Indoor Aerosol Science Aspects of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission
Open accessAbstract
Knowledge about person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is reviewed, emphasizing three components: emission of virus-containing particles and drops from infectious persons; transport and fate of such emissions indoors; and inhalation of viral particles by susceptible persons. Emissions are usefully clustered into three groups: small particles (diameter 0.1-5 µm), large particles (5-100 µm), and ballistic drops (>100 µm). Speaking generates particles and drops across the size spectrum. Small particles are removed from indoor air at room scale by ventilation, filtration, and deposition; large particles mainly deposit onto indoor surfaces. Proximate exposure enhancements are associated with large particles with contributions from ballistic drops. Masking and social distancing are effective in mitigating transmission from proximate exposures. At room scale, masking, ventilation, and filtration can contribute to limit exposures. Important information gaps prevent a quantitative reconciliation of the high overall global spread of COVID-19 with known transmission pathways. Available information supports several findings with moderate-to-high confidence: transmission occurs predominantly indoors; inhalation of airborne particles (up to 50 µm in diameter) contributes substantially to viral spread; transmission occurs in near proximity and at room scale; speaking is a major source of airborne SARS-CoV-2 virus; and emissions can occur without strong illness symptoms.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
For human-emitted infectious particles specifically, masking in the general population also offers a second benefit of reducing source emissions from infected individuals.
“For human-emitted infectious particles specifically, masking in the general population also offers a second benefit of reducing source emissions from infected individuals [3,26,37,60].”
From Comparative Mask Protection against Inhaling Wildfire Smoke, Allergenic Bioaerosols, and Infectious Particles (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Evaporation can shrink human-emitted particle sizes by 50-75%.
“Evaporation can shrink human-emitted particle sizes by 50–75% [37].”
From Comparative Mask Protection against Inhaling Wildfire Smoke, Allergenic Bioaerosols, and Infectious Particles (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
The larger particle modes may settle out before they shrink appreciably.
“while the larger particle modes may settle out before they shrink appreciably [23,37].”
From Comparative Mask Protection against Inhaling Wildfire Smoke, Allergenic Bioaerosols, and Infectious Particles (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Evaporation rates strongly depend on particle size.
“Because evaporation rates strongly depend on particle size”
From Comparative Mask Protection against Inhaling Wildfire Smoke, Allergenic Bioaerosols, and Infectious Particles (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001017 · Cited by 28,244 · see citing works
Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019
Wölfel, R., Corman, V. M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Müller, M. A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T. C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x · Cited by 6,661 · see citing works
Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19
He, X., Lau, E. H. Y., Wu, P., Deng, X., Wang, J., Hao, X., Lau, Y. C., Wong, J. Y., Guan, Y., Tan, X., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0869-5 · Cited by 4,242 · see citing works
Chu, D. K., Akl, E. A., Duda, S., Solo, K., Yaacoub, S., Schünemann, H. J., Chu, D. K., Akl, E. A., El-harakeh, A., Bognanni, A., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31142-9 · Cited by 3,843 · see citing works
To, K. K., Tsang, O. T.-Y., Leung, W.-S., Tam, A. R., Wu, T.-C., Lung, D. C., Yip, C. C., Cai, J., Chan, J. M., Chik, T. S., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30196-1 · Cited by 3,045 · see citing works
Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks
Leung, N. H. L., Chu, D. K. W., Shiu, E. Y. C., Chan, K.-H., McDevitt, J. J., Hau, B. J. P., Yen, H.-L., Li, Y., Ip, D. K. M., Peiris, J. S. M., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0843-2 · Cited by 2,270 · see citing works
Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions
Chin, A. W. H., Chu, J. T. S., Perera, M. R. A., Hui, K. P. Y., Yen, H.-L., Chan, M. C. W., Peiris, M., & Poon, L. L. M. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.15.20036673 · Cited by 1,948 · see citing works
Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions
Chin, A. W. H., Chu, J. T. S., Perera, M. R. A., Hui, K. P. Y., Yen, H., Chan, M. C. W., Peiris, M. J. S., & Poon, L. L. M. (2020) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30003-3 · Cited by 1,948 · see citing works
Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples.
