Reliability and validity of a modified Brief Pain Inventory short form in patients with osteoarthritis
Abstract
The Brief Pain Inventory short form (BPI‐sf) is a validated, widely used, self‐administered questionnaire developed to assess the severity of pain and the impact of pain on daily functions. A modified version was used daily in randomised control trials of patients with arthritis undergoing treatment with cyclooxygenase‐2 specific inhibitors and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Results indicate that the modified BPI‐sf, much like the original scale, was internally reliable, consistent over time, and had good construct, as well as convergent and predictive validity in assessment of patients suffering from conditions of chronic pain. Each scale and individual pain intensity item refers to changes in osteoarthritis pain associated with medication use. The modified BPI‐sf, like the parent scale, is a valid and reliable tool for situations in which pain is assessed daily and minimises the burden placed on patients to record information necessary for scientific investigations.
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The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)-Short form has demonstrated good construct validity, adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha α=0.88) and acceptable test-retest reliability.
“The BPI has demonstrated good construct validity, adequate internal consistency,49 Cronbach’s alpha, α=0.88 and acceptable test-retest reliability.50”
From Investigating the effectiveness of an online acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) intervention versus a waiting list control condition on pain interference and quality of life in adults with chronic pain and multimorbidity: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial (2019) · cites this paper as [50]
The Brief Pain Inventory has excellent test-retest reliability among people with chronic pain due to osteoarthritis (r=0.83-0.88 for pain intensity and r=0.83-0.93 for pain interference).
“Excellent test–retest reliability of the BPI has also been demonstrated among people with chronic pain due to osteoarthritis.38 Correlation coefficients ranging from r=0.83–0.88 and from r=0.83–0.93 were reported for the pain intensity and for the pain interference scales, respectively.38”
Excellent test-retest reliability of the BPI has been reported in a chronic pain cohort.
“Excellent test-retest reliability has been reported in a chronic pain cohort [39]”
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Dhingra, L. K., Masson, C. L., Perlman, D. C., Seewald, R., Katz, J., McKnight, C. A., Homel, P., Wald, E., Jordan, A. E., Young, C., et al. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Measures The BPI-SF measures pain intensity and pain interference in function during the past week (Cleeland, 2009; Daut et al., 1983; Keller et al., 2004; Mendoza et al., 2006).”
BackgroundOlesen, S. S., Kuhlmann, L., Poulsen, J. L., Vestergaard, P., Rasmussen, H. H., & Drewes, A. M. (2017) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.06.019 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Rating Scales for Pain in Parkinson's Disease: Critique and Recommendations
Perez‐Lloret, S., de Andrade, D. C., Lyons, K. E., Rodríguez‐Blázquez, C., Chaudhuri, К. R., Deuschl, G., Cruccu, G., Sampaio, C., Goetz, C. G., Schrag, A. E., et al. (2016) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.12384 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Validity was successfully established by comparing Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) scores with the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index Pain, stiffness and physical conditions scores, visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and with 36-Item Short Form Health S…”
MethodA randomized controlled trial of an online self-management program for adults with arthritis pain
Trudeau, K. J., Pujol, L. A. M., DasMahapatra, P., Wall, R., Black, R. A., & Zacharoff, K. L. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9622-9 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The BPI’s reliability and validity were originally established with samples of cancer pain patients, but have now been found for chronic non-cancer pain, including arthritis (Keller et al. 2004; Mendoza et al. 2006).”
BackgroundChronic Pain and Risk of Injurious Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Cai, Y., Leveille, S. G., Shi, L., Chen, P., & You, T. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glaa249 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Gagnon, R., Perreault, K., Berthelot, S., Matifat, E., Desmeules, F., Achou, B., Laroche, M., Neste, C. V., Tremblay, S., Leblond, J., et al. (2021) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.14237 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Chien, T.-J., Liu, C.-Y., Chang, Y.-F., Fang, C., & Hsu, C.-H. (2015) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2014.0083 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The use of patient-reported outcomes for assessment of functional improvement is valid and consistent based on results assessed by the BPI-Short Form, 20 the WOMAC, 22 the FACT-G, 23,24 and the Score for the Modified Assessment and Quantification of Chronic Rheumatoid Affections of the Hands.”
The measurement of pain in patients with trigeminal neuralgia.
