C) Correlations between intestinal flora and mRNA expression levels of myelin-associated proteins of hippocampus. (D) Correlations between intestinal flora and apoptosis-related proteins of hippocampus. (E) Correlations between intestinal flora and intestinal tight junction proteins. The analysis method was spearman rank analysis. Bacteria were selected from phylum and genus in top ten level with significant difference. Heatmap showed that microbial taxa was positively or negatively related to behavioral phenotype and brain chemistry. * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01 denoted statistical significance between bacterial taxa and biochemical parameters; Wilcoxon tests.
Fig. 7 Correlations analysis. (A) Correlations between intestinal flora and spontaneous exploration (T-maze), exploration ratio (NOR test), mRNA levels of BDNF, CREB, NCAM, and SCF of hippocampus. (B) Correlations between intestinal flora and protein expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in hippocampus. (C) Correlations between intestinal flora and mRNA expression levels of myelin-associated proteins of hippocampus. (D) Correlations between intestinal flora and apoptosis-related proteins of hippocampus. (E) Correlations between intestinal flora and intestinal tight junction proteins. The analysis method was spearman rank analysis. Bacteria were selected from phylum and genus in top ten level with significant difference. Heatmap showed that microbial taxa was positively or negatively related to behavioral phenotype and brain chemistry. * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01 denoted statistical significance between bacterial taxa and biochemical parameters; Wilcoxon tests.CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF

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Metadata

Authors
Xin, J., Wang, H., Sun, N., Bughio, S., Zeng, D., Li, L., Wang, Y., Khalique, A., Zeng, Y., Pan, K., Jing, B., Ma, H., Bai, Y., & Ni, X.
ORCID
Khalique, Abdul
Venue
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-06
Volume
215
Pages
112108
ISSN
0147-6513
DOI
10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112108
Cited by
42
References
5
Language
en
Licence
Funders
Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program (2019YHF0060, 2021YFH0097)

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