Pan, Y., Zhang, D., Yang, P., Poon, L. L. M., & Wang, Q. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30113-4 · Cited by 1,562 · see citing works
Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses
Wang, C. C., Prather, K. A., Sznitman, J., Jimenez, J. L., Lakdawala, S. S., Tüfekçi, Z., & Marr, L. C. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd9149 · Cited by 1,551 · see citing works
An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19
Howard, J., Huang, A., Li, Z., Tüfekçi, Z., Ždı́mal, V., van der Westhuizen, H., von Delft, A., Price, A. I., Fridman, L., Tang, L., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2014564118 · Cited by 1,530 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract
Hou, Y. J., Okuda, K., Edwards, C. E., Martinez, D. R., Asakura, T., Dinnon, K. H., Kato, T., Lee, R. E., Yount, B. L., Mascenik, T. M., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.042 · Cited by 1,488 · see citing works
Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections
Moriyama, M., Hugentobler, W., & Iwasaki, A. (2020) · Annual Review of Virology · doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-012420-022445 · Cited by 1,281 · see citing works
Riley, S., Fraser, C., Donnelly, C. A., Ghani, A. C., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Hedley, A. J., Leung, G. M., Ho, L., Lam, T.-H., Thach, T., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1086478 · Cited by 1,152 · see citing works
Morawska, L., Johnson, G. R., Ristovski, Z. D., Hargreaves, M., Mengersen, K., Corbett, S., Chao, C. Y. H., Li, Y., & Katoshevski, D. (2009) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.11.002 · Cited by 1,129 · see citing works
Asymptomatic Transmission, the Achilles’ Heel of Current Strategies to Control Covid-19
Gandhi, M., Yokoe, D. S., & Havlir, D. V. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2009758 · Cited by 1,093 · see citing works
Bourouiba, L. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4756 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Li, Y., Leung, G. M., Tang, J. W.-T., Yang, X., Chao, C. Y. H., Lin, J. Z., Lu, J. W. Z., Nielsen, P. V., Niu, J., Qian, H., et al. (2007) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00445.x · Cited by 1,057 · see citing works
How far droplets can move in indoor environments ? revisiting the Wells evaporation?falling curve
Xie, X., Li, Y., Chwang, A. T., Ho, P., & Seto, W. (2007) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00469.x · Cited by 971 · see citing works
AIRBORNE SPREAD OF MEASLES IN A SUBURBAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
RILEY, E. C., MURPHY, G., & Riley, R. L. (1978) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112560 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Aerosol filtration efficiency of common fabrics used in respiratory cloth masks
Konda, A., Prakash, A., Moss, G. A., Schmoldt, M., Grant, G. D., & Guha, S. (2020) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c03252 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
Ten scientific reasons in support of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2
Greenhalgh, T., Jimenez, J. L., Prather, K. A., Tufekci, Z., Fisman, D., & Schooley, R. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00869-2 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
Aerosol Emission and Superemission during Human Speech Increase with Voice Loudness
Asadi, S., Wexler, A. S., Cappa, C. D., Barreda, S., Bouvier, N. M., & Ristenpart, W. D. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-38808-z · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Toward Understanding the Risk of Secondary Airborne Infection: Emission of Respirable Pathogens
Nicas, M., Nazaroff, W. W., & Hubbard, A. (2005) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459620590918466 · Cited by 867 · see citing works
Self-citationThe size and the duration of air-carriage of respiratory droplets and droplet-nuclei
Duguid, J. P. (1946) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0022172400019288 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Violent expiratory events: on coughing and sneezing
Bourouiba, L., Dehandschoewercker, E., & Bush, J. W. M. (2014) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2014.88 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Buonanno, G., Stabile, L., & Morawska, L. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105794 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Miller, S. L., Nazaroff, W. W., Jimenez, J. L., Boerstra, A., Buonanno, G., Dancer, S. J., Kurnitski, J., Marr, L. C., Morawska, L., & Noakes, C. (2021) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12751 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Self-citationHousehold Transmission of SARS-CoV-2
Madewell, Z. J., Yang, Y., Longini, I. M., Halloran, M. E., & Dean, N. E. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.31756 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Probable airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a poorly ventilated restaurant
Li, Y., Qian, H., Hang, J., Chen, X., Cheng, P., Ling, H., Wang, S., Liang, P., Li, J., Xiao, S., et al. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107788 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Nazaroff, W. W. (2004) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00286.x · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Self-citationModality of human expired aerosol size distributions
Johnson, G. R., Morawska, L., Ristovski, Z., Hargreaves, M. H., Mengersen, K. L., Chao, C. Y. H., Wan, M. P., Li, Y., Xie, X., Katoshevski, D., et al. (2011) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.07.009 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Wells, W. F. (1934) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118097 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Risk of indoor airborne infection transmission estimated from carbon dioxide concentration
Rudnick, S. N., & Milton, D. K. (2003) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0668.2003.00189.x · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Flow dynamics and characterization of a cough
Gupta, J. K., Lin, C., & Chen, Q. (2009) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00619.x · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19Preprint
He, X., Lau, E. H. Y., Wu, P., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.03.15.20036707 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Carbon dioxide generation rates for building occupants
