Internal Relative Potency Factors Based on Immunotoxicity for the Risk Assessment of Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Human Biomonitoring

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Internal Relative Potency Factors for the Risk Assessment of Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Human Biomonitoring

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Effect of Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) on immune cell development and function in mice

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Letter to the Editor on Bil et al. 2021 “Risk Assessment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Mixtures: A Relative Potency Factor Approach”

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Response to Letter to the Editor on Bil et al. 2021 “Risk Assessment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Mixtures: A Relative Potency Factor Approach”

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High-throughput transcriptomics and benchmark concentration modeling for potency ranking of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in exposed human liver cell spheroidsPreprint

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Consideration of pathways for immunotoxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

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Neurotoxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Evidence and future directions

Bharal, B., Ruchitha, C., Kumar, P., Pandey, R., Rachamalla, M., Niyogi, S., Naidu, R., & Kaundal, R. K. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176941 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

The EU’s Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Ban: A Case of Policy over Science

Spyrakis, F., & Dragani, T. A. (2023) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics11090721 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

An integrated assessment of ecological and human health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances through toxicity prediction approaches

Hamid, N., Junaid, M., Manzoor, R., Sultan, M., Chuan, O. M., & Wang, J. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167213 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

The “forever” per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): A critical accounting of global research on a major threat under changing regulations

Klingelhöfer, D., Braun, M., Groneberg, D. A., & Brüggmann, D. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141694 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Integrated approaches for immunotoxicity risk assessment: challenges and future directions

Chandrasekar, V., Panicker, A. J., Dey, A. K., Mohammad, S., Chakraborty, A., Samal, S. K., Dash, A., Bhadra, J., Suar, M., Khare, M., et al. (2024) · Discover Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s44339-024-00010-w · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Dietary exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Potential health impacts on human liver

Zhang, J., Hu, L., & Xu, H. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167945 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Advancing toxicity studies of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (pfass) through machine learning: Models, mechanisms, and future directions

Meng, L., Zhou, B., Liu, H., Chen, Y., Yuan, R., Chen, Z., Luo, S., & Chen, H. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174201 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Identification and quantification of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) migrating from food contact materials (FCM)

Loureiro, P. V., Nguyen, K. H., de Quirós, A. R. B., Sendón, R., Granby, K., & Niklas, A. A. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142360 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Tissue-specific distribution and fatty acid content of PFAS in the northern Bohai Sea fish: Risk-benefit assessment of legacy PFAS and emerging alternatives

Xiu, Z., Zheng, N., An, Q., Chen, C., Lin, Q., Li, X., Wang, S., Peng, L., Li, Y., Zhu, H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136024 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Biobased Hydrophobic Solutions for Natural Textiles—Moving Beyond PFAS

Jerič, P., Likozar, B., & Novak, U. (2025) · Journal of Composites Science · doi:10.3390/jcs9020081 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Dose additive maternal and offspring effects of oral maternal exposure to a mixture of three PFAS (HFPO-DA, NBP2, PFOS) during pregnancy in the Sprague-Dawley rat

Conley, J. M., Lambright, C. S., Evans, N., Farraj, A. K., Smoot, J., Grindstaff, R. D., Hill, D., McCord, J. P., Medlock-Kakaley, E., Dixon, A., et al. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164609 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in homegrown crops: Accumulation and human risk assessment

Lasters, R., Groffen, T., Eens, M., & Bervoets, L. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143208 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in plastic food storage bags by different analytical approaches

Stroski, K. M., & Sapozhnikova, Y. (2023) · Journal of Chromatography Open · doi:10.1016/j.jcoa.2023.100106 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Potential of photocatalytic nanomaterials for PFOA and PFOS degradation: Challenges and opportunities

Fernandes, R. J. C., Silva, A. R., Cardoso, B. D., Coutinho, P. J. G., & Pereira, L. J. R. (2024) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2024.115201 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Perfluoroalkyl substances and immunotoxicity: An in vitro structure-activity relationship study in THP-1-derived monocytes and macrophages

Amstutz, V. H., Sijm, D. T. H. M., & Vrolijk, M. F. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143075 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Burden of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human breast milk: Implications for maternal and infant health

Su, J., Gao, Y., Sun, Y., Bing, M., Liu, Q. S., Zhou, Q., Fiedler, H., & Jiang, G. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109593 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Determination of in vitro immunotoxic potencies of a series of perfluoralkylsubstances (PFASs) in human Namalwa B lymphocyte and human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells

Janssen, A. W. F., Holleboom, W. J., Rijkers, D., Louisse, J., Hoekstra, S. A., Schild, S., Vrolijk, M. F., Hoogenboom, L. A. P., & Beekmann, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Toxicology · doi:10.3389/ftox.2024.1347965 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

The use of canonical dose–response models for benchmark dose analysis of continuous toxicological data

Slob, W., Bakker, M. I., Bokkers, B. G. H., Chen, G., Chiu, W. A., Mennes, W. C., Nicolaie, M. A., Setzer, R. W., & White, P. A. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408444.2025.2464067 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Placental inflammatory injury induced by chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B) through NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Chu, C., Ran, H., Zhou, Y., Zhao, K., Zhang, Y., Fan, Y.-Y., Wu, L.-Y., Liang, L.-X., Huang, J.-W., Guo, L.-H., et al. (2024) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116453 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

