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Cited by 132Vibration Control and Rheological FluidsAeroelasticity and Vibration ControlBladed Disk Vibration Dynamics

Tuned mass-damper-inerter (TMDI) for suppressing edgewise vibrations of wind turbine blades

Open access
Zhang, Zili, Fitzgerald, Breiffni·2020·Engineering Structures
DOI 10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110928
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Abstract

This paper proposes the use of a tuned mass-damper-inerter (TMDI) for the mitigation of edgewise blade vibrations in wind turbines. The hollow nature of the wind turbine blades is utilized to install a TMDI at a location close to the tip of each blade. A flexible multi-modal offshore wind turbine model is developed in order to study the dynamics of wind turbine blade vibrations. Uncontrolled, TMD controlled and TMDI controlled models are derived. These models are developed using the Euler–Lagrangian approach and lead to time-varying systems with the possibility of negative damping. Closed-form expressions for the optimal tuning and damping ratios of blade-mounted TMDIs are derived. Numerical simulations are then presented to demonstrate the performance of the TMDI controlled blades. The results show that TMDIs can control edgewise vibrations in wind turbine blades while requiring significantly less damper stroke than classical TMDs. The inclusion of the inerter in the damper had a significant effect on the damper stroke with reductions of up to 55% demonstrated. These impressive reductions in damper stroke come at the cost of very slightly increased blade vibration as compared to the TMD controlled case. This is a trade-off that must be considered in the design of a wind turbine.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110928

Cites

61 of 61 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

5 of 22 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    The TMDI utilises the mass amplification effect of the inerter to improve upon the classical TMD performance.

    “This device utilises the mass amplification effect of the inerter, in this case a two-terminal flywheel device, to improver upon the classical TMD performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] 22. Marian, L., Giaralis, A.. Optimal design of a novel tuned mass-damper-inerter (tmdi) passive vibration control con- figuration for stochastically support-excited structural systems. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics 2014;38:156- 164. source
  • Findingown data

    The deviation between the two curves (optimal frequency-tuning ratio using Eq. (27) vs Eq. (27) with Ω=0) increases as β increases.

    “It is observed that the deviation between the two curves increases as β increases.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The curve corresponding to the optimal classical TMD is above the curve corresponding to the optimal TMDI for all frequencies, except at one frequency where the two curves coincide.

    “By comparison, it is observed that the curve corresponding to the optimal classical TMD is above the curve corresponding to the optimal TMDI for all frequencies, except at one frequency where the two curves coincide.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    For the classical TMD, ω∞ is exactly the same as in Eq. (20).

    “As for the case of classical TMD, ω ∞ turns out to be exactly the same as in Eq. ( 20).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    The fixed-point frequencies also exist for the present case of a rotating blade equipped with a TMDI.

    “It turns out that the fixed-point frequencies also exist for the present case of a rotating blade equipped with a TMDI.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 22
  • May combine two claims. 29

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    An inerter-based damper with a smaller mass ratio can lead to higher vibration control than a TMD with a higher mass ratio, provided a reasonable choice of the inertance ratio is made and the inerter is grounded.

    “It has been demonstrated that an inerter-based damper with smaller mass ratio can lead to higher vibration control than a TMD with higher mass ratio, provided a reasonable choice of the inertance ratio is made and the inerter is grounded [16,17].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [16] 16. De Domenico, D., Ricciardi, G.. An enhanced base isolation system equipped with optimal tuned mass damper inerter (tmdi). Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics 2018;47(5):1169-1192. source
    • cites [17] 17. De Domenico, D., Ricciardi, G.. Improving the dynamic performance of base-isolated structures via tuned mass damper and inerter devices: A comparative study. Structural Control and Health Monitoring 2018;25(10):e2234. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Optimal TMDI parameters were derived in closed-form as functions of the TMD mass and the inerter constant.

    “Optimal TMDI parameters were derived in closed-form as functions of the TMD mass and the inerter constant.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] 22. Marian, L., Giaralis, A.. Optimal design of a novel tuned mass-damper-inerter (tmdi) passive vibration control con- figuration for stochastically support-excited structural systems. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics 2014;38:156- 164. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The TMDI was proposed by Marian and Giaralis [22].

    “The tuned mass-damper-inerter (TMDI) was proposed by Marian and Giaralis [22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Marian and Giaralis [22] 22. Marian, L., Giaralis, A.. Optimal design of a novel tuned mass-damper-inerter (tmdi) passive vibration control con- figuration for stochastically support-excited structural systems. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics 2014;38:156- 164. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Incorporating an inerter in the damper can either replace part of the TMD vibrating mass to achieve a lightweight damper, or improve upon the performance of the classical TMD for a given TMD mass.