Persily, A. K., & de Jonge, L. (2017) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12383 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Characterizing exhaled airflow from breathing and talking
Gupta, J., Lin, C., & Chen, Q. (2009) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00623.x · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Indoor transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2
Qian, H., Miao, T., Liu, L., Zheng, X., Luo, D., & Li, Y. (2020) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12766 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Airborne spread of infectious agents in the indoor environment
Wei, J., & Li, Y. (2016) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2016.06.003 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Modelling inhaled particle deposition in the human lung—A review
HOFMANN, W. (2011) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.05.007 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Asadi, S., Cappa, C. D., Barreda, S., Wexler, A. S., Bouvier, N. M., & Ristenpart, W. D. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72798-7 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Coronavirus Disease Outbreak in Call Center, South Korea
Park, S. Y., Kim, Y., Yi, S., Lee, S., Na, B.-J., Kim, C. B., Kim, J.-I., Kim, H. S., Kim, Y. B., Park, Y., et al. (2020) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2608.201274 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Buonanno, G., Morawska, L., & Stabile, L. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106112 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
The Mechanism of Breath Aerosol Formation
Johnson, G. R., & Morawska, L. (2009) · Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery · doi:10.1089/jamp.2008.0720 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Marr, L. C., Tang, J. W.-T., Mullekom, J. V., & Lakdawala, S. S. (2019) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2018.0298 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Effects of room furnishings and air speed on particle deposition rates indoors
Thatcher, T. L., Lai, A. C. K., Moreno-Jackson, R., Sextro, R. G., & Nazaroff, W. W. (2002) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00157-7 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of ventilation on the indoor spread of COVID-19
Bhagat, R. K., Wykes, M. S. D., Dalziel, S. B., & Linden, P. F. (2020) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/jfm.2020.720 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Characterizations of particle size distribution of the droplets exhaled by sneeze
Han, Z. Y., Weng, W. G., & Huang, Q. Y. (2013) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.0560 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Outdoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses: a systematic review
Bulfone, T. C., Malekinejad, M., Rutherford, G. W., & Razani, N. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa742 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Grinshpun, S. A., Haruta, H., Eninger, R. M., Reponen, T., McKay, R. T., & Lee, S.-A. (2009) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459620903120086 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Tang, J. W., Bahnfleth, W. P., Bluyssen, P. M., Buonanno, G., Jimenez, J. L., Kurnitski, J., Li, Y., Miller, S., Sekhar, C., Morawska, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.12.022 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaporation and dispersion of respiratory droplets from coughing
Liu, L., Wei, J., Li, Y., & Ooi, A. S. H. (2016) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12297 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Physico-chemical characteristics of evaporating respiratory fluid droplets
Vejerano, E. P., & Marr, L. C. (2018) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2017.0939 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Short-range airborne transmission of expiratory droplets between two people
Liu, L., Li, Y., Nielsen, P. V., Wei, J., & Jensen, R. L. (2016) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12314 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Walking-induced particle resuspension in indoor environments
Qian, J., Peccia, J., & Ferro, A. R. (2014) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.035 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Nazaroff, W. W. (2014) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12174 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citationTang, J. W.-T., Liebner, T. J., Craven, B. A., & Settles, G. S. (2009) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0295.focus · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Bjørn, E., & Nielsen, P. V. (2002) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0668.2002.08126.x · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Althouse, B. M., Wenger, E. A., Miller, J. C., Scarpino, S. V., Allard, A., Hébert‐Dufresne, L., & Hu, H. (2020) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000897 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Visualizing the effectiveness of face masks in obstructing respiratory jets
Verma, S., Dhanak, M., & Frankenfield, J. (2020) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0016018 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Airflow Dynamics of Human Jets: Sneezing and Breathing - Potential Sources of Infectious Aerosols
Tang, J. W.-T., Nicolle, A. D., Klettner, C. A., Pantelic, J., Wang, L., Suhaimi, A. B., Tan, A. Y. L., Ong, G. W. X., Su, R., Sekhar, C., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059970 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Face masks to prevent transmission of influenza virus: a systematic review
Cowling, B. J., Zhou, Y., Ip, D., Leung, G. M., & Aiello, A. E. (2010) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268809991658 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Bennett, D. H., McKone, T. E., Evans, J. S., Nazaroff, W. W., Margni, M. D., Jolliet, O., & Smith, K. R. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationPeer Reviewed: Defining Intake Fraction
Bennett, D. H., McKone, T. E., Evans, J. S. O., Nazaroff, W. W., Margni, M. D., Jolliet, O., & Smith, K. R. (2002) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es0222770 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-citationA Survey of Wind Speeds in Indoor Workplaces
Baldwin, P. E. J. (1998) · The Annals of Occupational Hygiene · doi:10.1016/s0003-4878(98)00031-3 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Droplet expulsion from the respiratory tract.
