The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Quantitative assessment of the risk of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Prospective and retrospective applications
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Airborne transmission is a recognized pathway of contagion; however, it is rarely quantitatively evaluated. The numerous outbreaks that have occurred during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic are putting a demand on researchers to develop approaches capable of both predicting contagion in closed environments (predictive assessment) and analyzing previous infections (retrospective assessment). This study presents a novel approach for quantitative assessment of the individual infection risk of susceptible subjects exposed in indoor microenvironments in the presence of an asymptomatic infected SARS-CoV-2 subject. The application of a Monte Carlo method allowed the risk for an exposed healthy subject to be evaluated or, starting from an acceptable risk, the maximum exposure time. We applied the proposed approach to four distinct scenarios for a prospective assessment, highlighting that, in order to guarantee an acceptable risk of 10−3 for exposed subjects in naturally ventilated indoor environments, the exposure time could be well below one hour. Such maximum exposure time clearly depends on the viral load emission of the infected subject and on the exposure conditions; thus, longer exposure times were estimated for mechanically ventilated indoor environments and lower viral load emissions. The proposed approach was used for retrospective assessment of documented outbreaks in a restaurant in Guangzhou (China) and at a choir rehearsal in Mount Vernon (USA), showing that, in both cases, the high attack rate values can be justified only assuming the airborne transmission as the main route of contagion. Moreover, we show that such outbreaks are not caused by the rare presence of a superspreader, but can be likely explained by the co-existence of conditions, including emission and exposure parameters, leading to a highly probable event, which can be defined as a “superspreading event”.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Laboratory, field, modelling, and case studies have shown that airborne transmission through the inhalation of a virus-laden aerosol is important, if not dominant, for COVID-19.119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132”
From The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [126]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1
van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M. G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B. N., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J. L., Thornburg, N. J., Gerber, S. I., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2004973 · Cited by 9,951
Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019
Wölfel, R., Corman, V. M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller, M. A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T. C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x · Cited by 6,661
Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany
Rothe, C., Schunk, M., Sothmann, P., Bretzel, G., Froeschl, G., Wallrauch, C., Zimmer, T., Thiel, V., Jänke, C., Guggemos, W., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2001468 · Cited by 4,211
Hammersley, J. M., & Handscomb, D. C. (1964) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5819-7 · Cited by 4,175
To, K. K., Tsang, O. T.-Y., Leung, W.-S., Tam, A. R., Wu, T.-C., Lung, D. C., Yip, C. C., Cai, J., Chan, J. M., Chik, T. S., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30196-1 · Cited by 3,045
Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality
Morawska, L., & Cao, J. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105730 · Cited by 1,728
Self-citationViral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples.
Pan, Y., Zhang, D., Yang, P., Poon, L. L. M., & Wang, Q. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30113-4 · Cited by 1,562
Morawska, L., Johnson, G. R., Ristovski, Z. D., Hargreaves, M., Mengersen, K., Corbett, S., Chao, C. Y. H., Li, Y., & Katoshevski, D. (2009) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.11.002 · Cited by 1,129 · cited 4×
“…1), followed by the oral breathing condition during heavy activity as the inhalation rate increases (2.5 quanta h− 1), and reaching 5.0 quanta h− 1 for the increase in aerosol emitted during vocalization (Morawska et al., 2009) and, finally, peaking during singing/speaking loudly (32 quanta h− 1).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationStadnytskyi, V., Bax, C. E., Bax, A., & Anfinrud, P. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2006874117 · Cited by 1,104 · cited 2×
“In the present paper we derived the droplet volume concentration on the basis of the total volume emitted by a loudspeaking person provided by (Stadnytskyi et al., 2020) as they measured the droplet volume taking into account the droplet dehydration.”