Chen, H. I., & Lee, J. Y. K. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Delirium During Acute Illness in Nursing Home Residents
Boockvar, K. S., Signor, D., Ramaswamy, R., & Hung, W. W. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.06.004 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Oliveira, G. D. D., Chang, R., Khan, S., Hansen, N., Khan, J. H., McCarthy, R. J., & Apkarian, A. (2014) · The Breast Journal · doi:10.1111/tbj.12207 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Subjects responded to the modified short form Brief Pain Inventory and the short form McGill pain questionnaire to identify and characterize subjects’ pain (13,14).”
MethodLapane, K. L., Quilliam, B. J., Benson, C. J., Chow, W. S., & Kim, M. (2013) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.03.023 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Double-blind, randomized, controlled, crossover trial of pregabalin for neurogenic claudication
Markman, J. D., Frazer, M. E., Rast, S. A., McDermott, M., Gewandter, J. S., Chowdhry, A. K., Czerniecka, K., Pilcher, W. H., Simon, L. S., & Dworkin, R. H. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001168 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Strickland, J. C., Lile, J. A., & Stoops, W. W. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05234-y · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Yarlas, A. S., Bayliss, M. S., Cappelleri, J. C., Maher, S. M., Bushmakin, A. G., Chen, L. A., Manuchehri, A. M., & Healey, P. J. (2017) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-017-1690-6 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The PICO project: aquatic exercise for knee osteoarthritis in overweight and obese individuals
Yázigi, F., Espanha, M., Vieira, F. S., Messier, S. P., Monteiro, C. P., & Veloso, A. (2013) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-320 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“It is a widely used, reliable, valid instrument that assesses pain history, location, intensity and its interference with daily activities in individuals with osteoarthritis [82].”
Saw, M., Kruger-Jakins, T., Edries, N., & Parker, R. (2016) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1088-6 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Since pain was the primary outcome measure in this study; a change in pain severity was selected to determine the required sample size using Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) data from a previous study on pain in people with OA [35].”
BackgroundMethodChan, M. T. V., Peyton, P. J., Myles, P. S., Leslie, K., Buckley, N., Kasza, J., Paech, M. J., Beattie, W. S., Sessler, D. I., Forbes, A. B., et al. (2016) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aew338 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Research Reporting Standards for Image-guided Ablation of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors
Callstrom, M. R., York, J. D., Gaba, R. C., Gemmete, J. J., Gervais, D. A., Millward, S. F., Brown, D. B., Dupuy, D. E., Goldberg, S. N., Kundu, S., et al. (2009) · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2009.08.009 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Patients´ Experiences of Pain Following Day Surgery - At 48 Hours, Seven Days and Three Months
Rosén, H., Bergh, I. H., Odén, A., & Mårtensson, L. B. (2011) · The Open Nursing Journal · doi:10.2174/1874434601105010052 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“The BPI-SF has shown both good criterion validity and internal consistency [33].”
Validity, Reliability, and Responsiveness of the Brief Pain Inventory in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Jelsness‐Jørgensen, L., Moum, B. A., Grimstad, T. B., Jahnsen, J., Opheim, R., Berset, I. P., Hovde, Ø., Torp, R., Frigstad, S. O., Huppertz‐Hauss, G., et al. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1155/2016/5624261 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…developed in cancer treatment [10] and has been translated to several languages and validated as well [9, 11–14], but it has also been tested and used in nonmalignant conditions, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, diabetic neuropathy, and low back pain [15–19].”
Paramore, C., Levine, L. M., Bagshaw, E., Ouyang, C., Kudlac, A., & Larkin, M. (2020) · Patient · doi:10.1007/s40271-020-00473-0 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Winter, E. M., Dekkers, O. M., Andreasen, C. M., D’Angelo, S., Appelman‐Dijkstra, N. M., Appenzeller, S., Assmann, G., Bubbear, J. S., Bulaicon, O. O., Chapurlat, R. D., et al. (2025) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard-2024-226446 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“54 55 3.”
Social Factors, Disability, and Depressive Symptoms in Adults With Chronic Pain
Solé, E., Racine, M., Tomé‐Pires, C., Galán, S., Jensen, M. P., & Miró, J. (2020) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000815 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Determinants of impaired quality of life in patients with fibrous dysplasia
Majoor, B. C. J., Andela, C. D., Bruggemann, J., van de Sande, M. A. J., Kaptein, A. A., Hamdy, N. A. T., Dijkstra, P. D. S., & Appelman‐Dijkstra, N. M. (2017) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-017-0629-x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Myofascial trigger point needling for whiplash associated pain – A feasibility study
Tough, E. A., White, A. R., Richards, S. H., & Campbell, J. L. (2010) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2010.05.010 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“The Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-McGill) (Melzack, 1987); the Neck Disability Index (NDI) (Vernon and Mior, 1991; Vernon, 2000); the modified Brief Pain Inventory short-form (m-BPI-sf) (Mendoza et al., 2006); and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Anxiety sub-scale (HADS-A)(Snaith, 2003).”