(1967) · PubMed · doi:10.1164/arrd.1967.95.3.435 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Comfort under personally controlled air movement in warm and humid environments
Zhai, Y., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., Pasut, W., Arens, E., & Meng, Q. (2013) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.03.022 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Using a Mathematical Model to Evaluate the Efficacy of TB Control Measures
Gammaitoni, L., & Nucci, M. C. (1997) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid0303.970310 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Lau, M. S. Y., Grenfell, B. T., Thomas, M. M., Bryan, M., Nelson, K., & Lopman, B. A. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2011802117 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Speech can produce jet-like transport relevant to asymptomatic spreading of virus
Abkarian, M., Mendez, S., Xue, N., Yang, F., & Stone, H. A. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2012156117 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
A Computational and Experimental Investigation of the Human Thermal Plume
Craven, B. A., & Settles, G. S. (2006) · Journal of Fluids Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.2353274 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Social contact networks for the spread of pandemic influenza in children and teenagers
Glass, L. M., & Glass, R. J. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-61 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Respiratory aerosols and droplets in the transmission of infectious diseases
Pöhlker, M. L., Pöhlker, C., Krüger, O. O., Förster, J., Berkemeier, T., Elbert, W., Fröhlich‐Nowoisky, J., Pöschl, U., Bagheri, G., Bodenschatz, E., et al. (2023) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.95.045001 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Evaluating the Efficacy of Cloth Facemasks in Reducing Particulate Matter Exposure
Shakya, K. M., Noyes, A., Kallin, R., & Peltier, R. E. (2017) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/jes.2016.42 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Microbial Exchange via Fomites and Implications for Human Health
Stephens, B., Azimi, P., Thoemmes, M. S., Heidarinejad, M., Allen, J. G., & Gilbert, J. A. (2019) · Current Pollution Reports · doi:10.1007/s40726-019-00123-6 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Inward and Outward Effectiveness of Cloth Masks, a Surgical Mask, and a Face Shield
Pan, J., Harb, C., Leng, W., & Marr, L. C. (2021) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2021.1890687 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Olmedo, I., Nielsen, P. V., de Adana, M. R., Jensen, R. L., & Grzelecki, P. (2011) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00736.x · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Estimates of HVAC filtration efficiency for fine and ultrafine particles of outdoor origin
Azimi, P., Zhao, D., & Stephens, B. (2014) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.007 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Experimental investigation of the human convective boundary layer in a quiescent indoor environment
Licina, D., Pantelic, J., Melikov, A. K., Sekhar, C., & Tham, K. W. (2014) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.01.016 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Dispersion of exhalation pollutants in a two-bed hospital ward with a downward ventilation system
Qian, H., Li, Y., Nielsen, P. V., & Hyldgaard, C. E. (2006) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.03.025 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Contamination of inert surfaces by SARS-CoV-2: Persistence, stability and infectivity. A review
Marquès, M., & Domingo, J. L. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110559 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Residential air‐change rates: A critical review
Nazaroff, W. W. (2021) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12785 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, S. L., Nazaroff, W. W., Jimenez, J. L., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.06.15.20132027 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationAIR INFECTION WITH DUST LIBERATED FROM CLOTHING
Duguid, J. (1948) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(48)91428-7 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Lai, A. C. K., Poon, C. K. M., & Cheung, A. C. (2011) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2011.0537 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Thunderstorm‐related asthma: what happens and why
D’Amato, G., Vitale, C., D’Amato, M., Cecchi, L., Liccardi, G., Molino, A., Vatrella, A., Sanduzzi, A., Maesano, C. N., & Annesi‐Maesano, I. (2016) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/cea.12709 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Just 2% of SARS-CoV-2−positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communities
Yang, Q., Saldi, T. K., Gonzales, P. K., Lasda, E. L., Decker, C. J., Tat, K. L., Fink, M. R., Hager, C. R., Davis, J. C., Ozeroff, C. D., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2104547118 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Airborne Transmission of Bordetella pertussis
Warfel, J. M., Beren, J. J., & Merkel, T. J. (2012) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jis443 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) superspreader events
Majra, D., Benson, J., Pitts, J. M., & Stebbing, J. (2020) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.11.021 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Inhalation intake fraction of pollutants from episodic indoor emissions
Nazaroff, W. W. (2006) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.03.021 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationViable influenza A virus in airborne particles expelled during coughs versus exhalations
Lindsley, W. G., Blachere, F. M., Beezhold, D. H., Thewlis, R. E., Noorbakhsh, B., Othumpangat, S., Goldsmith, W. T., McMillen, C. M., Andrew, M. E., Burrell, C. N., et al. (2016) · Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses · doi:10.1111/irv.12390 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Hwang, S. E., Chang, J. H., Oh, B., & Heo, J. (2020) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.035 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Riley, R. L. (1974) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(74)90140-5 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Clothing-Mediated Exposures to Chemicals and Particles
Licina, D., Morrison, G., Bekö, G., Weschler, C. J., & Nazaroff, W. W. (2019) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b00272 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman exhalation characterization with the aid of schlieren imaging technique
Xu, C., Nielsen, P. V., Liu, L., Jensen, R. L., & Gong, G. (2016) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.032 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
A Rosetta Stone for Understanding Infectious Drops and Aerosols
