Serum Vaccine Antibody Concentrations in Children Exposed to Perfluorinated Compounds
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have emerged as important food contaminants. They cause immune suppression in a rodent model at serum concentrations similar to those occurring in the US population, but adverse health effects of PFC exposure are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether PFC exposure is associated with antibody response to childhood vaccinations. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective study of a birth cohort from the National Hospital in the Faroe Islands. A total of 656 consecutive singleton births were recruited during 1997-2000, [corrected] and 587 participated in follow-up through 2008. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum antibody concentrations against tetanus and diphtheria toxoids at ages 5 and 7 years. RESULTS: Similar to results of prior studies in the United States, the PFCs with the highest serum concentrations were perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Among PFCs in maternal pregnancy serum, PFOS showed the strongest negative correlations with antibody concentrations at age 5 years, for which a 2-fold greater concentration of exposure was associated with a difference of -39% (95% CI, -55% to -17%) in the diphtheria antibody concentration. PFCs in the child's serum at age 5 years showed uniformly negative associations with antibody levels, especially at age 7 years, except that the tetanus antibody level following PFOS exposure was not statistically significant. In a structural equation model, a 2-fold greater concentration of major PFCs in child serum was associated with a difference of -49% (95% CI, -67% to -23%) in the overall antibody concentration. A 2-fold increase in PFOS and PFOA concentrations at age 5 years was associated with odds ratios between 2.38 (95% CI, 0.89 to 6.35) and 4.20 (95% CI, 1.54 to 11.44) for falling below a clinically protective level of 0.1 IU/mL for tetanus and diphtheria antibodies at age 7 years. CONCLUSION: Elevated exposures to PFCs were associated with reduced humoral immune response to routine childhood immunizations in children aged 5 and 7 years.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A number of studies have demonstrated that elevated concentrations of PFAS can lead to immunosuppression, increased severity of infections, and decreased response to vaccines.
“A number of studies have demonstrated that elevated concentrations of PFAS can lead to immunosuppression, increased severity of infections, and decreased response to vaccines”
From A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Impacts of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances on the Brain and Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as Grandjean et al., 2012
The Abstract and Comment report that elevated PFC exposure was associated with reduced antibody responses to childhood vaccinations; the Abstract also describes immune suppression in a rodent model. The Comment says a broader immune deficit and reduced protection against infection are possible, but the paper does not report increased infection severity. The claim also presents the findings more causally than the paper does. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPFAS exposure is linked to immune dysfunction, metabolic disturbances, reproductive toxicity, and carcinogenicity.
“Emerging evidence has linked PFAS exposure to a range of health concerns, including immune dysfunction, metabolic disturbances, reproductive toxicity, and carcinogenicity [6,7,8].”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [6]
The Abstract Conclusion and Comment link PFC exposure to reduced vaccine-antibody responses in children, supporting the immune-dysfunction part of the claim. The paper does not report links to metabolic disturbances, reproductive toxicity, or carcinogenicity. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPFAS exposure is linked to diminished antibody responses to routine vaccinations and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections, driven by dysregulation of cytokine profiles and systemic effects on innate and adaptive immunity.
“Exposure has been linked to diminished antibody responses to routine vaccinations and an increased susceptibility to respiratory infections, driven by the dysregulation of cytokine profiles and systemic effects on both innate and adaptive immunity [6,84].”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [6]
The Results and Comment (page unavailable) link PFC exposure in children to lower diphtheria and tetanus vaccine-antibody concentrations. The Comment suggests a possible broader immune deficit, but does not establish increased respiratory infections or identify cytokine dysregulation and effects on innate and adaptive immunity as the mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPFASs are immunotoxic, particularly in children.
“Emerging evidence confirms that PFASs are immunotoxic, particularly in children.”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [6]
The Conclusion and COMMENT report that elevated PFC exposure in Faroese children aged 5 and 7 was associated with reduced antibody responses to childhood immunizations. The paper calls this evidence of immunotoxic potential, but says the findings do not establish causation; therefore, “confirms that PFASs are immunotoxic” is stronger than the source supports. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSuppressed immune function and other adverse health effects are associated with exposures to PFOS at concentrations less than 1 ng L-1.
“Suppressed immune function and other adverse health effects have been associated with exposures to PFOS at concentrations less than 1 ng L–1, which is more than 10 billion times lower than concentrations found in AFFF.3,4”
From Centurial Persistence of Forever Chemicals at Military Fire Training Sites (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
PFAS exposure may result in decreased spleen and thymus weights and cellularity, reduced production of specific antibodies, reduced survival after influenza infection, immunosuppression, and altered cytokine production.
