Water pollution by grassland ash induces water alkalinization, causes liver damage, and threatens the survival of bullfrog tadpoles
Abstract
Fire severity and the extent of burned areas have increased in recent years, intensifying ash runoff into freshwater systems and threatening aquatic biodiversity due to the toxic components present in ash. Despite this growing concern, the specific impacts of fire-derived ash on freshwater fauna remain poorly understood. Here, we used Aquarana catesbeiana tadpoles as a model to evaluate the effects of water contamination from ash produced by burning grassland vegetation on abiotic parameters and biological endpoints. The water pH increased immediately after ash contamination and remained more alkaline than the negative control for 16 days. Furthermore, acute (96 h) ash toxicity significantly decreased tadpole survival, with a lethal concentration (LC 50) of 6.9 g/L. A 16-day exposure to ash did not affect the developmental rate but resulted in lower body mass and length. Tadpoles exposed to 1.38 g/L of ash exhibited an increase in liver melanomacrophages and apoptotic cells and an elevation in the area of vacuolated hepatocytes at all ash concentrations compared to the control. These findings highlight that grassland ash concentrations pose a significant risk to amphibian survival in regions affected by wildfires, while sublethal exposure can impact growth, liver health, and cellular events in the liver, ultimately compromising the tadpole's persistence.
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The dissolved fraction of ash releases ions that alter physicochemical conditions, frequently increasing pH and conductivity while potentially reducing dissolved oxygen.
“The dissolved fraction releases ions that alter physicochemical conditions, frequently increasing pH and conductivity while potentially reducing dissolved oxygen [14,15]; such alkalinization may itself be an important driver of toxicity.”
From Wildfire Ash Alters Freshwater Crustacean Behavior: Disentangling the Contributions of Suspended Macroparticles and Ash‐Induced Alkalinization (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
Alkalinization may itself be an important driver of ash toxicity.
“The dissolved fraction releases ions that alter physicochemical conditions, frequently increasing pH and conductivity while potentially reducing dissolved oxygen [14,15]; such alkalinization may itself be an important driver of toxicity.”
From Wildfire Ash Alters Freshwater Crustacean Behavior: Disentangling the Contributions of Suspended Macroparticles and Ash‐Induced Alkalinization (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
Wildfire ash commonly contains base cation oxides and hydroxides that rapidly elevate pH upon dissolution.
“Wildfire ash commonly contains base cation oxides and hydroxides that rapidly elevate pH upon dissolution [15,84].”
From Wildfire Ash Alters Freshwater Crustacean Behavior: Disentangling the Contributions of Suspended Macroparticles and Ash‐Induced Alkalinization (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
As wildfire ash leachates increase water pH, pH-corrected treatments were prepared by adding HCl to target pH 7.0.
“As wildfire ash leachates increase water pH [15,23], pH-corrected treatments (target pH 7.0) were prepared by adding 0.5 mL of 0.4 mol L -1 HCl (~0.2 mmol) to the ash stock solution before dilution to the experimental concentrations, following OECD 202 guidance [58].”
From Wildfire Ash Alters Freshwater Crustacean Behavior: Disentangling the Contributions of Suspended Macroparticles and Ash‐Induced Alkalinization (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Kirsch, G., Araujo, R. M. G., Melo, M. S., Nazari, E. M., & Figueiredo, B. R. S.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (BR)
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Kirsch, Gustavo
- Venue
- Chemosphere
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-12
- Volume
- 392
- Pages
- 144756
- ISSN
- 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4416017660
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4
- FWCI
- 1.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Estado de Santa Catarina
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (313818/2023\u20131)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Amphibian and Reptile Biology
- Keywords
- water pollution, bullfrog tadpoles, bullfrog, liver injury, hepatocyte vacuolation, melanomacrophages, apoptosis, tadpole survival, sublethal toxicity, amphibian growth, freshwater ecotoxicity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Larva, Liver, Rana catesbeiana, Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Pollution, Coal Ash, Grassland
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