Chao, C. Y. H., Wan, M. P., Morawska, L., Johnson, G. R., Ristovski, Z., Hargreaves, M. H., Mengersen, K. L., Corbett, S. J., Li, Y., Xie, X., et al. (2008) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.003 · Cited by 1,090
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Jennison, 1942, Atomizing of mouth and nose secretions into the air as revealed by high speed photography, Aerobiology, 17, 106
- World Health Organization, 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality - 4th Edition. WHO Regional Office for Europe.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses
Leung, N. H. L. (2021) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00535-6 · Cited by 890
The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic
Sachs, J. D., Karim, S. S. A., Aknin, L., Allen, J., Brosbøl, K., Colombo, F., Barron, G. C., Espinosa, M. F., Gaspar, V., Gaviria, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01585-9 · Cited by 842
A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19
Bazant, M. Z., & Bush, J. W. M. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2018995118 · Cited by 493
Exhaled CO 2 as a COVID-19 Infection Risk Proxy for Different Indoor Environments and Activities
Peng, Z., & Jimenez, J. L. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00183 · Cited by 337
A paradigm shift to combat indoor respiratory infection
Morawska, L., Allen, J., Bahnfleth, W., Bluyssen, P. M., Boerstra, A., Buonanno, G., Cao, J., Dancer, S. J., Floto, A., Franchimon, F., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg2025 · Cited by 307
Self-citationPeng, Z., Rojas, A. L. P., Kropff, E., Bahnfleth, W. P., Buonanno, G., Dancer, S. J., Kurnitski, J., Li, Y., Loomans, M. G. L. C., Marr, L. C., et al. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c06531 · Cited by 223
Self-citationGilio, A. D., Palmisani, J., Pulimeno, M., Cerino, F., Cacace, M., Miani, A., & de Gennaro, G. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111560 · Cited by 177
Contamination of inert surfaces by SARS-CoV-2: Persistence, stability and infectivity. A review
Marquès, M., & Domingo, J. L. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110559 · Cited by 165
Tracing surface and airborne SARS-CoV-2 RNA inside public buses and subway trains
Moreno, T., Pintó, R. M., Bosch, A., Moreno, N., Alástuey, A., Minguillón, M. C., Anfruns-Estrada, E., Guix, S., Fuentes, C., Buonanno, G., et al. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106326 · Cited by 167
Self-citationBreathing, speaking, coughing or sneezing: What drives transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2?
Stadnytskyi, V., Anfinrud, P., & Bax, A. (2021) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13326 · Cited by 177
Zuo, Y. Y., Uspal, W. E., & Wei, T. (2020) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c08484 · Cited by 164
Air quality changes in cities during the COVID-19 lockdown: A critical review
Adam, M. G., Tran, P. T. M., & Balasubramanian, R. (2021) · Atmospheric Research · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105823 · Cited by 154
Motamedi, H., Shirzadi, M., Tominaga, Y., & Mirzaei, P. A. (2021) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103397 · Cited by 144
Ventilation strategies and design impacts on indoor airborne transmission: A review
Izadyar, N., & Miller, W. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109158 · Cited by 150
Shen, J., Kong, M., Dong, B., Birnkrant, M. J., & Zhang, J. “. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107926 · Cited by 133
“Inactivation rate. van Doremalen et al. [99] observed an inactivation rate of 0.63 h− 1 for SARS-CoV-2.”
InfluentialSize distribution of virus laden droplets from expiratory ejecta of infected subjects
Anand, S., & Mayya, Y. S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78110-x · Cited by 122
The physics of respiratory particle generation, fate in the air, and inhalation
Morawska, L., Buonanno, G., Mikszewski, A., & Stabile, L. (2022) · Nature Reviews Physics · doi:10.1038/s42254-022-00506-7 · Cited by 130
Self-citationClose proximity risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 infection
Cortellessa, G., Stabile, L., Arpino, F., Faleiros, D. E., van den Bos, W., Morawska, L., & Buonanno, G. (2021) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148749 · Cited by 112
“To this end, the authors recently presented an approach to evaluate the viral load emitted by infected individuals (Buonanno et al., 2020b) that takes into account the effect of other parameters such as inhalation rate, type of respiratory activity, and activity level.”