“PFAS exposure may result in decreased spleen and thymus weights and cellularity, reduced production of specific antibodies, reduced survival after influenza infection, immunosuppression, and altered cytokine production (Grandjean et al., 2012).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Grandjean et al., 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Structural Equations with Latent Variables
Bollen, K. A. (1989) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118619179 · Cited by 17,512 · see citing works
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,471 · see citing works
Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (1986) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/ss/1177013604 · Cited by 12,575 · see citing works
Koyak, R. A., Hastie, T. J., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1991) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290538 · Cited by 7,717 · see citing works
Olsen, G. W., Burris, J. M., Ehresman, D. J., Froehlich, J. W., Seacat, A. M., Butenhoff, J. L., & Zobel, L. R. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.10009 · Cited by 2,049 · see citing works
Generalized Latent Variable Modeling: Multilevel, Longitudinal, and Structural Equation Models
Skrondal, A., & Rabe‐Hesketh, S. (2004) · Thammasat University Digital Collections · Cited by 1,505 · see citing works
(EFSA), E. F. S. A. (2008) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.653 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Calafat, A., Kuklenyik, Z., Reidy, J., Caudill, S., Tully, J. S., & Needham, L. (2007) · Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1021/es062686m · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Tracking the Pathways of Human Exposure to Perfluorocarboxylates
Vestergren, R., & Cousins, I. T. (2009) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es900228k · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Partition of Environmental Chemicals between Maternal and Fetal Blood and Tissues
Needham, L. L., Grandjean, P., Heinzow, B., Jørgensen, P. J., Nielsen, F., Patterson, D. G., Sjödin, A., Turner, W. E., & Weihe, P. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es1019614 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Self-citationGrandjean, P., Weihe, P., Burse, V. W., Needham, L. L., Storr-Hansen, E., Heinzow, B., Debes, F., Murata, K., Simonsen, H., Ellefsen, P., et al. (2001) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/s0892-0362(01)00155-6 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Self-citationBenford, D., de Boer, J., Carere, A., Domenico, A. D., Johansson, N., Schrenk, D., Schoeters, G. E. R., de Voogt, P., & Dellatte, E. (2008) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Suppression of Humoral Immunity in Mice following Exposure to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate
Peden‐Adams, M. M., Keller, J. M., EUDALY, J. G., Berger, J., Gilkeson, G. S., & Keil, D. E. (2008) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfn059 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Miyamura, K., Nishio, S., Ito, A., et al. (1974) · Journal of Biological Standardization · doi:10.1016/0092-1157(74)90015-8 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Reduced Antibody Responses to Vaccinations in Children Exposed to Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Heilmann, C. J., Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., Nielsen, F., & Budtz–Jørgensen, E. (2006) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030311 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationGrandjean, P., Weihe, P., Needham, L. L., Burse, V. W., Patterson, D. G., Sampson, E. J., Jørgensen, P. J., & Vahter, M. (1995) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1006/enrs.1995.1064 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citationHaug, L. S., Thomsen, C., & Becher, G. (2008) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.113 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Generalized Latent Variable Modeling: Multilevel, Longitudinal, and Structural Equation Models
Corrado, L. (2005) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/jasa.2005.s25 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Sánchez, B. N., Budtz–Jørgensen, E., RYAN, L. M., & Hu, H. (2005) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/016214505000001005 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationGestational Exposure to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Suppresses Immune Function in B6C3F1 Mice
Keil, D. E., Mehlmann, T., Butterworth, L. F., & Peden‐Adams, M. M. (2008) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfn015 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
In vitro evaluation of the immunotoxic potential of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)
Corsini, E., Avogadro, A., Galbiati, V., Dell’Agli, M., Marinovich, M., Galli, C. L., & Germolec, D. R. (2010) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2010.11.004 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Heilmann, C. J., Budtz–Jørgensen, E., Nielsen, F., Heinzow, B., Weihe, P., & Grandjean, P. (2010) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1001975 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationEstimation of health effects of prenatal methylmercury exposure using structural equation models
Budtz–Jørgensen, E., Keiding, N., Grandjean, P., et al. (2002) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/1476-069x-1-2 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationKato, K., Calafat, A. M., Wong, L.-Y., Wanigatunga, A. A., Caudill, S. P., & Needham, L. L. (2009) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es803156p · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Serum Concentrations of Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds in Faroese Whale Meat Consumers