    “The authors concluded that incorporating an inerter in the damper can either replace part of the TMD vibrating mass to achieve a lightweight damper, or improve upon the performance of the classical TMD for a given TMD mass.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] 22. Marian, L., Giaralis, A.. Optimal design of a novel tuned mass-damper-inerter (tmdi) passive vibration control con- figuration for stochastically support-excited structural systems. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics 2014;38:156- 164. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    TMDIs can control edgewise vibrations in wind turbine blades while requiring significantly less damper stroke than classical TMDs.

    “The results show that TMDIs can control edgewise vibrations in wind turbine blades while requiring significantly less damper stroke than classical TMDs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: All three blades have identical geometrical and structural parameters.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The rotation of each blade takes place with a constant rotational speed Ω.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The damping of the primary structure is ignored (c0 = 0).
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The terms amd g sinΨ and md g sinΨ in the load vector are negligible compared with the term f0.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Harmonic load is assumed in order to derive the closed-form expressions for the optimal frequency tuning and damping ratio of the blade-mounted TMDI.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The TMD block mass is insignificant.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The nominal (rated) rotational speed of the rotor is Ω0 = 1.27 rad/s.

    “The nominal (rated) rotational speed of the rotor is Ω 0 =1.27 rad/s.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The curve with under-optimal damping shows two significant peaks and one trough, and the curve with over-optimal damping has a very large peak at ω∞.

    “On the other hand, the curve with under-optimal damping shows two significant peaks and one trough, and the curve with over-optimal damping has a very large peak at ω ∞ .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    By setting β = 0 (and thus γ = 0) in Eq. (27), Eq. (27) is exactly reduced to Eq. (28).

    “By setting β = 0 (and thus γ = 0) in Eq. ( 27), Eq. ( 27) is exactly reduced to Eq. ( 28).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    By setting β = 0 (and thus γ = 0) in Eq. (32), Eq. (32) is exactly reduced to Eq. (33).

    “By setting β = 0 (and thus γ = 0) in Eq. ( 32), Eq. ( 32) is exactly reduced to Eq. ( 33).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    For a given μ, the increase of γ (and thus β) leads to much more narrow-banded curve, although the peak value turns out to be unchanged.

    “For a given µ, the increase of γ (and thus β) leads to much more narrow-banded curve, although the peak value turns out to be unchanged.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The increase of μ always results in a better TMDI performance in terms of both the control effect and the damper stroke.

    “Results in Figure 5 and 6 indicate that the increase of µ always results in a better TMDI performance in terms of both the control effect and the damper stroke (although µ should be limited due to practical considerations), as already well-known for classical vibration absorbers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Similar to the observations in Figure 3, the curves slightly move towards left as Ω increases from 0 to Ω0.

    “Similar to the observations in Figure 3, the curves slightly moves towards left as Ω increases from 0 to Ω 0 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The optimal frequency of the blade-mounted TMDI is given by Eq. (27), and it depends on the mass ratio μ, the inertance ratio β, and the rotor rotational speed Ω.

    “which turns out to be not only dependent on the mass ratio µ and the inertance ratio β, but also dependent on the rotor rotational speed Ω.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Comparing Figure 3(a) with (b), similar observations are made, except that the curves move towards left when Ω is increased from 0 to Ω0.

    “Comparing Figure 3(a) with (b), similar observations are made, except that the curves move towards left when Ω is increased from 0 to Ω 0 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The derived models lead to time-varying systems with the possibility of negative damping.

    “These models are developed using the Euler-Lagrangian approach and lead to time-varying systems with the possibility of negative damping.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    When optimal damping ratio ζopt is used, the dynamic amplification at ω∞ is identical to that at ωM and ωN, resulting in a fairly flat plateau of the curve.

    “When ζ opt is used, the dynamic amplification at ω ∞ is identical to that at ω M and ω N , resulting in a fairly flat plateau of the curve.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The 13-DOF aeroelastic wind turbine model possesses time-dependent system matrices, coupled tower-blade-drivetrain vibrations, and nonlinear aeroelasticity.

    “This model possesses the most important features of a wind turbine system, i.e. time-dependent system matrices, coupled tower-blade-drivetrain vibrations as well as nonlinear aeroelasticity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    As μ increases with fixed γ, the dynamic amplification of the damper stroke becomes significantly lower and more broad.

    “As µ increases with fixed γ, the dynamic amplification of the damper stroke becomes significantly lower and more broad,”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    With zero blade damping, the dampers achieve peak vibration reductions of 50% and peak-to-peak reductions of 55%.