MethodHarvey, M.-P., Lorrain, D., Martel, M., Bergeron-Vézina, K., Houde, F., Seguin, M., & Léonard, G. (2017) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s133423 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Overstreet, D. S., Michl, A. N., Penn, T. M., Rumble, D., Aroke, E. N., Sims, A., King, A. L., Hasan, F. N., Quinn, T. L., Long, D. L., et al. (2021) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-021-04306-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Participants also completed the Brief Pain Inventory – Short Form (BPI-SF, described in greater detail below), which is a validated questionnaire of self-reported pain severity and interference [25].”
BackgroundMethodCurtin, K. B., & Norris, D. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.08.006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mediators and moderators of chronic pain outcomes in an online self-management program.
DasMahapatra, P., Chiauzzi, E., Pujol, L. M., Los, C., & Trudeau, K. J. (2015) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000125 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Scriven, H., Doherty, D., & Ward, E. (2019) · Rural and Remote Health · doi:10.22605/rrh4710 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sarkar, T. D., Edwards, R. R., & Baker, N. A. (2022) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.13144 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“We used the Brief Pain Inventory- Short Form (BPI- SF) to measure each participant's pain intensity and pain interference levels over the past 24 h.(23) Knee and overall body pain intensities were measured immediately prior to the VR intervention, immediately postintervention, and at follow- up (24– 48 h after the int…”
MethodMeasuring pain in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a review of pain assessment tools
Upadhyay, C., Cameron, K., Murphy, L. L., & Battistella, M. (2014) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfu067 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“It has also shown responsiveness in detecting improvement with analgesic use [40].”
BackgroundCancer pain in Jordan: prevalence and adequacy of treatment
Qadire, M. I. A., Tubaishat, A., & Aljezawi, M. (2013) · International Journal of Palliative Nursing · doi:10.12968/ijpn.2013.19.3.125 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Incidence and Severity of Physical Pain Symptoms in Marfan Syndrome
Nelson, A. M., Walega, D. R., & McCarthy, R. J. (2015) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000202 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Huhn, A. S., Tompkins, D. A., Campbell, C. M., & Dunn, K. E. (2018) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pny295 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“tionship between pain catastrophizing and self-reported worst pain assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) [18], given that pain catastrophizing is defined by exaggerated emotional responses to pain and worst pain is de-”
MethodPain Impacts on Quality of Life and Interferes with Treatment in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis
Kelemen, L., Lee, A. L., Button, B., Presnell, S., Wilson, J. W., & Holland, A. E. (2011) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.524 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Dubé, M.-O., Desmeules, F., Lewis, J. S., & Roy, J. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039976 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Skolasky, R. L., Maggard, A. M., Li, D., Riley, L. H., & Wegener, S. T. (2015) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2015.03.009 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Pain in patients with borderline personality disorder
Biskin, R. S., Frankenburg, F. R., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Zanarini, M. C. (2014) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1265 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Thomazeau, J., Perin, J., Nizard, R., Bouhassira, D., Collin, E., Nguyen, E., Perrot, S., Bergmann, J., & Lloret‐Linares, C. (2014) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.12176 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The BPI is a self-administered questionnaire developed to assess pain and its consequences [16].”
BackgroundKelly, D. L., Lyon, D., Ameringer, S., & Elswick, R. K. (2015) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/15.onf.265-275 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Simon, C. B., Lentz, T. A., Bishop, M. D., Riley, J. L., Fillingim, R. B., & George, S. Z. (2016) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20150335 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Jensen, M. P., Hakimian, S., Ehde, D. M., Day, M. A., Pettet, M. W., Yoshino, A., & Ciol, M. A. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002201 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“” ThePain Interference Scale of the BPI has a great deal of evidence supporting its reliability and validity as a measure of pain interference in a variety of chronic pain populations.(55,56,75) The Cronbach’s alpha of the BPI Pain Interference Scale in the current sample at pretreatment was 0.”