Weihe, P., Kato, K., Calafat, A. M., Nielsen, F., Wanigatunga, A. A., Needham, L. L., & Grandjean, P. (2008) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es800695m · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationQazi, M. R., Abedi, M. R., Nelson, B. D., DePierre, J. W., & Abedi‐Valugerdi, M. (2010) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2010.08.009 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Hendriksen, C. F. M., van de Gun, J., Nagel, J., et al. (1988) · Journal of Biological Standardization · doi:10.1016/0092-1157(88)90017-0 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Dietert, R. R. (2008) · Journal of Immunotoxicology · doi:10.1080/15476910802483324 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Fair, P. A., Driscoll, E., Mollenhauer, M. A. M., Bradshaw, S. G., Yun, S. H., Kannan, K., Bossart, G. D., Keil, D. E., & Peden‐Adams, M. M. (2011) · Journal of Immunotoxicology · doi:10.3109/1547691x.2010.527868 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
LOVEREN, D. G. H. V. (1999) · Biomarkers · doi:10.1080/135475099230949 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Fang, X., Feng, Y., Shi, Z., & Dai, J. (2009) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfp019 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sunderland, E. M., Hu, X. C., Dassuncao, C., Tokranov, A. K., Wagner, C. C., & Allen, J. G. (2019) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-018-0094-1 · Cited by 2,786 · see citing works
Fenton, S. E., Ducatman, A., Boobis, A., DeWitt, J. C., Lau, C., Ng, C., Smith, J. S., & Roberts, S. M. (2020) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4890 · Cited by 2,445 · see citing works
Hu, X. C., Andrews, D. Q., Lindstrom, A. B., Bruton, T. A., Schaider, L. A., Grandjean, P., Lohmann, R., Carignan, C. C., Blum, A., Balan, S. A., et al. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00260 · Cited by 1,333 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food
Panel), E. P. O. C. I. T. F. C. (. C., Schrenk, D., Bignami, M., Bodin, L., Chipman, J. K., del Mazo, J., Grasl‐Kraupp, B., Hogstrand, C., Hoogenboom, L. (., Leblanc, J., et al. (2020) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223 · Cited by 989 · see citing works
Kurwadkar, S., Dane, J., Kanel, S. R., Nadagouda, M. N., Cawdrey, R. W., Ambade, B., Struckhoff, G. C., & Wilkin, R. (2022) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151003 · Cited by 937 · see citing works
Scientific Basis for Managing PFAS as a Chemical Class
Kwiatkowski, C. F., Andrews, D. Q., Birnbaum, L. S., Bruton, T. A., DeWitt, J. C., Knappe, D. R. U., Maffini, M. V., Miller, M. F., Pelch, K. E., Reade, A., et al. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00255 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Post, G. B., Cohn, P. D., & Cooper, K. R. (2012) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.007 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Treatment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in U.S. full-scale water treatment systems
Appleman, T. D., Higgins, C. P., Quiñones, O., Vanderford, B. J., Kolstad, C., Zeigler-Holady, J. C., & Dickenson, E. R. V. (2014) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.067 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Jian, J.-M., Chen, D., Han, F.-J., Guo, Y., Zeng, L., Lu, X., & Wang, F. (2018) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.380 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Rappazzo, K., Coffman, E., & Hines, E. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14070691 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Brase, R. A., Mullin, E. J., & Spink, D. C. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22030995 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Carcinogenicity of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid
Zahm, S., Bonde, J. P., Chiu, W. A., Hoppin, J., Kanno, J., Abdallah, M., Blystone, C. R., Calkins, M. M., Dong, G.-H., Dorman, D. C., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(23)00622-8 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Granum, B., Haug, L. S., Namork, E., Stølevik, S. B., Thomsen, C., Aaberge, I. S., van Loveren, H., Løvik, M., & Nygaard, U. C. (2013) · Journal of Immunotoxicology · doi:10.3109/1547691x.2012.755580 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFASs): Environmental challenges
Krafft, M. P., & Riess, J. G. (2015) · Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.cocis.2015.07.004 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Worley, R. R., Moore, S. M., Tierney, B. C., Ye, X., Calafat, A. M., Campbell, S., Woudneh, M. B., & Fisher, J. (2017) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.007 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
DeWitt, J. C., Blossom, S. J., & Schaider, L. A. (2019) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-018-0097-y · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Weber, A. K., Barber, L. B., LeBlanc, D. R., Sunderland, E. M., & Vecitis, C. D. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b05573 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Beesoon, S., & Martin, J. W. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es505399w · Cited by 223 · see citing works
The role of environmental factors in modulating immune responses in early life
MacGillivray, D. M., & Kollmann, T. R. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00434 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Galloway, J. E., Moreno, A. V. P., Lindstrom, A. B., Strynar, M. J., Newton, S., May, A. A., & Weavers, L. K. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b07384 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Xiao, F., Jin, B., Golovko, S. A., Golovko, M. Y., & Xing, B. (2019) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b05379 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Breastfeeding as an exposure pathway for perfluorinated alkylates
Mogensen, U. B., Grandjean, P., Nielsen, F., Weihe, P., & Budtz-Jørgensen, E. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b02237 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, X., Lohmann, R., Dassuncao, C., Hu, X. C., Weber, A. K., Vecitis, C. D., & Sunderland, E. M. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00255 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
von Holst, H., Nayak, P., Dembek, Z., Buehler, S., Echeverria, D., Fallacara, D., & John, L. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08160 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Starnes, H. M., Rock, K. D., Jackson, T. W., & Belcher, S. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Toxicology · doi:10.3389/ftox.2022.881584 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Dietary Habits Related to Food Packaging and Population Exposure to PFASs