    “The dampers display excellent performance in this case with peak vibration reductions of 50% and peak-to-peak reductions of 55%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The blade is very lightly damped in the edgewise direction.
    • Rests on an assumption: In design situations edgewise blade damping is often ignored.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    At the location x0 = 55 m, the chord length inside the blade is 2.3 m and the blade thickness is 0.42 m.

    “At the location x 0 = 55 m the chord length inside the blade is 2.3 m and the blade thickness is 0.42 m.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Two peaks are observed in the frequency domain plot: the first corresponds to the rotational speed of the blade, Ω = 1.26 rad/s, and the second corresponds to the edgewise natural frequency of the blade which is 6.7 rad/s.

    “Two peaks are observed in the frequency domain plot.The first corresponds to the rotational speed of the blade, Ω = 1.26 rad/s.The second peak corresponds to the edgewise natural frequency of the blade which is 6.7 rad/s.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both the TMD and TMDI are successful at suppressing the second peak, with the TMD performing slightly better from a vibration control perspective.

    “Both the TMD and TMDI are successful at suppressing this second peak with the TMD performing slightly better from a vibration control perspective.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The optimal TMDI leads to a completely flat plateau of the curve, while the non-optimal TMDI leads to a skewed curve with higher amplitude to the left, exhibiting a much higher maximum amplitude of the structural response.

    “The optimal TMDI leads to a completely flat plateau of the curve, while the non-optimal TMDI leads to a skewed curve with higher amplitude to the left, exhibiting a much higher maximum amplitude of the structural response.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The difference between optimal TMDI and non-optimal TMDI (tuned assuming Ω=0) is insignificant when β = 0.01, and as β increases, the error becomes much more noticeable.

    “As seen in Figure 8(a), the difference is insignificant when β = 0.01, in accordance with the observation in Figure 7(a).As β increases, the error becomes much more noticeable as shown in Figure 8(b) and (c).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The TMD and TMDI can mitigate the edgewise vibrations of the turbine blade.

    “From the time history response it is clear that the TMD and TMDI can mitigate the edgewise vibrations of the turbine blade.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    TIDs have the advantage of achieving very large inertance-to-mass ratio without increasing space demand (or damper stroke).

    “TID's also have the advantage of achieving very large inertance-to-mass ratio without increasing space demand (or damper stroke).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] 27. Shen, W., Niyitangamahoro, A., Feng, Z., Zhu, H.. Tuned inerter dampers for civil structures subjected to earthquake ground motions: optimum design and seismic performance. Engineering Structures 2019;198:109470. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Blade vibrations may slow down wind energy conversion to electrical power and reduce the fatigue life of the turbine structure.

    “Blade vibrations may slow down wind energy conversion to electrical power and reduce the fatigue life of the turbine structure [28].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] 28. Colwell, S., Basu, B.. Tuned liquid column dampers in offshore wind tur- bines for structural control. Engineering Structures 2009;31(2):358 -368. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141029608003076. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.09.001. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The enhanced performance of the TMDI over the classical TMD, especially for relatively small additional attached mass, was reported.

    “The enhanced performance of the TMDI over the classical TMD especially for relatively small additional attached mass was reported.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] 23. Giaralis, A., Taflanidis, A.A.. Reliability-based design of tuned mass-damper-inerter (tmdi) equipped multi- storey frame buildings under seismic excitation. In: 12th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, ICASP 2015. University of British Columbia Library; 2015,. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The TMDI's frequency, damping ratio, and inertance parameters were optimised subject to constraints on floor accelerations and TMDI stroke.

    “The TMDI's frequency, damping ratio, and inertance parameters were optimised subject to constraints on floor accelerations and TMDI stroke.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] 23. Giaralis, A., Taflanidis, A.A.. Reliability-based design of tuned mass-damper-inerter (tmdi) equipped multi- storey frame buildings under seismic excitation. In: 12th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, ICASP 2015. University of British Columbia Library; 2015,. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For grounded inerter-based dampers, using larger inertance ratios can improve the robustness of the system and reduce deterioration of damper performance due to detuning effects.

    “It has also been demonstrated for grounded inerter-based dampers, that using larger inertance ratios can also improve the robustness of the system and reduce deterioration of damper performance due to detuning effects [18,19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] 18. Pietrosanti, D., De Angelis, M., Basili, M.. Optimal design and performance evaluation of systems with tuned mass damper inerter (tmdi). Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 2017;46(8):1367-1388. source
    • cites [19] 19. De Domenico, D., Ricciardi, G.. Optimal design and seismic performance of tuned mass damper inerter (tmdi) for structures with nonlinear base isolation systems. Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics 2018;47(12):2539- 2560. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The increase of β leads to improved (reduced) damper stroke at the cost of worse control effect, and hence it is a tradeoff problem when choosing β.