Milton, D. K. (2020) · Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · doi:10.1093/jpids/piaa079 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Kwon, K. S., Park, J.-I., Park, Y.-J., Jung, D.-M., Ryu, K.-W., & Lee, J. H. (2020) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e415 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Influenza A virus is transmissible via aerosolized fomites
Asadi, S., Hnia, N. G. B., Barre, R. S., Wexler, A. S., Ristenpart, W. D., & Bouvier, N. M. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17888-w · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Licina, D., Tian, Y., & Nazaroff, W. W. (2016) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12365 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms of Airborne Infection via Evaporating and Sedimenting Droplets Produced by Speaking
Netz, R. R. (2020) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05229 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Human convective boundary layer and its interaction with room ventilation flow
Licina, D., Melikov, A., Sekhar, C., & Tham, K. W. (2015) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12120 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Analysis and design of micro-climate around the human body with respiration by CFD
Murakami, S. (2004) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00283.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Lieber, C., Melekidis, S., Koch, R., & Bauer, H.-J. (2021) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2021.105760 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Airborne transmission and precautions: facts and myths
Seto, W. (2014) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2014.11.005 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Walker, J. S., Archer, J., Gregson, F. K. A., Michel, S. E. S., Bzdek, B. R., & Reid, J. P. (2021) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.0c01522 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
A Survey of Wind Speeds in Indoor Workplaces
BALDWIN, P. E. J., & MAYNARD, A. D. (1998) · The Annals of Occupational Hygiene · doi:10.1093/annhyg/42.5.303 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Mixing of a Point Source Pollutant by Natural Convection Flow within a Room
Baughman, A. V., Gadgil, A. J., & Nazaroff, W. W. (1994) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-2-00006.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring the exhaled breath of a manikin and human subjects
Xu, C., Nielsen, P. V., Gong, G., Liu, L., & Jensen, R. L. (2014) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12129 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Sun, S., Li, J., & Han, J. (2021) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-020-01178-4 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Melikov, A. K., Ai, Z., & Markov, D. G. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140908 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Risk of cross-infection in a hospital ward with downward ventilation
Nielsen, P. V., Li, Y., Buus, M., & Winther, F. V. (2010) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.02.017 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Matthews, T. G., Thompson, C. V., Wilson, D. L., Hawthorne, A. R., & Mage, D. T. (1989) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/0160-4120(89)90074-3 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
What was the primary mode of smallpox transmission? Implications for biodefense
Milton, D. K. (2012) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2012.00150 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Tang, J. W.-T., Nicolle, A. D. G., Pantelic, J., Jiang, M., Sekhr, C., Cheong, D. K. W., & Tham, K. W. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021392 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Aerosol inhalability at higher windspeeds
Vincent, J. H., Mark, D., Miller, B. G., Armbruster, L., & Ogden, T. L. (1990) · Journal of Aerosol Science · doi:10.1016/0021-8502(90)90133-i · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Clothing as a transport vector for airborne particles: Chamber study
Licina, D., & Nazaroff, W. W. (2018) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12452 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationde Man, P., Paltansing, S., Ong, D. S. Y., Vaessen, N., van Nielen, G., & Koeleman, J. G. M. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1270 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The airborne transmission of infection between flats in high-rise residential buildings: A review
Mao, J., & Gao, N. (2015) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.09.026 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Cheng, K.-C., Acevedo-Bolton, V., Jiang, R.-T., Klepeis, N. E., Ott, W. R., Fringer, O. B., & Hildemann, L. M. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es103080p · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Simplified models for exhaled airflow from a cough with the mouth covered
Chen, C., Lin, C., Jiang, Z., & Chen, Q. (2014) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12109 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Mixing of a Point-Source Indoor Pollutant by Forced Convection
Drescher, A. C., Lobascio, C., Gadgil, A. J., & Nazarofif, W. W. (1995) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.t01-1-00007.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Qualitative and quantitative schlieren optical measurement of the human thermal plume
Gena, A. W., Voelker, C., & Settles, G. S. (2020) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12674 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19 Outbreak at Fitness Centers in Cheonan, Korea
Bae, S., Kim, H., Jung, T.-Y., Lim, J.-A., Jo, D.-H., Kang, G.-S., Jeong, S.-H., Choi, D.-K., Kim, H.-J., Cheon, Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e288 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Experiments on the spread of colds: II. Studies in volunteers with coxsackievirus A21
Buckland, F. E., Bynoe, M. L., & Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1965) · Journal of Hygiene · doi:10.1017/s0022172400045228 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Baron, A., Hachem, M., Nhieu, J. T. V., Botterel, F., Fourati, S., Carteaux, G., de Prost, N., Maître, B., Dessap, A. M., & Schlemmer, F. (2020) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.202007-868rl · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Probable aerosol transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 in a poorly ventilated courtroom
Vernez, D., Schwarz, S., Sauvain, J., Pétignat, C., & Suárez, G. (2021) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12866 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
What dominates personal exposure? Ambient airflow pattern or local human thermal plume
Ma, J., Qian, H., Nielsen, P. V., Liu, L., Li, Y., & Zheng, X. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107790 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Nguyen‐Van‐Tam, J. S., Killingley, B., Enstone, J. E., Hewitt, M., Pantelic, J., Grantham, M. L., de Mesquita, P. J. B., Lambkin‐Williams, R., Gilbert, A., Mann, A., et al. (2020) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008704 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Guo, Y., Wei, J., Ou, C., Liu, L., Sadrizadeh, S., Jin, T., Tang, L., Zhang, Y., & Li, Y. (2020) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2020.1772459 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 and the role of airborne transmission: a systematic review