Susmann, H. P., Schaider, L. A., Rodgers, K. M., & Rudel, R. A. (2019) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp4092 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Hall, S. M., Zhang, S., Hoffman, K., Miranda, M. L., & Stapleton, H. M. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133873 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Borg, D., Lund, B.-O., Lindquist, N.-G., & Håkansson, H. (2013) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.009 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Early life exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): a critical review
Winkens, K., Vestergren, R., Berger, U., & Cousins, I. T. (2017) · Emerging Contaminants · doi:10.1016/j.emcon.2017.05.001 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Long, M., Ghisari, M., & Bonefeld-Jørgensen, E. C. (2013) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1628-7 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Centurial Persistence of Forever Chemicals at Military Fire Training Sites
Ruyle, B. J., Thackray, C. P., Butt, C. M., LeBlanc, D. R., Tokranov, A. K., Vecitis, C. D., & Sunderland, E. M. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c00675 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Severity of COVID-19 at elevated exposure to perfluorinated alkylates
Grandjean, P., Timmermann, C. A. G., Kruse, M., Nielsen, F., Vinholt, P. J., Boding, L., Heilmann, C., & Mølbak, K. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244815 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationKvalem, H. E., Nygaard, U. C., Lødrup Carlsen, K. C., Carlsen, K. H., Haug, L. S., & Granum, B. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105259 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Gyllenhammar, I., Berger, U., Sundström, M., McCleaf, P., Eurén, K., Eriksson, S., Ahlgren, S., Lignell, S., Aune, M., Kotova, N., et al. (2015) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.019 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Kielsen, K., Shamim, Z., Ryder, L. P., Nielsen, F., Grandjean, P., Budtz-Jørgensen, E., & Heilmann, C. (2016) · Journal of Immunotoxicology · doi:10.3109/1547691x.2015.1067259 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Trowbridge, J., Gerona, R. R., Lin, T., Rudel, R. A., Bessonneau, V., Buren, H., & Morello-Frosch, R. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b05490 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and child health
Ghassabian, A., Vandenberg, L., Kannan, K., & Trasande, L. (2022) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-021921-093352 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Dassuncao, C., Hu, X. C., Nielsen, F., Weihe, P., Grandjean, P., & Sunderland, E. M. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b06044 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationPapadopoulou, E., Sabaredzovic, A., Namork, E., Nygaard, U. C., Granum, B., & Haug, L. S. (2016) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.07.006 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Bil, W., Ehrlich, V., Chen, G., Vandebriel, R., Zeilmaker, M., Luijten, M., Uhl, M., Marx-Stoelting, P., Halldorsson, T. I., & Bokkers, B. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107727 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Liang, J., & Gao, A. (2023) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137748 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Childhood PFAS Exposure and Immunotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Studies
Antoniou, E. E., & Dekant, W. (2024) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-024-02596-z · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Zhong, T., Lin, T., Zhang, X., Jiang, F., & Chen, H. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130641 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Wang, J., Lin, Z.-W., Dichtel, W. R., & Helbling, D. E. (2024) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2024.121897 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Du, X., Xu, X., Dong, X.-X., Liang, X., Wu, Y., Du, Z., Pan, C.-W., Liang, G., Li, Y.-Z., Zheng, Y.-J., et al. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c01138 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Alghamdi, W., Marchiandi, J., Szabo, D., Samandra, S., & Clarke, B. O. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100167 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Briassoulis, G., Ilia, S., & Briassouli, E. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15071057 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Liu, J., Ge, T., Luo, C., Ning, A., Xi, Y., Li, S., Gu, Q., Li, D., Zhang, X., Hou, Y., et al. (2026) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120050 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Grandjean, P., Andersen, E. W., Budtz-Jørgensen, E., Nielsen, F., Mølbak, K., Weihe, P., & Heilmann, C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Statens Serum Institut (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Grandjean, Philippe
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2012-01-25
- Volume
- 307
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 391-7
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC4402650
- OpenAlex
- W1986194759
- Cited by
- 809
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 36.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES012199, ES012199)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, childhood immunization, vaccine antibody response, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, humoral immune response, immunosuppression, food contaminants, children
- MeSH terms
- Antibody Formation, Child, Child, Preschool, Denmark, Diphtheria Toxoid, Environmental Exposure, Female, Fluorocarbons, Food Contamination, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Immunization, Male, Milk, Human, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prospective Studies, Tetanus Toxoid, Odds Ratio, Seafood, Maternal Exposure, Immunity, Humoral
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
