Utility of acoustic indices for ecological monitoring in complex sonic environments
Open accessAbstract
With the continued adoption of passive acoustic monitoring as a tool for rapid and high-resolution ecosystem monitoring, ecologists are increasingly making use of a suite of acoustic indices to summarise the sonic environment. Though these indices are often reported to well represent some aspect of the biology of an ecosystem, the degree to which they are confounded by various extraneous sonic conditions is largely unknown. We conducted an aural inventory across 23 field sites in Okinawa to identify the number of unique animal sounds present in recordings. Using these values of ‘measured richness’, we then examined how the performance of 11 commonly-used acoustic indices varied across a range of sonic conditions (including in the presence and absence of insect stridulations, audible wind or rain, and human-related sounds). Our analysis identified both well- and poor-performing acoustic indices, as well as those that were particularly sensitive to sonic conditions. Only two indices reflected measured richness across the full range of sonic conditions examined. A few indices were relatively insensitive to extraneous sonic conditions, but no index correlated with measured richness when masked by sound from broadband stridulating insects. Our results demonstrate considerable sensitivity of most commonly used acoustic indices to confounding sonic conditions, highlighting the challenges of working with large acoustic datasets collected in the field. We make practical recommendations for acoustic index use based on study design, with the aim of identifying the suite of acoustic indices with greatest utility as indicators for rapid biodiversity monitoring and management of the world’s natural soundscapes.
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A sudden insect chorus, a windy night, or rain can shift acoustic index values enough to mask the underlying biological scene.
“A sudden insect chorus, a windy night, or even rain can shift index values enough to mask the underlying biological scene”
From Listening forward: emerging roles of bioacoustics in ecology, evolution, and conservation (2026) · cites this paper as Ross et al. 2021
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Generative AI-based data augmentation for improved bioacoustic classification in noisy environments
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From valleys to peaks: characterizing soundscapes in the Northern European Limestone Alps
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Unexpected soundscape response to insecticide application in oak forests
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Soundscape structure in forests surrounded by protected and productive areas in central Costa Rica
Izaguirre, M. R., & Barrantes-Madrigal, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Remote Sensing · doi:10.3389/frsen.2023.1051555 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Suburban Soundscape Reveals Altered Acoustic Dynamics during the COVID-19 Lockdown
Ross, S. R. P. ‐. (2022) · Journal of Ecoacoustics · doi:10.35995/jea6010001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Identification of Tropical Dry Forest Transformation from Soundscapes Using Supervised Learning
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Quantifying and mitigating recorder-induced variability in ecological acoustic indices
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“…although different works aim to identify the possible causes of this variability and propose alternatives to measure the effectiveness of EAI for characterizing various habitats, a straightforward standard implementation is needed (Ross et al., 2021; Zhao et al., 2019a; Jorge et al., 2018).”
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MASE: An Instrument Designed to Record Underwater Soundscape
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- Authors
- Ross, S. R. P.-J., Friedman, N. R., Yoshimura, M., Yoshida, T., Donohue, I., & Economo, E. P.
- Affiliations
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (JP)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Ross, Samuel R.P-J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Ecological Indicators
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-02
- Volume
- 121
- Pages
- 107114
- ISSN
- 1470-160X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3105568371
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 7.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Ecological Indicators (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (17 K15178)
- Irish Research Council (GOIPG/2018/3023)
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (2020)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Marine animal studies overview
- Keywords
- acoustic indices, passive acoustic monitoring, anthropogenic noise, biodiversity monitoring, soundscape management, Okinawa
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