InfluentialSelf-citationVentilation procedures to minimize the airborne transmission of viruses in classrooms
Stabile, L., Pacitto, A., Mikszewski, A., Morawska, L., & Buonanno, G. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108042 · Cited by 115
Self-citationDing, E., Zhang, D., & Bluyssen, P. M. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108484 · Cited by 117
Jimenez, J. L., Marr, L. C., Randall, K., Ewing, E. T., Tüfekçi, Z., Greenhalgh, T., Milton, D. K., Tellier, R., Tang, J. W.-T., Li, Y., et al. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13070 · Cited by 124
“101-106 The SARS- CoV-1 epidemics of 2003 brought renewed attention to the issue of airborne transmission.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBerry, G., Parsons, A., Morgan, M., Rickert, J., & Cho, H. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111765 · Cited by 114
Study on ventilation rates and assessment of infection risks of COVID-19 in an outpatient building
Li, C., & Tang, H. (2021) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103090 · Cited by 106
“It should be noted that the infector of [52] was set to be resting and oral breathing, with median quanta value of 0.”
Mounting evidence suggests coronavirus is airborne — but health advice has not caught up
Lewis, D. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02058-1 · Cited by 97
Buonanno, G., Ricolfi, L., Morawska, L., & Stabile, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1087087 · Cited by 108
Self-citationZivelonghi, A., & Lai, M. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108139 · Cited by 93
The physics of particle formation and deposition during breathing
Morawska, L., & Buonanno, G. (2021) · Nature Reviews Physics · doi:10.1038/s42254-021-00307-4 · Cited by 104
Self-citationFerrari, S., Blázquez, T., Cardelli, R., Puglisi, G., Suárez, R., & Mazzarella, L. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109366 · Cited by 92
“Assuming only one infection subject in the environment (I = 1) [27], suggest to take as a reference value a probability of contagion of P<0.”
Mikszewski, A., Stabile, L., Buonanno, G., & Morawska, L. (2021) · Geoscience Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101285 · Cited by 87
Self-citationRespiratory infection risk-based ventilation design method
Kurnitski, J., Kiil, M., Wargocki, P. L., Boerstra, A., Seppänen, O., Olesen, B. W., & Morawska, L. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108387 · Cited by 86
“90th percentile SARS-CoV-2 quanta emission rates for different activities [44].”
Self-citationAganović, A., Bi, Y., Cao, G., Drangsholt, F., Kurnitski, J., & Wargocki, P. L. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108278 · Cited by 79
“[47] referred to the estimated volume emitted by a loud-speaking person provided by Stadnytskyi et al.”
A review on indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19– modelling and mitigation approaches
Rayegan, S., Shu, C., Berquist, J., Jeon, J., Zhou, L. (., Wang, L. L., Mbareche, H., Tardif, P., & Ge, H. (2022) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105599 · Cited by 79
“SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 share the same host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.”
InfluentialAirborne transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 via aerosols
Comber, L., Murchú, É. Ó., Drummond, L., Carty, P. G., Walsh, K. A., Gascun, C. F. D., Connolly, M. A., Smith, S. M., O’Neill, M., Ryan, M., et al. (2020) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2184 · Cited by 75
“^Mathematical model applied by Buonanno et al.((42)) highlights airborne transmission plausible to rationalise high infection rates”
BackgroundMethodWang, Z., Galea, E. R., Grandison, A., Ewer, J., & Jia, F. (2021) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105572 · Cited by 80
Ethics Guidance for Environmental Scientists Engaged in Surveillance of Wastewater for SARS-CoV‑2
Hrudey, S. E., Silva, D. S., Shelley, J., Pons, W., Isaac-Renton, J., Chik, A. H. S., & Conant, B. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c00308 · Cited by 75
Monitoring carbon dioxide to quantify the risk of indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19
Bazant, M. Z., Kodio, O., Cohen, A. E., Khan, K., Gu, Z., & Bush, J. W. M. (2021) · Flow · doi:10.1017/flo.2021.10 · Cited by 74
Bluyssen, P. M., Ortiz, M. A., & Zhang, D. (2020) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107475 · Cited by 71
“The bubble generator nozzle has an orifice diameter of 1 mm [16].”
