The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Are smart city projects catalyzing urban energy sustainability?
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the links between smart cities and urban energy sustainability. Because achieving a “smart city” is a wide agenda rather than a specific set of interventions, smartness itself cannot easily be measured or quantifiably assessed. Instead, we understand smart cities to be a broad framework of strategies pursued by urban actors, and ask whether and how smart city projects catalyze urban energy sustainability. We use case studies of three cities (Nottingham, Stavanger, and Stockholm) funded by the Horizon 2020 Smart Cities and Communities program and examine how urban energy sustainability was advanced and realized through the smart city initiatives. We find first that while sustainability is not always a major objective of local implementation of smart city projects, the smartness agenda nevertheless increases the ambition to achieve energy sustainability targets. Second, the sustainability measures in smart cities are rarely driven by advanced technology, even though the smart city agenda is framed around such innovations. Third, there is significant sustainability potential in cross-sectoral integration, but there are unresolved challenges of accountability for and measurability of these gains.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As a result, there has recently been an upsurge in research and practice outputs on environmentally sustainable smart cities”
From Environmentally sustainable smart cities and their converging AI, IoT, and big data technologies and solutions: an integrated approach to an extensive literature review (2023) · cites this paper as Haarstad and Wathne 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment
Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611 · Cited by 9,953
Will the real smart city please stand up?: Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial?
Hollands, R. G. (2008) · City · doi:10.1080/13604810802479126 · Cited by 3,025
The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism
Kitchin, R. (2014) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-013-9516-8 · Cited by 2,794
Current trends in Smart City initiatives: Some stylised facts
Neirotti, P., De Marco, A., Cagliano, A. C., Mangano, G., & Scorrano, F. (2014) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2013.12.010 · Cited by 2,322
Governing the smart city: a review of the literature on smart urban governance
Meijer, A., & Bolívar, M. P. R. (2016) · International Review of Administrative Sciences · doi:10.1177/0020852314564308 · Cited by 1,797
Smart sustainable cities of the future: An extensive interdisciplinary literature review
Bibri, S. E., & Krogstie, J. (2017) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.02.016 · Cited by 1,599
Smartmentality: The Smart City as Disciplinary Strategy
Vanolo, A. (2013) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098013494427 · Cited by 1,517
What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities?
Ahvenniemi, H., Huovila, A., Pinto-Seppä, I., & Airaksinen, M. (2017) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2016.09.009 · Cited by 1,378
Smart Cities and the Future Internet: Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation
Schaffers, H., Komninos, N., Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Nilsson, M., & Oliveira, A. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20898-0_31 · Cited by 1,211
de Jong, M., Joss, S., Schraven, D. F. J., Zhan, C., & Weijnen, M. (2015) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.004 · Cited by 1,075
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 61 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Beatley, 2000, Smart growth and beyond: transitioning to a sustainable society.(managing growth in the twenty-first century: philosophies, strategies, institutions.), Va. Environ. Law J., 19, 287
- Mundoli, 2017, The “Sustainable” in smart cities: ignoring the importance of urban ecosystems, Offic. J. Indian Inst. Manag. Calcutta, 44, 103
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–166 of 166
Positive Energy Districts and deep renovation actions to move beyond the 2025 EU Targets
Romano, R., Andreucci, M. B., & Giancola, E. (2022) · TECHNE - Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment · doi:10.36253/techne-12887 · Cited by 8
Jahroh, S., Indrawan, D., Junaid, Z. B. J. Z. B., Abdullah, A., Fahmi, I., & Siddique, M. (2025) · Clinical eHealth · doi:10.1016/j.ceh.2025.04.003 · Cited by 7
Cities in the Context of Global Change: Challenges and the Need for Smart and Resilient Cities
Sharifi, A. (2022) · The urban book series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95037-8_1 · Cited by 7
Chen, Y., Xu, B., & Hou, Y. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0284452 · Cited by 7
A Bibliometric Analysis and Research Agenda on Smart Cities