Heneghan, C. J., Spencer, E. A., Brassey, J., Plüddemann, A., Onakpoya, I., Evans, D. H., Conly, J. M., & Jefferson, T. (2021) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.52091.1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Quantitative aerobiologic analysis of an influenza human challenge‐transmission trial
de Mesquita, P. J. B., Noakes, C. J., & Milton, D. K. (2020) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12701 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 and the role of airborne transmission: a systematic review
Heneghan, C. J., Spencer, E. A., Brassey, J., Plüddemann, A., Onakpoya, I., Evans, D. H., Conly, J. M., & Jefferson, T. (2021) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.52091.2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bond, T. C., Bosco‐Lauth, A. M., Farmer, D. K., Francisco, P. W., Pierce, J. R., Fedak, K. M., Ham, J. M., Jathar, S. H., & VandeWoude, S. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c07721 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Modeling the Impacts of Physical Distancing and Other Exposure Determinants on Aerosol Transmission
Wagner, J., Sparks, T. L., Miller, S., Chen, W., Macher, J. M., & Waldman, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459624.2021.1963445 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Volkwein, J. C., Maynard, A. D., & Harper, M. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781118001684.ch25 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chen, C., Zhao, B., Lai, D., & Liu, W. (2018) · Building Simulation · doi:10.1007/s12273-018-0441-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Xu, P., Jia, W., Qian, H., Xiao, S., Miao, T., Yen, H., Tan, H., Kang, M., Cowling, B. J., & Li, Y. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107839 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Collins, F. S. (2006) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/507611 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Randall, K., Ewing, E. T., Marr, L. C., Jimenez, J. L., & Bourouiba, L. (2021) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2021.0049 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Li, Y. (2011) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00711.x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nguyen‐Van‐Tam, J. S., Killingley, B., Enstone, J. E., et al. (2019) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.19014381 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bond, T. C., Bosco‐Lauth, A. M., Farmer, D. K., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.20187625 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Just 2% of SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communitiesPreprint
Yang, Q., Saldi, T. K., Lasda, E. L., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.21252250 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Collins FS. No longer just looking under the lamppost. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2006;79:421-426.
- Beard KV. Terminal velocity and shape of cloud and precipitation drops aloft. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 1976;33:851-864.
- USEPA. Inhalation rates. Chapter 6. In: Exposure Factors Handbook. United States Environmental Protection Agency; 2011.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food production and animal health
Rahimi, P., Islam, M. S., Duarte, P. M., Tazerji, S. S., Sobur, M. A., Zowalaty, M. E. E., Ashour, H. M., & Rahman, M. T. (2021) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.003 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Yu, L., Ma, H., Zhang, N., & Li, Q. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10174 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Portable air cleaners and residential exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2 aerosols: A real‐world study
Myers, N. T., Laumbach, R. J., Black, K., Ohman‐Strickland, P., Alimokhtari, S., Legard, A., Resende, A. D., Calderón, L. D., Lu, F. T., Mainelis, G., et al. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13029 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
CFD analysis of the air supply rate influence on the aerosol dispersion in a university lecture room
Arpino, F., Cortellessa, G., D’Alicandro, A. C., Grossi, G., Massarotti, N., & Mauro, A. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110257 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Risk assessment for long- and short-range airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2, indoors and outdoors
Poydenot, F., Abdourahamane, I., Caplain, E., Der, S., Haiech, J., Jallon, A., Khoutami, I., Loucif, A., Marinov, E., & Andreotti, B. (2022) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac223 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Long-term prediction of the effects of climate change on indoor climate and air quality
Zhao, J., Uhde, E., Salthammer, T., Antretter, F., Shaw, D., Carslaw, N., & Schieweck, A. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117804 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
McLeod, R. S., Hopfe, C. J., Bodenschatz, E., Moriske, H., Pöschl, U., Salthammer, T., Curtius, J., Helleis, F., Niessner, J., Herr, C. E. W., et al. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13142 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
de la Hoz-Torres, M. L., Aguilar, A. J., Costa, N., Arezes, P., Ruiz, D. P., & Martínez-Aires, M. D. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13040 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Xu, S., Zhang, G., Liu, X., & Li, X. (2023) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113033 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cortellessa, G., Canale, C., Stabile, L., Grossi, G., Buonanno, G., & Arpino, F. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110222 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Andrup, L., Krogfelt, K. A., Stephansen, L., Hansen, K. S., Graversen, B. K., Wolkoff, P., & Madsen, A. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1332078 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A CFD-based framework to assess airborne infection risk in buildings
Vita, G., Woolf, D., Avery-Hickmott, T., & Rowsell, R. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110099 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Where environmental microbiome meets its host: Subway and passenger microbiome relationships
Peimbert, M., & Alcaraz, L. D. (2022) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.16440 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kvasnicka, J., Hubal, E. A. C., Siegel, J. A., Scott, J. A., & Diamond, M. L. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c08342 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Testing Filter-Based Air Cleaners with Surrogate Particles for Viruses and Exhaled Droplets
Schumacher, S., Sanchez, A. B., Caspari, A., Staack, K., & Asbach, C. (2022) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos13101538 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
What sizes of droplets contribute to long-range airborne transmission?