Ahmadzadeh, M., Farokhi, E., & Shams, M. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128147 · Cited by 75
Indoor Aerosol Science Aspects of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission
Nazaroff, W. W. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12970 · Cited by 70
On-site airborne pathogen detection for infection risk mitigation
Qiu, G., Zhang, X., deMello, A. J., Yao, M., Cao, J., & Wang, J. (2023) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d3cs00417a · Cited by 71
Anand, U., Adelodun, B., Pivato, A., Suresh, S., Indari, O., Jakhmola, S., Jha, H. C., Jha, P. K., Tripathi, V. S., & Maria, F. D. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110929 · Cited by 70
Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments: A comprehensive review
Shen, J., Kong, M., Dong, B., Birnkrant, M. J., & Zhang, J. “. (2021) · Science and Technology for the Built Environment · doi:10.1080/23744731.2021.1977693 · Cited by 69
“The viral spreading among people during the church singing in Mount Vernon (Buonanno, Morawska, and Stabile 2020; Miller et al. 2020) and Sydney (Katelaris et al. 2021), during the traveling in a coach/bus in Hunan (Luo et al. 2020) and Zhejiang (Y. Shen et al. 2020), during a long-haul flight to Vietnam (Khanh et al.…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialInvestigation of HVAC Operation Strategies for Office Buildings During COVID-19 Pandemic
Faulkner, C. A., Castellini, J. E., Zuo, W., Lorenzetti, D. M., & Sohn, M. D. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108519 · Cited by 67
“We use a value of 25 quanta/h for the majority of the study based on literature [28,29], although different quanta emission values are considered in Section 4.”
Ahmadzadeh, M., & Shams, M. (2021) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103280 · Cited by 63
“These suspended particles are transported with the airflow in the environment and are the most common cause of people suffering from these particles (Buonanno et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCheng, P., Luo, K., Xiao, S., Yang, H., Hang, J., Ou, C., Cowling, B. J., Yen, H., Hui, D. S. C., Hu, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128051 · Cited by 63
Passos, R. G., Silveira, M. B., & Abrahão, J. S. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110808 · Cited by 60
Peng, Z., Miller, S. L., & Jimenez, J. L. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00599 · Cited by 58
Rothamer, D. A., Sanders, S. T., Reindl, D. T., & Bertram, T. H. (2021) · Science and Technology for the Built Environment · doi:10.1080/23744731.2021.1944665 · Cited by 55
Tognon, G., Marigo, M., Carli, M. D., & Zarrella, A. (2023) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107060 · Cited by 57
Aguilar, A. J., de la Hoz-Torres, M. L., Costa, N., Arezes, P., Martínez-Aires, M. D., & Ruiz, D. P. (2022) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104204 · Cited by 56
Occupancy-aided ventilation for both airborne infection risk control and work productivity
Zhang, S., Ai, Z., & Lin, Z. (2020) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107506 · Cited by 55
Auvinen, M., Kuula, J., Grönholm, T., Sühring, M., & Hellsten, A. (2022) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0076495 · Cited by 51
Mutsch, B., Heiber, M., Grätz, F., Hain, R., Schönfelder, M., Bremer, S., Schranner, D., Kähler, C. J., & Wackerhage, H. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2202521119 · Cited by 54
Aerosol emission in professional singing of classical music
Mürbe, D., Kriegel, M., Lange, J., Rotheudt, H., & Fleischer, M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93281-x · Cited by 68
“Mass gathering events and COVID-19 transmission in Borriana (Spain): A retrospective cohort study”
Domènech-Montoliu, S., Pac-Sa, M. R., Vidal-Utrillas, P., Latorre-Poveda, M., Rio-González, A. D., Ferrando-Rubert, S., Ferrer-Abad, G., Sanchéz-Urbano, M., Aparisi-Esteve, L., Badenes-Marques, G., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256747 · Cited by 51
Close contact behavior-based COVID-19 transmission and interventions in a subway system
Liu, X., Dou, Z., Wang, L., Su, B., Jin, T., Guo, Y., Wei, J., & Zhang, N. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129233 · Cited by 50
Prentiss, M. G., Chu, A., & Berggren, K. K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265816 · Cited by 91
“We can also calculate q based on a standard “box” model of airflow (also called a well-mixed model), as a function of the various parameters that characterize the event [6, 9, 36].”