Wamba, S. F., & de Queiroz, M. M. (2019) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20671-0_22 · Cited by 7
Influence of Social and Environmental Responsibility in Energy Efficiency Management for Smart City
Zang, H. Y., Vignesh, C. C., & Alfred Daniel, J. (2021) · Journal of Interconnection Networks · doi:10.1142/s0219265921410024 · Cited by 7
Environmental urbanism and sustainable cities
Ostárek, M. (2021) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/900/1/012031 · Cited by 7
Aggregate sustainability indices in the electricity sector: a review
Gammanpila, W., Raneesha, T., Kularathna, A. H. T. S., Jayasooriya, N. K., & Yapa, C. (2026) · Sustainable Energy Research · doi:10.1186/s40807-025-00226-3 · Cited by 6
Walsh, P. R., Dunne, H., & Nikoubakht-Tak, O. (2023) · International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/ijshe-12-2022-0409 · Cited by 6
Smart city construction and urban livability: evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China
Wang, K., Qiao, Y.-J., Xu, R.-Y., Cheng, Y., & Miao, Z. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05096-0 · Cited by 5
Taktak, F. (2025) · Journal of Urban Planning and Development · doi:10.1061/jupddm.upeng-5637 · Cited by 5
Jean, W., JUNIOR, A. C. P. B., & da Silva, E. C. M. (2023) · AIMS energy · doi:10.3934/energy.2023025 · Cited by 5
Monaco, L., & Herce, C. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151712856 · Cited by 5
Иджитканлар, Т., & Кугурульо, Ф. (2022) · Городские исследования и практики · doi:10.17323/usp71202235-64 · Cited by 4
Li, K., & Li, D. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17062589 · Cited by 5
Smart city and earnings management: Evidence from China
Sun, D., & Chen, C. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301025 · Cited by 4
Chovancová, J., Petruška, I., & Pata, U. K. (2024) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci8040164 · Cited by 4
Digitalization in public administration in the housing and utility sector and the human factor
Мудрова, Е. Б., & Murawiowa, N. (2021) · Upravlenets · doi:10.29141/2218-5003-2021-12-4-7 · Cited by 4
Smart Urban Governance: Governing Cities in the “Smart” Era
Jiang, H. (2021) · doi:10.33540/380 · Cited by 4
Understanding Smart Cities Through a Critical Lens
Alfaro, C. F., Melgaço, L., & Baeten, G. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51812-7_344-1 · Cited by 4
Gavriș, A. (2024) · International Journal of Urban Sciences · doi:10.1080/12265934.2024.2317164 · Cited by 3
Utrilla, P. N.-C., & Górecki, J. (2023) · IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2) · doi:10.1109/isc257844.2023.10293708 · Cited by 3
Electrification design for modern housing scheme projects
Ahmad, T. (2020) · The Electricity Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tej.2020.106767 · Cited by 3
Penmetsa, M. K., & Bruque-Cámara, S. (2023) · Digital Policy Regulation and Governance · doi:10.1108/dprg-11-2021-0151 · Cited by 3
Understanding Smart Cities Through a Critical Lens
Alfaro, C. F., Melgaço, L., & Baeten, G. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87745-3_344 · Cited by 3
Digital Marketing Strategies for Enhancing the Sustainable Attractiveness of Smart Cities in Morocco
Routabi, A., & Bennani, B. (2024) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-9775-6.ch001 · Cited by 2
Shen, Y., Cheng, G., Li, S., & Cao, M. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18063060 · Cited by 2
Amarkhil, Q. (2023) · IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability · doi:10.1109/sustech57309.2023.10129552 · Cited by 2
Development of Municipal Energy Management as Trigger of Future Energy Savings
Bačovský, M., Karásek, J., & Kaločai, L. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14040899 · Cited by 2
Frame-based Conceptual Model of Smart City’s Applications in China
Gu, Q. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/615/1/012041 · Cited by 2
Karâa, W. B. A., Alkhammash, E. H., Slimani, T., & Hadjouni, M. (2021) · Journal of Healthcare Engineering · doi:10.1155/2021/3400943 · Cited by 2
RetractedContributions of Smart City Projects to Resilience: Lessons Learned from Case Studies
Masrur, H., & Sharifi, A. (2022) · The urban book series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95037-8_8 · Cited by 2
Transformation of Urban Space by Smart Technologies
Belli, B., & Koramaz, T. K. (2020) · Advances in civil and industrial engineering book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-3856-2.ch005 · Cited by 1
Drengenes, L. L., & Haarstad, H. (2025) · Journal of Urban Technology · doi:10.1080/10630732.2025.2539660 · Cited by 1
Self-citationCui, H. (2026) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2026.107569 · Cited by 1
Domańska, A., & Cirella, G. T. (2023) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004687264_018 · Cited by 1
CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING ANNUAL AND SUSTAINABILITY REPORTS: IS DATA MANAGEMENT MATTER?