Cheng, P., Jia, W., Liu, L., Yen, H., & Li, Y. (2024) · Indoor Environments · doi:10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100045 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Feng, Y., Zhang, Y., Ding, X., Fan, Y., & Ge, J. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110489 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wagner, J., Macher, J. M., Chen, W., & Kumagai, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315555 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kušan, A. C., Baranašić, J., Frka, S., Lucijanić, T., Šribar, A., Knežević, J., Buonanno, G., & Stabile, L. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164642 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Risk modeling for ASHRAE Standard 241-2023 — Control of infectious aerosols
Jones, B., Iddon, C. R., Zaatari, M., Wargocki, P. L., & Bruns, R. (2025) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113318 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sadeghi, S., Aminossadati, S. M., & Leonardi, C. R. (2024) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1155/ina/6039587 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lavrinenko, A., Fabregat, A., Gisbert, F., & Pallarès, J. (2024) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2024.107272 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Effectiveness of respiratory protective equipment on source control of exhaled pollutants
Jia, Z., Ai, Z., Cao, S., & Bekö, G. (2024) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.108742 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ejaz, M. F., Kilpeläinen, S., Mustakallio, P., Zhao, W., & Kosonen, R. (2024) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings14051272 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
On the Lagrangian dynamics of saliva particles during normal mouth breathing
Oaks, W. R., Craig, J., Duran, C. M., Sotiropoulos, F., & Khosronejad, A. (2022) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/5.0087700 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A power-law distribution of infectious quanta for the top 30% of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals
Cheng, P., Jia, W., Liu, L., Yen, H., & Li, Y. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112256 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Respiratory particle emission rates from children during speaking
Caracci, E., Stabile, L., Ferro, A. R., Morawska, L., & Buonanno, G. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-45615-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Should we use ceiling fans indoors to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious aerosols?
Li, J., Sultan, Z., & Schiavon, S. (2024) · Indoor Environments · doi:10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100039 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Li, J. H., Yang, Y., Zhang, M., Wen, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Case Studies in Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.csite.2025.107356 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Comparing respiratory aerosol emissions between children and adults during sustained phonation
Rawat, M. S., Agirsoy, M., Senarathna, D., Erath, B. D., Ahmed, T., Mondal, S., & Ferro, A. R. (2023) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2023.2261715 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jimenez, J. L., Peng, Z., & Pagonis, D. (2022) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.13025 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Liu, J., Deng, Z., & Liu, S. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.116175 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Resuspension of inhalable particles from clothing: A manikin-based chamber study
Jhang, H.-Y., Shen, Y., & Licina, D. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112157 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Development of Functional Filter Materials for Virus Protective Face Masks
Zabihi, F., Reissner, J., Friese, A., Schulze, M., Nie, C., Nickl, P., Lehmann, L., Siller, P., Melcher, C., Schneiders, T., et al. (2023) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202300141 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhao, J., Salthammer, T., Schieweck, A., Uhde, E., & Hussein, T. (2025) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d4em00663a · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Building energy efficiency and COVID-19 infection risk: Lessons from office room management
Zhang, N., Hu, T., Niu, M., Chang, B., Elisa, N. P., Xue, P., & Ji, Y. (2023) · Building Simulation · doi:10.1007/s12273-023-1054-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Geisler, S. M., Lausch, K. H., Hehnen, F., Schulz, I., Kertzscher, U., Kriegel, M., Paschereit, C. O., Schimek, S., Hasirci, Ü., Brockmann, G., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.06.09.23291132 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Inhalation dominates exposure of expired particles in close contact with head movement
Feng, Y., Li, Y., Fan, Y., & Ge, J. (2025) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113206 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lipczyńska, A., Bivolarova, M. P., Guo, L., Kierat, W., & Melikov, A. K. (2022) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202235605001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nosocomial Coronavirus Disease 2019 during 2020–2021: Role of Architecture and Ventilation
Martinot, M., Mohseni-Zadeh, M., Gravier, S., Ion, C., Eyriey, M., Beigue, S., Coutan, C., Ongagna, J. C., Henric, A., Schieber, A., et al. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12010046 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Estimating indoor airborne concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using quantitative filter forensics
Hoskin, Z., Siegel, J. A., & Haines, S. R. (2024) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111632 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Geisler, S. M., Lausch, K. H., Hehnen, F., Schulz, I., Kertzscher, U., Kriegel, M., Paschereit, C. O., Schimek, S., Hasirci, Ü., Brockmann, G., et al. (2024) · Communications Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44172-024-00297-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ventilation characteristics in a hospital where a COVID-19 outbreak occurred in the winter of 2020