Rodrı́guez, D., Urbieta, I. R., Velasco, Á., Campano, M. Á., & Jiménez, E. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109717 · Cited by 51
“The quanta emission rate of the infectious subject (ERq) [61] is determined through the Monte Carlo method [60], enhancing the basic ‘quanta’ exhalation rate (Ep0, for a “resting, oral breathing activity”) according to their age, metabolic, and vocalization activity.”
Park, S., & Song, D. (2023) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2023.05.011 · Cited by 53
“Referring to this study, heavy activity and oral breathing conditions in the 90th percentile were applied to the school classroom, and light activity and speaking conditions in the 90th percentile were applied to the restaurant to consider the worst case scenario [17,25].”
InfluentialRevisiting physical distancing threshold in indoor environment using infection-risk-based modeling
Liu, F., Luo, Z., Li, Y., Zheng, X., Zhang, C., & Qian, H. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106542 · Cited by 49
“Droplets generated from normal speaking by an asymptomatic infected person are increasingly considered to be responsible for infectious disease transmission, and may even lead to highly probable outbreak events (Buonanno et al., 2020; Stadnytskyi et al., 2020).”
BackgroundLow incidence of airborne SARS-CoV-2 in acute care hospital rooms with optimized ventilation
Dumont-Leblond, N., Veillette, M., Mubareka, S., Yip, L., Longtin, Y., Jouvet, P. A., Paquet-Bolduc, B., Godbout, S., Kobinger, G., McGeer, A., et al. (2020) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1850184 · Cited by 47
“uals and recipient propose that ventilation rates have a direct impact on the maximum exposure contact time to reach acceptable maximum individual risk of infection [28].”
BackgroundAganović, A., Cao, G., Kurnitski, J., & Wargocki, P. L. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109924 · Cited by 50
“In absence of data for SARS-CoV-2, most infection risk models [14,16-18,20,25-27,30-31] at the start of the pandemic relied on the exponential dose-response relationship derived for the SARS-CoV virus by Watanabe et al.”
InfluentialCOVID-19 After Effects: Concerns for Singers
Helding, L., Carroll, T. L., Nix, J. P., Johns, M. M. E., LeBorgne, W. D., & Meyer, D. I. (2020) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.07.032 · Cited by 50
Aganović, A., Bi, Y., Cao, G., Kurnitski, J., & Wargocki, P. L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15703-8 · Cited by 42
Modelling airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 using CARA: risk assessment for enclosed spaces
Henriques, A., Mounet, N., Aleixo, L., Elson, P., Devine, J., Azzopardi, G., Andreini, M., Rognlien, M., Tarocco, N., & Tang, J. W.-T. (2022) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2021.0076 · Cited by 50
“To estimate the generation rate, a probabilistic approach is considered by parameterizing the viral load distributions in the respiratory tract and the volumetric concentration of droplets emitted, measured for different activities [12].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMultizonal modeling of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol dispersion in a virtual office building
Shrestha, P. M., DeGraw, J. W., Zhang, M., & Liu, X. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108347 · Cited by 43
Skolmowska, D., Głąbska, D., & Guzek, D. (2020) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens9121011 · Cited by 44
Modeling the factors that influence exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2 on a subway train carriage
Miller, D. N., King, M., Nally, J., Drodge, J., Reeves, G. I., Bate, A. M., Cooper, H., Dalrymple, U., Hall, I., López‐García, M., et al. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12976 · Cited by 41
“The model is run for a representative viral load based on 38 and assumes a relationship between RNA copies and PFU, 39 and that virus is distributed evenly by volume in respiratory particles.”