    “On the other hand, the increase of β leads to improved (reduced) damper stroke at the cost of worse control effect, and hence it is a tradeoff problem when choosing β.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The TMDI offers an alternative choice for the designer.

    “The tuned mass damper inerter (TMDI) offers an alternative choice for the designer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Liquid dampers do not suffer from stroke limitation issues inherent in traditional mass damper devices.

    “It should be noted that liquid dampers have been found to perform well in experimental studies on wind turbine blades [36] and they do not suffer from stroke limitation issues inherent in traditional mass damper devices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] 36. Zhang, Z., Staino, A., Basu, B., Nielsen, S.R.. Performance evaluation of full-scale tuned liquid dampers (tlds) for vibration control of large wind turbines using real-time hybrid testing. Engineering Structures 2016;126:417-431. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The inclusion of the inerter constrains the motion of the TMD mass (the absorber), thus reducing the energy absorption by the TMD mass.

    “This makes sense because the inclusion of the inerter actually constrains the motion of the TMD mass (the absorber), thus reducing the energy absorption by the TMD mass.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hu and Chen optimised IDVAs and obtained significant improvement for both H∞ and H2 performances.

    “Four different IDVAs configurations were proposed by adding an inerter together with a spring to the DVA, and significant improvement for both the H ∞ and H 2 performances is obtained.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] 26. Hu, Y., Chen, M.Z.. Performance evaluation for inerter-based dynamic vibration absorbers. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 2015;99:297-307. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationown data

    The results indicate encouraging prospects for the use of TMDIs in the control of vibrations of wind turbine blades with implications for industry.

    “The results indicate encouraging prospects for the use of TMDIs in the control of vibrations of wind turbine blades with implications for industry.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The RIDTMD is more effective than a TMD having the same mass ratio and has a wider suppression band.

    “The RIDTMD is more effective than a TMD having the same mass ratio and has a wider suppression band.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] 21. Garrido, H., Curadelli, O., Ambrosini, D.. Improvement of tuned mass damper by using rotational inertia through tuned viscous mass damper. Engineering Structures 2013;56:2149-2153. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The damper stroke of the TMDI is notably reduced compared with that of TMD, which is the main advantage of the TMDI.

    “This implies that the damper stroke of the TMDI is notably reduced comparing with that of TMD, which is the main advantage of the TMDI.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    TIDs outperform conventional TMDs on response control of primary structures subjected to dynamic loads, since TIDs will not increase the total energy input into the system but TMDs will.

    “A recent study by Shen et al. [27] on the application of TIDs to civil engineering structures concluded that TIDs outperform conventional TMDs on response control of primary structures subjected to dynamic loads, since the former will not increase the total energy input into the system but the latter will.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shen et al. [27] 27. Shen, W., Niyitangamahoro, A., Feng, Z., Zhu, H.. Tuned inerter dampers for civil structures subjected to earthquake ground motions: optimum design and seismic performance. Engineering Structures 2019;198:109470. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    All of the literature so far on inerter-based dampers in wind turbines concerns installation in the nacelle or tower, with no studies investigating their application in wind turbine blades.

    “All of the literature so far concerns installation of these devices in the nacelle or tower with no studies investigating their application in wind turbine blades.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [50] 50. Hu, Y., Wang, J., Chen, M.Z., Li, Z., Sun, Y.. Load mitigation for a barge-type floating offshore wind turbine via inerter-based passive structural control. Engineering Structures 2018;177:198-209. source
    • cites [51] 51. Zhang, R., Zhao, Z., Dai, K.. Seismic response mitigation of a wind turbine tower using a tuned parallel inerter mass system. Engineering Structures 2019;180:29-39. source
    • cites [52] 52. Ma, R., Bi, K., Hao, H.. Mitigation of heave response of semi-submersible platform (ssp) using tuned heave plate inerter (thpi). Engineering Structures 2018;177:357-373. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Using a TMDI at x0 = 55 m allows one to take advantage of the greater vibration mitigation due to closer proximity to the blade tip, while ensuring that the damper stroke can be accommodated in the blade.

    “Using a TMDI at this location allows one to take advantage of the greater vibration mitigation due to closer proximity to the blade tip, while ensuring that the damper stroke can be accommodated in the blade.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: To be most effective the damper should be located as close to the blade tip as possible.
    • Rests on an assumption: The space available for stroke within wind turbine blades is very limited.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    All the above results are based on the NREL 5 MW wind turbine with its rotational speed ranging between 0 and Ω0.