Amaranydia, A. V., & Putri, A. N. A. (2023) · International Journal of Contemporary Accounting · doi:10.25105/ijca.v5i2.18585 · Cited by 1
Rella, A., Schiuma, G., Raimo, N., Ricciardelli, A., & Vitolla, F. (2025) · International Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/01900692.2025.2538179 · Cited by 1
Prospects for Hydrogen Thermal Engines to Reduce Emissions in the Transportation Sector
Schembri, P., Barichella, A., Radja, K., Sebai, S., Maroteaux, F., Mancaruso, E., & Rossetti, S. (2026) · Palgrave Studies in Energy Transitions · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04196-9_49-1 · Cited by 1
Participatory Design of Use Cases for an IoT Open Platform to Support Smart Urban Development
Schweigkofler, A., Romagnoli, K., Salas, G. S., Steiner, D., Riedl, M., & Matt, D. T. (2021) · Advances in civil and industrial engineering book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7091-3.ch021 · Cited by 1
Zhao, X., Jiang, M., Yang, D., & Duan, X. (2024) · Polish Journal of Environmental Studies · doi:10.15244/pjoes/183800 · Cited by 1
Smart Housing and Utilities: A Causal Diagram
Murawiowa, N., Мудрова, Е. Б., & Degtereva, V. (2021) · International Scientific Conference on Innovations in Digital Economy (SPBPU IDE) · doi:10.1145/3527049.3527134 · Cited by 1
Danylchenko, D. O., Fedorchuk, S., Ivakhnov, A., Kulapin, O., & Hrytsenko, V. (2022) · Bulletin of the National Technical University KhPI Series Energy Reliability and Energy Efficiency · doi:10.20998/2224-0349.2022.01.06 · Cited by 1
Ray, C., Williamson, S. J., Hrdličková, Z., Kajjoba, D., Kasedde, H., Hermanus, L., Labor, A., Macarthy, J. M., & Koroma, B. M. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118641156.ch4 · Cited by 1
Designing Friendly Environment for Pedestrian by Visual Perception
Pelayati, A., & Andriani, D. R. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/879/1/012158
Mavroudi, S., & Parthenios, P. (2021) · Advances in human services and public health (AHSPH) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7176-7.ch003
Energy Security as a Key Driving Factor for Socioeconomic Development: From Mitigation to Solution
Pawłowska, B., & Cirella, G. T. (2021) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-2688-1
Amado, M., & Poggi, F. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824277-3.00008-6
POTENTIAL TRAJECTORIES OF SMART ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE
Vakulenko, I., & Колосок, С. (2021) · Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu · doi:10.21272/1817-9215.2021.3-1
Rochdane, H., & ECHATIBI, S. (2022) · International Business & Economics Studies · doi:10.22158/ibes.v4n3p107
Smart City Concept: Legal Aspects of the Smart Environment in the Light of Renewable Energy Sources
Oręziak, B., & Chról, K. (2020) · Prawo w Działaniu · doi:10.32041/pwd.4415
Open data as a fundamental element of the development of the Smart City
Skiba, Ł. (2023) · Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology Organization and Management Series · doi:10.29119/1641-3466.2023.180.29
The incorporation of open data in the development of the smart city
Skiba, Ł. (2023) · International Conference of Management: Sustainability – Security – Quality · doi:10.17512/cut/9788371939563/38
Smart design for sustainable behaviors
Gardner, N. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18452-9.00007-0
Dias, S. M. (2024) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.101.2024.tde-04072024-180210
Greutter-Gregus, É., Koncz, G., & Kollár, K. N. (2024) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en17215498
Smart Retrofitting Decision-Making Criteria for Buildings: Shortlisting via a Questionnaire Survey
Peiris, S., Lai, J. H. K., & Kumaraswamy, M. M. (2025) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-2904-6_26
Smart Environmental Policy and Governance Gaps: A Mixed-methods Study in Tehran
Jalili, M., & Wu, Y. (2026) · Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment · doi:10.5829/ijee.2026.17.03.07
Climate Urbanism and Vulnerability
Yiğitcanlar, T. (2026) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003737049
Smart Enough to Matter: Rebranding the Rural with Innovation-Driven Growth
Filipe, S. B., & Duarte, P. (2026) · Lecture notes on multidisciplinary industrial engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-30372-1_1
Abajah, A. N., Alqahtany, A., & Dano, U. L. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18157613
Tian, M., & Feng, T. (2026) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118058
Motivations for smart cities differ between Africa, Europe, and Asia
Ge, K., & Creutzig, F. (2026) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2026.104943
Juraev, Z., & Ahn, Y. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7454806
Polishing the perfect: The ambitions of smart urbanism
Wathne, M. W. (2026) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2026.107718
Self-citationWan, J. J., Wang, K., Hu, Y., Li, G., Chen, Y., Zhou, H., & Hu, F. (2026) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440261500867
Metadata
- Authors
- Haarstad, H., & Wathne, M. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Bergen (NO)
- OsloMet – Oslo Metropolitan University (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Haarstad, Håvard
- Wathne, Marikken W.
- Venue
- Energy Policy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 129
- Pages
- 918-925
- ISSN
- 0301-4215 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2922114378
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 15.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energy Policy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Bergens Forskningsstiftelse (BFS2016REK04)
- Horizon 2020
- European Commission
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Smart Cities and Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Sustainability and Climate Change Governance
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Integrated Energy Systems Optimization
- Keywords
- smart cities, smart city projects, sustainability goals, intersectoral integration, accountability, urban governance, Nottingham, Stavanger, Stockholm
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review