Kurnitski, J., Kiil, M., Mikola, A., Võsa, K.-V., Aganović, A., Schild, P. G., & Seppänen, O. (2023) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113386 · Cited by 43
Xu, Y., Cai, J., Shuai, L. I., He, Q., & Zhu, S. (2021) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103188 · Cited by 42
Risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 in a car cabin assessed through 3D CFD simulations
Arpino, F., Grossi, G., Cortellessa, G., Mikszewski, A., Morawska, L., Buonanno, G., & Stabile, L. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13012 · Cited by 39
Self-citationAirborne spread of infectious SARS-CoV-2: Moving forward using lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV
da Silva, P. G., Nascimento, M. S. J., Soares, R. R. G., Sousa, S. I. V., & Mesquita, J. R. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142802 · Cited by 40
“Although not investigating SARS-CoV-2 viability, some studies suggested that airborne transmission might occur (Buonanno et al., 2020; Cai et al., 2020; Hamner et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020a, 2020b).”
Kühn, M. J., Abele, D., Mitra, T., Koslow, W., Abedi, M., Rack, K., Siggel, M., Khailaie, S., Klitz, M., Binder, S. C., et al. (2021) · Mathematical Biosciences · doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2021.108648 · Cited by 50
Inflight transmission of COVID-19 based on experimental aerosol dispersion data
Wang, Z., Galea, E. R., Grandison, A., Ewer, J., & Jia, F. (2021) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/taab023 · Cited by 39
“These values are also consistent with quanta rate distributions (for breathing, speaking∗, and speaking loudly∗ index cases) (∗adjusted for resting conditions, see Supplementary Table S2) proposed by Buonanno et al.(18) (see Supplementary Material Section S1.”
BackgroundUhde, E., Salthammer, T., Wientzek, S., Springorum, A., & Schulz, J. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13087 · Cited by 38
Kim, S., Kim, S., Park, H.-J., Park, S., Kim, J. Y., Jeong, Y. W., Yang, H. H., Choi, Y.-S., Yeom, M., Song, D., et al. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112036 · Cited by 38
Link between SARS-CoV-2 emissions and airborne concentrations: Closing the gap in understanding
Buonanno, G., Robotto, A., Brizio, E., Morawska, L., Civra, A., Corino, F., Lembo, D., Ficco, G., & Stabile, L. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128279 · Cited by 37
Self-citationAvoiding COVID-19: Aerosol GuidelinesPreprint
Evans, M. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.21.20108894 · Cited by 41
“The truth is more nuanced, and includes the possibility of a dominant short-range aerosol path limited by pathogen dilution, deposition, and decay [18, 19, 20].”
Koley, S. (2024) · Trends in Sciences · doi:10.48048/tis.2024.8287 · Cited by 38
“Since the initial reports of a novel infectious disease outbreak in the Chinese province of Hubei, public health experts have investigated the transmission of this new virus [43].”
BackgroundOutdoor Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Among Apartments in High-Density Cities
Huang, J., Jones, P., Zhang, A., Hou, S. S., Hang, J., & Spengler, J. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Built Environment · doi:10.3389/fbuil.2021.666923 · Cited by 36
“9 to 31 for speaking (Buonanno et al., 2020a), 460 (Prentiss et al.”
BackgroundThe nexus between in-car aerosol concentrations, ventilation and the risk of respiratory infection
Kumar, P., Omidvarborna, H., Tiwari, A., & Morawska, L. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106814 · Cited by 39
Self-citationRisbeck, M. J., Bazant, M. Z., Jiang, Z., Lee, Y. M., Drees, K. H., & Douglas, J. D. (2021) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111497 · Cited by 39
“For airborne diseases, the primary transmission route is via viruses or bacteria that are entrained in aerosolized particles released into the air by exhalation of an actively infectious individual [3,4].”
Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 airborne infection transmission risk in public buses
Bertone, M., Mikszewski, A., Stabile, L., Riccio, G., Cortellessa, G., Ambrosio, F. D., Papa, V., Morawska, L., & Buonanno, G. (2022) · Geoscience Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2022.101398 · Cited by 41
Self-citationZhang, X., & Wang, J. (2022) · Journal of Safety Science and Resilience · doi:10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.09.001 · Cited by 37
Prentiss, M. G., Chu, A., & Berggren, K. K. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.21.20216895 · Cited by 36
Faulkner, C. A., Lutes, R. G., Huang, S., Zuo, W., & Vrabie, D. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110371 · Cited by 34
Nozza, E., Valentini, S., Melzi, G., Vecchi, R., & Corsini, E. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146391 · Cited by 34
Predicted Infection Risk for Aerosol Transmission of SARS-CoV-2Preprint
Kriegel, M., Buchholz, U., Gastmeier, P., Bischoff, P., Abdelgawad, I., & Hartmann, A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.20209106 · Cited by 34
Lau, Z., Griffiths, I. M., English, A., & Kaouri, K. (2022) · Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspa.2021.0383 · Cited by 36
“On the other hand, our values are in the 95th–99th percentile of the values obtained in [62].”
BackgroundMethodFantozzi, F., Lamberti, G., Leccese, F., & Salvadori, G. (2022) · Architectural Science Review · doi:10.1080/00038628.2022.2080637 · Cited by 30
Buonomano, A., Forzano, C., Giuzio, G. F., & Palombo, A. (2023) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.113378 · Cited by 31
“The accurate description of this number is out of the scope of this study, nonetheless, it is necessary to specify that it is function of the infection probability (P – evaluated as in equation (2)) and of the number of exposed susceptible people [24].”
Chen, L., Ban, G., Long, E., Kalonji, G., Zhu, C., Zhang, L., & Guo, S. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-13617-y · Cited by 29
“The floating virus in the air can spread over a long distance and may have a chance to be inhaled by healthy people under particular indoor, crowded, and inadequately ventilated spaces (Buonanno et al. 2020a; Correia et al. 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialManaging the risk of a COVID-19 outbreak from border arrivals
Steyn, N., Plank, M. J., James, A., Binny, R. N., Hendy, S. C., & Lustig, A. G. (2021) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0063 · Cited by 28
Assessment of the risks of viral transmission in non-confined crowdsPreprint
Garcia, W., Mendez, S., Fray, B., & Nicolas, A. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105453 · Cited by 3
“This variety better reflects our current uncertainty with regard to the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but also the established inter-individual and inter-case variability [16, 18], depending on physiology, talking characteristics [53], viral mutations, etc.”
BackgroundXu, S., Zhang, G., Liu, X., & Li, X. (2023) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113033 · Cited by 30
Barbosa, B. P. P., & Brum, N. D. C. L. (2021) · Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s40430-021-03029-x · Cited by 27
“[42, 43] was used in this study in a coupled multizone-CFD analysis to estimate the long-range airborne infection risk of a cohabitant in a model of a small office configuration with two occupants.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFrattolillo, A., Stabile, L., & Dell’Isola, M. (2021) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102478 · Cited by 26
Self-citationEpidemic disease and the state: Is there a tradeoff between public health and liberty?
Koyama, M. (2021) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-021-00944-4 · Cited by 27
Faulkner, C. A., Castellini, J. E., Lou, Y., Zuo, W., Lorenzetti, D. M., & Sohn, M. D. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109282 · Cited by 28
“We select a typical virus generation rate of 25 quanta/hr [27,28] and a viral decay rate of 0.”
MethodThornton, G. M., Fleck, B. A., Kroeker, E., Dandnayak, D., Fleck, N., Zhong, L., & Hartling, L. (2022) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000552 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Buonanno, G., Morawska, L., & Stabile, L.
- Affiliations
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- Università degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Stabile, L.
- Venue
- Environment International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 145
- Pages
- 106112
- ISSN
- 0160-4120 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7474922
- OpenAlex
- W3083235507
- Cited by
- 449
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 35
- FWCI
- 45.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environment International (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi di Cassino (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › COVID-19 impact on air quality
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, airborne transmission, infection risk assessment, indoor microenvironments, asymptomatic infection, exposure time, superspreading events, superspreaders, outbreak investigation, Monte Carlo simulation, attack rate
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Aerosols, China, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Air Pollution, Indoor, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Risk Assessment, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