    “It should also be noted that all the above results are based on the NREL 5 MW wind turbine with its rotational speed ranging between 0 and Ω 0 ,”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    For other types of wind turbines with larger variations of rotor rotational speed, the detuning effect by tuning the TMDI to a non-rotating blade might be more significant.

    “and for other types of wind turbines with larger variations of rotor rotational speed, the detuning effect by tuning the TMDI to a non-rotating blade might be more significant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
43 of 43

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    All three blades have identical geometrical and structural parameters.

    “since all three blades have identical geometrical and structural parameters.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The rotation of each blade takes place with a constant rotational speed Ω.

    “The rotation of each blade is assumed to take place with a constant rotational speed Ω.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The damping of the primary structure is ignored (c0 = 0).

    “The damping of the primary structure is ignored, i.e. c 0 = 0.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The terms amd g sinΨ and md g sinΨ in the load vector are negligible compared with the term f0.

    “The two terms am d g sin Ψ and m d g sin Ψ in the load vector are negligible comparing with the term f 0”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Harmonic load is assumed in order to derive the closed-form expressions for the optimal frequency tuning and damping ratio of the blade-mounted TMDI.

    “Harmonic load is assumed in order to derive the closed-form expressions for the optimal frequency tuning and damping ratio of the blade-mounted TMDI.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The TMD block mass is insignificant.

    “since the TMD block mass is insignificant.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There remain challenges such as the limited space available inside the hollow blade and concerns about large damper mass required to suppress vibrations.

    “However, there remain challenges such as the limited space available inside the hollow blade and concerns about large damper mass required to suppress vibrations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Wind turbine manufacturers are now installing dampers inside wind turbine blades.

    “Wind turbine manufacturers are now installing dampers inside wind turbine blades.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Modern wind turbine blades are very long slender structures subjected to large dynamic loads.

    “Modern wind turbine blades are very long (can now be >80m) slender structures that are subjected to large dynamic loads.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Blades are manufactured from lightweight high-strength materials and as such are very flexible and lightly damped.

    “Blades are manufactured from lightweight high-strength materials and as such they are very flexible and lightly damped.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Due to these structural characteristics, blades are very susceptible to wind induced vibrations and may undergo significant vibration during operation under turbulent aerodynamic loads.

    “Due to these structural characteristics, they are very susceptible to wind induced vibrations and they may undergo significant vibration during operation under turbulent aerodynamic loads.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Blade vibration issues may have a significant impact on the lifetime of the structural components, and even on the overall integrity of the structural system.

    “Blade vibration issues may have a significant impact on the lifetime of the structural components, and even on the overall integrity of the structural system.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The blade is very lightly damped in the edgewise direction.

    “due to the fact that the blade is very lightly damped in the edgewise direction.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In design situations edgewise blade damping is often ignored.

    “For these reasons in design situations edgewise blade damping is often ignored.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    To be most effective the damper should be located as close to the blade tip as possible.

    “To be most effective the damper should be located as close to the blade tip as possible.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The space available for stroke within wind turbine blades is very limited.

    “since the space available for stroke within wind turbine blades is very limited”
16 of 16

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Blade-tip position exceeds the stated blade length

    Minor

    The blade is stated to be 61.5 m long, but Table 1 gives a blade chord and thickness at 61.6 m from the root. That tabulated position lies beyond the stated tip.

  • Maximum stroke reduction is stated both as 55% and above 55%

    Minor

    The paper describes 55% as the maximum demonstrated stroke reduction, but its discussion of Figure 14 says the reduction exceeds 55%.

2 of 2

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Authors
Zhang, Z., & Fitzgerald, B.
Affiliations
  • Aarhus University (DK)
  • Trinity College Dublin (IE)
Corresponding author
Fitzgerald, Breiffni
ORCID
Venue
Engineering Structures
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-10
Volume
221
Pages
110928
ISSN
0141-0296 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110928
OpenAlex
W3042551073
Semantic Scholar
df0c768255c01fe3bc62211becc281697e4d3910
Cited by
132
References
64
Citations by year
2026: 26 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 3
FWCI
8.19
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Engineering Structures (publishedVersion)
  • Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • Scopus (Elsevier) (submittedVersion)
  • Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Funders
  • Aarhus University Research Foundation
  • Committee of Science and Technology of Shanghai China (18160712800)
  • Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (RDD/213)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Vibration Control and Rheological Fluids
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Aeroelasticity and Vibration Control
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Bladed Disk Vibration Dynamics
Keywords
tuned mass damper inerter, wind turbine blades, vibration suppression, inerter, negative damping, optimal tuning, damping ratio, offshore wind turbines, time-varying systems

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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