A multi-tiered hierarchical Bayesian approach to derive toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like compounds

Ring, C., Blanchette, A. D., Klaren, W. D., Fitch, S., Haws, L. C., Wheeler, M. W., DeVito, M. J., Walker, N. J., & Wikoff, D. S. (2023) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105464 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Structure-specific variation in per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances toxicity among genetically diverse Caenorhabditis elegans strains

Leuthner, T. C., Zhang, S., Kohrn, B. F., Stapleton, H. M., & Baugh, L. R. (2025) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfaf014 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Combined chronic dietary exposure to four nephrotoxic metals exceeds tolerable intake levels in the adult population of 10 European countries

Sprong, R. C., van den Brand, A. D., van Donkersgoed, G., Blaznik, U., Christodoulou, D. L., Crépet, A., Dias, M. D. G., Jensen, B. H., Morretto, A., Rauscher‐Gabernig, E., et al. (2023) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2023.2272716 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Advances in perfluoro-alkylated compounds (PFAS) detection in seafood and marine environments: A comprehensive review on analytical techniques and global regulations

Chandrasekaran, P. R., Chinnadurai, J., Lim, Y. C., Chen, C.-W., Tsai, P., Huang, P., Gavahian, M., Andaluri, G., Dong, C., Lin, Y., et al. (2024) · Environmental Geochemistry and Health · doi:10.1007/s10653-024-02194-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Widespread PFAS contamination in pet food: Dietary sources and health risks to companion animals

Nomiyama, K., Sato, A., Tanoue, R., Saeki, K., Ikenaka, Y., & Mizukawa, H. (2026) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2026.127779 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a global review of sources, contamination, risks, analytical challenges, and remediation strategies

Naidu, R., Lal, A., Odoh, C. K., Liu, Y., Nathanail, P., Brewer, R., Zwiener, C., Lohmann, R., Richardson, K., Martin, J., et al. (2026) · Environmental Science Advances · doi:10.1039/d6va00165c · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Receptor-specific inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion induced by PFAS in THP1-derived macrophages: a structure-activity relationship study

Amstutz, V. H., Mircheva, A., Cengo, A., Bergsma, C., Sijm, D. T. H. M., & Vrolijk, M. F. (2025) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2025.111793 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Effects of Perfluorohexane Sulfonate Exposure on Immune Cell Populations in Naive Mice

Pierpont, T. M., Elmore, J. P., Redko, A., Anannya, O., Imbiakha, B., O’Hare, K., Villanueva, A., Anronikov, S., Bondah, N., Chang, S., et al. (2024) · ImmunoHorizons · doi:10.4049/immunohorizons.2300049 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Chemical toxicity of per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS)

Christian, N. P. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824315-2.01052-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Maternal, fetal, and neonatal toxicity and potency estimates of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) from oral maternal exposure in the Sprague-Dawley rat

Conley, J. M., Lambright, C. S., Evans, N., Bangma, J., Ford, J., Hill, D., Medlock-Kakaley, E., & Gray, L. E. (2025) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2025.154245 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Risk assessment of PFAS in home‐produced chicken eggs in the Netherlands

Biesterbos, J. W. H., & den Braver, M. W. (2025) · Food Risk Assess Europe · doi:10.2903/fr.efsa.2025.fr-0064 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Unveiling PFAS-free Solutions for Hydrophobic and Oleophobic Textile Coatings

Verbič, A., Golja, B., Stres, B., Likozar, B., & Novak, U. (2024) · Socratic Lectures · doi:10.55295/psl.2024.i19 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Risk Assessment and Impact of Fluoride and Perfluorocarbons

Gerardo, O.-B. L., & Balderrama-Carmona, A. P. (2024) · Environmental science and engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-7733-4_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Accumulation of PFAS in wine from a contaminated area: perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) as a molecular marker of PFAS groundwater contamination and implications of wine ingestion for human health

Calore, F., Girardi, P., Bonetto, A., Pagnin, L., & Marcomini, A. (2026) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128482 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Species-specific PFAS profiles in companion dogs and cats: paired serum–food evidence for dietary long-chain PFCA exposure in Japanese cats

Nomiyama, K., Sato, A., Sato, F., Tanoue, R., Saeki, K., Mizukawa, H., Yokoyama, N., Takiguchi, M., & Ikenaka, Y. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101468 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

“World Health Organization (WHO) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) risk evaluations”: Basis of TDIs and tolerable drinking water levels derived by Germany, EFSA, ECHA, and WHO

Dietrich, D. R., & Greim, H. A. (2025) · Journal of Toxicology and Regulatory Policy · doi:10.69982/j.jtrp.2025.24.0001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

A Comprehensive Outlook on Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances (Pfas) Threats to the Environment and Remediation by Integrated ApproachesPreprint

Mutuku, J. K., Kung, H.-C., Wu, C., Chang, J.-H., Lin, S.-F., Huang, B.-W., & Chang‐Chien, G. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4888951