BackgroundOlesen, S. S., Poulsen, J. L., Broberg, M., Madzak, A., & Drewes, A. M. (2016) · Pancreatology · doi:10.1016/j.pan.2016.06.004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Hence, in our study a pain questionnaire designed and validated for chronic pain assessment (mBPI-sf) was used and the pain pattern profiles were constructed based on the patients report of worst, least and average pain [11,15].”
MethodPlatelet-Rich Plasma in Orthopaedic Surgery
Wang, D., & Rodeo, S. A. (2017) · JBJS Reviews · doi:10.2106/jbjs.rvw.17.00024 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Booker, S. Q., Herr, K., & Horgas, A. L. (2020) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2020.08.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Phillips, A. E., Faghih, M., Singh, V. K., Olesen, S. S., Kuhlmann, L., Novovic, S., Bick, B. L., Hart, P. A., Ramsey, M. L., Talukdar, R., et al. (2021) · Pancreas · doi:10.1097/mpa.0000000000001912 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire is used to evaluate quality of life.23,24 Pain severity and its interference with daily activities are measured using the modified Brief Pain Inventory Short Form.25,26 The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales are used t…”
MethodGeriatric Pain Measure Short Form: Development and Initial Evaluation
Blozik, E., Stuck, A. E., Niemann, S., Ferrell, B. A., Harari, D., Renteln-Kruse, W. V., Gillmann, G., Beck, J. C., & Clough‐Gorr, K. M. (2007) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01474.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kuusniemi, K., Zöllner, J., Sjövall, S., Huhtala, J., Karjalainen, P. A., Kokki, M., Lemken, J., Oppermann, J., & Kokki, H. J. (2012) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/030006051204000516 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Oliveira, G. D. D., Bialek, J. M., Nicosia, L., McCarthy, R., Chang, R., Fitzgerald, P., & Kim, J. Y. S. (2014) · Breast · doi:10.1016/j.breast.2014.01.003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Subjects responded to the modified short form Brief Pain Inventory and the short form McGill pain questionnaire to identify and characterize subjects’ pain [17,18].”
MethodIn-Clinic Use of Electronic Pain Diaries: Barriers of Implementation Among Pain Physicians
Marceau, L. D., Link, C. L., Smith, L. D., Carolan, S., & Jamison, R. N. (2010) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.12.021 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Further Validation of a Portuguese Version of the Brief Pain Inventory Interference Scale
Ferreira-Valente, A., Ribeiro, J. L. P., & Jensen, M. P. (2012) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/cl2012a6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Consistent with previous research anxiety (FerreiraValente, Pais-Ribeiro, & Jensen, 2011; Keller et al., 2004; Mendoza et al., 2006; Osborne et al., 2006; Poulos et al., 2001; Radbruch et al., 1999; Raichle et al., 2006), pain interference is strongly correlated with pain intensity, physical and…”
ResultLongitudinal analysis of pain and illicit drug use behaviors in outpatients on methadone maintenance
Dhingra, L. K., Perlman, D. C., Masson, C. L., Chen, J., McKnight, C. A., Jordan, A. E., Wasser, T., Portenoy, R. K., & Cheatle, M. D. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.007 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ferreira, A. C. L., Pereira, D. S., da Silva, S. L. A., Carvalho, G. A., & Pereira, L. S. M. (2023) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.04.011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Corcoran, T. B., Martin, C., O’Loughlin, E., Ho, K. M., Chan, M. T. V., Forbes, A. B., Leslie, K., & Myles, P. S. (2023) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2023.03.031 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Adverse cognitive effect of gabapentin in individuals with spinal cord injury: preliminary findings
Shem, K. L., Barncord, S. W., Flavin, K., & Mohan, M. (2018) · Spinal Cord Series and Cases · doi:10.1038/s41394-018-0038-y · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mendoza, T., Mayne, T., Rublee, D., & Cleeland, C.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- Pfizer (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mendoza, Tito
- Venue
- European Journal of Pain
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 353-353
- ISSN
- 1090-3801 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-2149
- OpenAlex
- W2152763689
- Cited by
- 444
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 3.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer Pharmaceuticals
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form, osteoarthritis, pain assessment, questionnaire reliability, construct validity, convergent validity, predictive validity, COX-2 inhibitors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, chronic pain
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Chronic Disease, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Osteoarthritis, Pain, Pain Measurement, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Treatment Outcome, Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors
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