Hayashi, M., 村田, さ., & Kikuta, K. (2024) · Indoor Environments · doi:10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100065 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Exhaled CO2 and aerosol dispersion on a cruise ship: Airflow and infection risk insights
Hama, S. M. L., Kumar, P., Cheung, H. Y. W., Emygdio, A. P. M., Ewer, J., Wang, Z., Galea, E. R., Grandison, A., Jia, F., Siilin, N., et al. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181112 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tanaka, Y., Kikuta, K., Nakazawa, T., Sasai, Y., Ogawa, Y., Gu, Y., Mitsumoto‐Kaseida, F., Yanagihara, K., Tateda, K., & Hayashi, M. (2026) · Indoor Environments · doi:10.1016/j.indenv.2026.100161 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Numerical Simulation of the Formation and Motion of Turbulent Vortex Clouds (Puffs)
Zasimova, M. A., Ris, V. V., & Ivanov, N. G. (2023) · Fluid Dynamics · doi:10.1134/s0015462823601316 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Perforated plate ventilation system and dynamics of infectious respiratory particle transmission
Song, C., Cheng, M., Kong, B., Zeng, Z., Yuan, N., & Shi, H. G. (2024) · International journal of mechanical system dynamics · doi:10.1002/msd2.12134 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
On the Risk of Infection by Infectious Aerosols in Large Indoor Spaces
Hejazi, B., Schlenczek, O., Thiede, B., Bagheri, G., & Bodenschatz, E. (2022) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.220117 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effect of a barrier on spatial distribution of respiratory particles in a room
Gnegy, M., Gohlke, C., & Marr, L. C. (2023) · Aerosol Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/02786826.2023.2181142 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
He, J., Wu, W., Liu, W., Liu, Z., & Li, S. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2023047864 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bioaerosols in built and natural environments
Yamamoto, N. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824411-1.00005-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Modelling Near‐Field Aerosol Exposure for Respiratory Infection Risk Assessment
Delmaar, C. J. E., Vermeulen, L. C., & Schijven, J. F. (2025) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1155/ina/5571740 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Morel, J., Droillard, C., Lenoir, J.-M., Ménard, C., Hir, S. L., Ensenat, E., Bourgeay, C., Zambujo, T., Proust, A., Julien, T., et al. (2026) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1155/ina/1619954 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Study of Expiratory Droplet Dispersion and Deposition Density in an Enclosed Residential Space
Kharrufa, S. N., Panigrahi, D., Makky, S., Muaitah, A. A., Aziz, O., & Basheer, M. (2023) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings13071869 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Numerical modeling of turbulent puffs evolution
Zasimova, M. A., Ris, V. V., & Ivanov, N. G. (2023) · Fluid Dynamics · doi:10.31857/s1024708423600100 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Impact of Secondary Organic Aerosol on the Respiratory Viral Infection in Vitro
Wang, S., Zhang, X., Lin, K., Huang, G., Zhao, Y., Chu, H., & Chan, A. W. H. (2024) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00217 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Regard vétérinaire sur la COVID-19
Jégou, J.-P. (2022) · Bulletin de l Académie vétérinaire de France · doi:10.3406/bavf.2022.71004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Çetin, H. M. (2023) · Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17341/gazimmfd.1252002
Ledda, P. G., Badas, M. G., Monti, P., Pelliccioni, A., & Querzoli, G. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4877066
Çetin, H. M., Özgünler, M., & Arpacıoğlu, Ü. (2024) · Mimarlık Bilimleri ve Uygulamaları Dergisi (MBUD) · doi:10.30785/mbud.1429762
Hayashi, M., Honma, Y., Kikuta, K., Hasegawa, A., 村田, さ., Yamada, H., OGATA, M., Kagi, N., Yanagi, U., Yamanaka, T., et al. (2024) · Japan Architectural Review · doi:10.1002/2475-8876.12463
Experience with HEPA-filtered Air Purifiers during the COVID-19 Outbreak
Imai, H., Endo, S., HORIUCHI, Y., Yoshida, M., & Kaku, M. (2024) · Japanese Journal of Infection Prevention and Control · doi:10.4058/jsei.39.209
Mao, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Tu, Q., Wang, L., Kong, X., & Yuan, J. (2025) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459624.2025.2491489
Lee, S., & Kim, J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5245555
Survival and transmission fitness of SARS-CoV-2 over the time-of-flight in an aerosolization chamber
Zhang, Y., Donovan, J. M., (23811816), D. W., Lam, V. L., Gibson, R. M., Renaud, S., Paquette, D., Lescanec, A., Hird, C., DeGroot, C. T., et al. (2025) · npj Viruses · doi:10.1038/s44298-025-00143-8
Geospatial analysis and modeling of indoor air quality
Arpino, F., Canale, C., Cortellessa, G., & Grossi, G. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26643-0.00014-5
Tanaka, Y., Kikuta, K., Nakazawa, T., Sasai, Y., Ogawa, Y., Gu, Y., Mitsumoto‐Kaseida, F., Yanagihara, K., Tateda, K., & Hayashi, M. (2026) · Japan Architectural Review · doi:10.1002/2475-8876.70093
Yang, S., Hung, P.-C., Huang, H.-C., & Hsu, Y.-F. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16167922
Qian, J., Chen, Y., Wang, Q., Wenye, T., Wu, Y., Li, J., & Gu, Z. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7589453
Chen, M., & Guo, M. (2026) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.115373
- Authors
- Nazaroff, W. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nazaroff, William W
- ORCID
- Nazaroff, William W
- Venue
- Indoor Air
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-12-06
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e12970-e12970
- ISSN
- 0905-6947 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0668
- OpenAlex
- W3190948864
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 143
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 2.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Indoor Air (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › COVID-19 impact on air quality
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, indoor aerosols, airborne transmission, respiratory droplets, particle size, ventilation, air filtration, surface deposition, masking, social distancing, inhalation exposure
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Aerosols, Air Microbiology, Humans, Ventilation, Air Pollution, Indoor
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