S16-03 Recent advances in the risk assessment methodology for PFAS mixtures: Derivation of relative potency factors (RPFs) for PFAS

Bil, W., Zeilmaker, M. J., Verbruggen, E. M. J., & Bokkers, B. G. H. (2024) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.07.101

Observational studies on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance toxicity in marine species: hints for the extrapolation of a screening value

Miniero, R., Brambilla, G., Maffucci, F., Hochscheid, S., & Esposito, M. (2025) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1093/etojnl/vgae065

Factors influencing chemical relative potency in mixture toxicity risk assessment

Widjaja, F. (2025) · Current Opinion in Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.cotox.2025.100541 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

P03-17 An AI-Assisted Workflow for Rapid Estimation of PFAS Relative Potency Using ToxCast Data

Kolesnyk, S. (2025) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2025.07.212

Is direct probe electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry applicable for PFAS determination in human urine? An essay on circumventing the need for chromatographic separation

Vouzaxaki, E., Tzanetou, E. N., Machera, K. A., & Kasiotis, K. M. (2026) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2026.117636

Unexpected chemicals in the coastal menu: Widespread occurrence of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances raise concerns for human exposure

Lei, S., Shang, M., Dong, J., Wen, W., Xie, H., Cui, Y., & Wu, C. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2026.03.050

Approaches and limitations of using extractable organofluorine – combustion ion chromatography to assess PFAS Total in drinking water

Larsson, P., Jiao, E., Kärrman, A., Hees, P. V., Karlsson, P., & Yeung, L. W. Y. (2026) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d6em00065g

Risk assessment of the production of seaweed in the Netherlands; food safety and nature

Schrap, S. M., Biesterbos, J. W. H., Bovers, M., de Jong, A. E. I., Kuper, S. N., & Sijm, D. T. H. M. (2026) · Food Risk Assess Europe · doi:10.2903/fr.efsa.2026.fr-00108

Nationwide Monitoring and Hepatic Mixture Risk Assessment of PFASs in Korean Drinking Water Using Relative Potency Factors

Kim, Y. H., Hashemi, S., Pyo, H., Lim, Y. W., Kim, C., Choi, I., & 양지연 (2026) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics14070577

Mobil, persistent, gefährlich?

Bitsch, A., Brunn, H., Hahn, S., Ophoff, M. G., Müller, M., Scheringer, M., Steinhäuser, K. G., & Ternes, T. A. (2026) · Nachrichten aus der Chemie · doi:10.1002/nadc.20264156722

PFAS penetrate the bone marrow microenvironment and alter immunometabolic homeostasis

Gu, S., Ma, J., Sun, X., Li, K., Wu, M., Shi, Y., Xu, M., Zhu, H., & Sun, H. (2026) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128980

PFAS: challenges and scientific perspectives in human health risk assessment

Kowalczyk, J., Abraham, K., August, C., Boeddinghaus, R. S., CHAN, J. C. Y., Eckhardt, A., Fletcher, T., Freeling, F., Göckener, B., Halldorsson, T. I., et al. (2026) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-026-04523-8

Derivation of guidance values under the EU Drinking Water Directive : the case study of trifluoroacetic acid

Sur, R., Bartlett, R., Becker, B., Hueser, A., Kluxen, F. M., Laabs, V., Mehta, J. M., Melching‐Kollmuss, S., Sauer, U. G., Scorgie, E., et al. (2026) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-026-04530-9

Effect modification of maternal concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on vaccine effectiveness in children up to 6 years of age: The Japan Environment and Children's Study

Hasegawa, K., Inaba, Y., Saito, S., Shibazaki, T., Iwai‐Shimada, M., Tatsuta, N., Kamijima, M., Tsukahara, T., & Nomiyama, T. (2026) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2026.114924

Internal Relative Potency Factors for the Risk Assessment of Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Human Biomonitoring

Bil, W., Zeilmaker, M. J., & Bokkers, B. G. H. (2022) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp10009 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Relative Potency Factors for PFAS: How well does the concept align with human data?

Mielke, H., Abraham, K., & Hoogenboom, R. (2026) · OpenAgrar

Risk Assessment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Mixtures: A Relative Potency Factor Approach

Bil, W., Zeilmaker, M., Fragki, S., Lijzen, J., Verbruggen, E., & Bokkers, B. (2020) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4835 · Cited by 158 · see citing works

Comment on “Internal Relative Potency Factors for the Risk Assessment of Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Human Biomonitoring”

Andra, S. S., Teitelbaum, S. L., & Wolff, M. S. (2022) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp12062 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Determination of in vitro immunotoxic potencies of a series of perfluoralkylsubstances (PFASs) in human Namalwa B lymphocyte and human Jurkat T lymphocyte cells

Janssen, A. W. F., Holleboom, W. J., Rijkers, D., Louisse, J., Hoekstra, S. A., Schild, S., Vrolijk, M. F., Hoogenboom, L. A. P., & Beekmann, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Toxicology · doi:10.3389/ftox.2024.1347965 · Cited by 14 · see citing works