Exposure to grassland fire ash alters the life-history traits and causes morphological deformities in the aquatic insect Chironomus xanthus
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Wildfires generate large amounts of ash that can contaminate watercourses, with potentially harmful effects on aquatic biodiversity that are not fully understood. This study experimentally evaluated the influence of environmentally relevant concentrations of grassland ash on aquatic biota, using the freshwater non-biting midge Chironomus xanthus as a model organism. Specifically, we assessed the toxicity of ash on oviposition and emergence patterns, changes in body and head capsule sizes, and deformities in the mentum and mandible of 4th-instar larvae and the wings of adult C. xanthus. The tested ash concentrations were 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 g/L, allowing, for the first time, the use of a geometric morphometric approach to evaluate deformities in immature and adult chironomids as sublethal implications of ash exposure. Our results showed a concentration-dependent decrease in the proportion of individuals undergoing pupation and emerging as adults. In addition, water contamination by ash led to reduced body size and more frequent morphological deformities in larval mouthparts, with a consistent narrowing pattern in the mentum at ash concentrations. Geometric morphometry also revealed that males' and females' wings were significantly smaller and narrower, with females exhibiting asymmetries between the right and left wings under higher ash concentrations. These findings demonstrate that environmentally relevant concentrations of grassland ash impair the development of C. xanthus larvae and adults, reducing body size and reproductive capacity. Given the key ecological role of chironomids as prey for higher trophic levels and as benthic ecosystem engineers, such impairments raise concerns about population declines and potential disruptions to freshwater food web dynamics after grassland fires.
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Benthic macrocrustaceans may experience more spatially heterogeneous exposure but interact directly with deposited ash and sediments, potentially altering both exposure pathways and behavioral outcomes.
“In contrast, benthic macrocrustaceans may experience more spatially heterogeneous exposure but interact directly with deposited ash and sediments [26,27], potentially altering both exposure pathways and behavioral outcomes.”
From Wildfire Ash Alters Freshwater Crustacean Behavior: Disentangling the Contributions of Suspended Macroparticles and Ash‐Induced Alkalinization (2026) · cites this paper as [27]
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Verma, S., Sagar, D., Kumar, H., & Sujatha, G. S. (2024) · International Journal of Environment and Climate Change · doi:10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74274 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Casali, S., Sühs, R. B., Joner, F., Pinto, G. L., Neckel‐Oliveira, S., & Giehl, E. L. H. (2025) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-025-01512-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Томилина, И. И., Gremyachikh, V. A., Grebenyuk, L. P., Smirnov, E. A., & Головкина, Е. И. (2015) · Inland Water Biology · doi:10.1134/s1995082915030153 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hellhammer, F., Heinig-Hartberger, M., Neuhof, P., Teitge, F., Jung‐Schroers, V., & Becker, S. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Tropical Diseases · doi:10.3389/fitd.2023.1107857 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kwan, G. T., Sanders, T. B., Huang, S., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.01.05.574400 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Simmatis, B., Paterson, A. M., & Smol, J. P. (2023) · Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00027-023-00991-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tabugo, S. R. M. (2015) · Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Thanee, I., & Prommi, T. O. (2022) · Inland Water Biology · doi:10.1134/s1995082922050091 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Budečević, S., Predojević, D. Z., Đorđević, M., Vlajnić, L., Stojković, O., Stojković, B., & Savković, U. (2024) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym16080995 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Schafaschek, A. M., de Barros, E. N., dos Santos, M. P., dos Santos, M. P., Grassi, M. T., Abessa, D. M. D. S., Yamamoto, F. Y., & Navarro-Silva, M. A. (2025) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-025-36448-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
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Kirsch, G., Araujo, R. M. G., Melo, M. S., Nazari, E. M., & Figueiredo, B. R. S. (2025) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144756 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationAraujo, R. M. G., Maciel, J. H. D. S., Miguel, L. G., Schimidt, B., Oscar, B. V. C., Matias, W. G., & Figueiredo, B. R. S. (2026) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-025-08926-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationPereira‐Silva, P. B., Pacheco, D. R., Kirsch, G., Araujo, R. M. G., Oscar, B. V. C., Matias, W. G., Santos, S., & Figueiredo, B. R. S. (2026) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.70178
Self-citation
- Authors
- Araujo, R. M. G., Pacheco, D. R., Schafascheck, A. M., Bezerra, C. W. F., Navarro-Silva, M. A., Pinho, L. C., & Figueiredo, B. R. S.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (BR)
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (BR)
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Araujo, Ronnilda Maria Gonçalves
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Pollution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-10
- Volume
- 382
- Pages
- 126694
- ISSN
- 0269-7491 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4411365302
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2025-11-01)
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Pollution (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity and ecology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Keywords
- life-history traits, morphological abnormalities, body size reduction, pupation and emergence, sublethal effects, geometric morphometrics, freshwater food webs
- MeSH terms
- Life History Traits, Animals, Chironomidae, Female, Fires, Larva, Male, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Coal Ash, Grassland
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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