What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities?

Ahvenniemi, Hannele; Huovila, Aapo; Pinto-Seppä, Isabel; Airaksinen, Miimu

doi:10.1016/j.cities.2016.09.009

Cited by 1,378Smart Cities and TechnologiesSustainable Urban and Rural DevelopmentSustainable Development and Environmental Policy

What are the differences between sustainable and smart cities?

Ahvenniemi, Hannele, Huovila, Aapo, Pinto-Seppä, Isabel, Airaksinen, Miimu·2017·Cities

DOI 10.1016/j.cities.2016.09.009

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A key factor leading to the emergence of environmentally sustainable smart cities is the large body of research criticizing the weak connection between smart cities and sustainable cities and the fallacies and misunderstanding associated with smart cities in the context of environmental sustainability.
“One of the key factors that has led to the emergence of this paradigm of urbanism is the large body of research criticizing the weak connection between smart cities and sustainable cities and the fallacies and misunderstanding associated with smart cities in the context of environmental sustainability”
From Environmentally sustainable smart cities and their converging AI, IoT, and big data technologies and solutions: an integrated approach to an extensive literature review (2023) · cites this paper as Ahvenniemi et al. 2017
Smart cities and sustainable cities are divergent on many aspects and hence not necessarily synonymous with each other.
“Smart cities and sustainable cities are divergent on many aspects and hence not necessarily synonymous with each other”
From Environmentally sustainable smart cities and their converging AI, IoT, and big data technologies and solutions: an integrated approach to an extensive literature review (2023) · cites this paper as Ahvenniemi et al. 2017
There is still obscure and inconsistent understanding of the meaning of the smart city concept.
“Moreover, despite the wide use of the concept and its operationalisation today, there is still obscure and inconsistent understanding of its meaning (e.g., [2,5,8,16,20,25,36,93,119,137]).”
From On the sustainability of smart and smarter cities in the era of big data: an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
Many of the emerging smart solutions are not aligned with sustainability goals.
“Indeed, many of the emerging smart solutions are not aligned with sustainability gaols [2].”
From On the sustainability of smart and smarter cities in the era of big data: an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
Many governments are funnelling huge expenditures into ICT research, development, and innovation, manifested in the high number of jointly funded research endeavours as well as smart initiatives and implementation projects.
“Concerning the financial abilities, many governments are funnelling huge expenditures (colossal investments) into ICT research, development, and innovation, which is manifested in the high number of jointly funded research endeavours as well as smart initiatives and implementation projects (e.g., [2]).”
From On the sustainability of smart and smarter cities in the era of big data: an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [2]

Current smart cities strive for smartness targets instead of sustainability goals.
“Of relevance to underscore here is that current smart cities strive for smartness targets instead of sustainability goals (e.g., [2,93]).”
From On the sustainability of smart and smarter cities in the era of big data: an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
The existing definitions of smart and smarter city set up no baseline for sustainability and do not include what sustainable development entails.
“In this regard, it has been argued that the existing definitions of smart and smarter city set up no baseline for sustainability, and do not include what sustainable development entails”
From On the sustainability of smart and smarter cities in the era of big data: an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
Smart cities of today make an inadequate contribution to the goals of sustainable development and thus have poor sustainability performance.
“The inadequate contribution of smart cities of today to the goals of sustainable development and thus their poor sustainability performance”
From On the sustainability of smart and smarter cities in the era of big data: an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
While some challenges pertaining to urbanisation are already being addressed through the development of smart technologies, many of the proposed smart solutions are not aligned with sustainability targets, thereby leading to the emergence of sustainable smart cities.
“In relation to this, while some of the challenges pertaining to urbanisation are already being addressed through the development of smart technologies [29,40,133], many of the proposed smart solutions in this regard are not aligned with sustainability targets, thereby the emergence of sustainable smart cities [2,20].”
From On the sustainability of smart and smarter cities in the era of big data: an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
Smarter cities are mainly striving for smart targets instead of sustainability goals, just like current smart cities.
“Such cities are mainly striving for smart targets instead of sustainability goals [25], just like current smart cities [2,93].”
From On the sustainability of smart and smarter cities in the era of big data: an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
Smart sustainable cities represent a new techno-urban phenomenon that materialised around the mid-2010s.
“Accordingly, such cities represent a new techno-urban phenomenon that materialised around the mid-2010s (e.g., [2,4,6,25,55,60,82,130]).”
From On the sustainability of smart and smarter cities in the era of big data: an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
Smart and smarter cities have been subject to much debate and growing criticism questioning their added value to sustainability due to lack of incorporating fundamental goals of sustainable development and falling short in considering environmental and social indicators.
“As discussed above, such cities have, irrespective of which ICT visions they tend to instantiate in relation to their operational functioning, management, planning, and development, been subject to much debate, generating a growing level of criticism that essentially questions their added value to sustainability due to the lack of incorporating the fundamental goals of sustainable development, as”
From On the sustainability of smart and smarter cities in the era of big data: an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary literature review (2019) · cites this paper as [2]

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Authors: Ahvenniemi, H., Huovila, A., Pinto-Seppä, I., & Airaksinen, M.
Affiliations: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (FI)
Corresponding author: Ahvenniemi, Hannele
ORCID: Ahvenniemi, Hannele
Huovila, Aapo
Pinto-Seppä, Isabel
Venue: Cities
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-02
Volume: 60
Pages: 234-245
ISSN: 0264-2751 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2016.09.009
OpenAlex: W2527300705
Cited by: 1,378
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 97 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 136 · 2023: 188 · 2022: 174 · 2021: 189 · 2020: 174 · 2019: 158 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 40
FWCI: 106.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Cities (publishedVersion)
Funders: European Commission
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › Smart Cities and Technologies
Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Sustainable Urban and Rural Development
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy
Keywords: smart cities, sustainable cities, urban sustainability indicators, smart city indicators, environmental sustainability, socio-economic sustainability, smart sustainable cities, impact indicators

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