Cited by 519Climate Change, Adaptation, MigrationClimate Change Communication and PerceptionHydropower, Displacement, Environmental Impact

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Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events

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Black, Richard, Arnell, Nigel W., Adger, W. Neil, Thomas, David, Geddes, Andrew·2013·Environmental Science & Policy

DOI 10.1016/j.envsci.2012.09.001

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Moawad, D. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13030160 · Cited by 5
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“…how (e.g., patriarchal) power differentials affect collective decision-making and, thus, who migrates and who stays and for which reasons (e.g., Abreu 2012, 59; Black et al. 2013; Hofmann and Chi 2022, 2497; Hughes 2021; Hondagneu-Sotelo 1994; Nawyn 2010, 752; Skeldon 2014, 23; Zickgraf 2021, 126).”
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Hermans, K., & Kizilkaya, S. (2025) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.70029 · Cited by 5
“…of “trapped populations”—groups who face high climate-related risks but are unable to leave due to socio-economic or structural barriers (Adams 2016; Ayeb-Karlsson et al. 2018; Ayeb-Karlsson 2020; Black et al. 2013; Black and Collyer 2014; DeWaard et al. 2022; Koubi et al. 2022; Zickgraf 2018).”
Local community leaders on social resilience to environmental disasters: The case of El Niño in Lurigancho-Chosica in Perú
Lerner, A., & PRAAG, L. V. (2024) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103342 · Cited by 7
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McClain, S. N., Bruch, C. E., & Kessler, J. (2025) · Environment and Security · doi:10.1177/27538796251342893 · Cited by 4
“Climate change also drives longer-term migration (Black et al., 2011, 2013; Voegele, 2021).”
Human Rights Developments from the Universal Declaration to the Present
McFarland, S. G., & Zamora, R. I. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.003 · Cited by 4
Perceptions of Climate Risks and Migration of Agricultural Producers in Northern Benin
Mounirou, I., & Yebou, J. (2022) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920.2022.2144564 · Cited by 4
“This approach gives the climate factor a prominent place in the decision to migrate (Black et al. 2013).”
Background
Health needs and health seeking behaviour of Internally Displaced Persons in Dalori camp, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
Faronbi, J. O., Akinyoola, O. D., Faronbi, G. O., Adegbola, G., & Bello, C. B. (2019) · Research Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/rejhs.v7i3.9 · Cited by 4
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Marks, S. P., Verdeli, L., & Willis, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.013 · Cited by 4
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Immobility, Older Adults and Adaptation to Tropical Cyclones: Insights from Coastal Bangladesh
Malak, M. A., Lina, N. K., Quader, M. A., & Mahmood, R. (2024) · Migration and Development · doi:10.1177/21632324241281093 · Cited by 4
“According to Black et al. (2013), it is difficult to distinguish, either conceptually or practically, between people who stay where they are because they choose to do so and those whose immobility is in some way involuntary.”
How does the climate change and migration nexus result in maladaptation?
Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R., Sharifi, A., Sadeghi, A., & Allam, Z. (2025) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2025.2518298 · Cited by 4
“Trapped populations consist of vulnerable households to climatic and environmental pressures with involuntary immobility due to external barriers and a lack of the resources necessary to move (Black et al., 2013; Warner & Afifi, 2014).”
Influential
Differentiated outcomes of climate change-induced internal migration in India
Apparaju, A. (2025) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-025-02489-4 · Cited by 3
“Upadhyay et al. (2015) draw on Black et al. (2013) to illustrate that migration decision-making is multi-causal, with social, economic, institutional and ecological factors being root causes of migration, and climate change as an additional driver.”
Children and Violence across the Life Span
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“Each of these changes contributes to the frequency and intensity of storms and floods, which can result in both temporary and, in some cases, permanent displacement [68].”
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“The procedure of increasing the living quality and financial well-being of individuals living in relatively remote and sparsely inhabited places is known as rural development (Black et al., 2013).”
Background
Climate migration in Asia
Wesselbaum, D. (2023) · Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12076-022-00323-7 · Cited by 3
“Other studies, e.g. Henry et al. (2004), Gray and Mueller (2012), Black et al. (2013), and Noy (2017) find that climate shocks can reduce mobility.”
Background
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Environment and Migration
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“One such factor is an individual ’ s vulnerability to future risks, an important determinant of individuals ’ decision to migrate in response to adverse climatic conditions 25 – 27 .”
When Migration Encounters Adaptation in Africa: Engaging With Climate Hazard and Armed Conflict
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Psychosocial Features of Movements That Have Advanced Human Rights
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“For me, it is for longevity and making sure I am fit and around for my children”: exploring motivations and barriers for weight management among minoritised communities in Medway, England
Teke, J., Bolarinwa, O. A., Nnyanzi, L., Giles, E., Ells, L. J., Elliott, S., Okeke, S., & Okeke-Obayemi, D. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18281-8 · Cited by 2
“Malnu-trition could be overnutrition (overweight and obesity) and undernutrition (stunting, wasting and underweight) [3].”
Community resilience placed at the service of the climate-migration-conflict nexus understanding
Casano, G. (2024) · Environment and Security · doi:10.1177/27538796241239461 · Cited by 2
“…of interaction between these three elements, even if numerous different research methods have been adopted (Barnett, 2003; Behnassi et al., 2022; Black et al., 2013; Bretthauer, 2015; Brzoska & Fro¨hlich, 2015; Buhaug et al., 2014; Gleick, 2014; Hermans & Ide, 2019; Hsiang et al., 2013; Ide,…”
Eroding Landscapes, Emerging Carescapes: How Migrants from Coastal Louisiana Experience Disasters and Care from Afar
Folse, B. (2024) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231241275362 · Cited by 2
“Later research captured the complexity of movement (Black et al. 2013) and how preexisting social conditions intersect with movement and migration status to (re)produce vulnerability, affect adaptive capacity, and shape movement in nonlinear ways (Atun and Fonio 2021; Fussell and Elliott 2009;…”
The demographic future of migration is African
Foster, K. A., & Hall, M. (2025) · International Migration · doi:10.1111/imig.13377 · Cited by 2
Subseasonal Prediction of Tropical Cyclone Precipitation
García‐Franco, J. L., Lee, C., Tippett, M. K., Camargo, S. J., Kim, D., Molod, A. M., & Lim, Y. (2025) · Weather and Forecasting · doi:10.1175/waf-d-24-0185.1 · Cited by 2
The Political Ecology of Philippine Migration in a Changing Climate
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Access to Financial Resources and Environmental Migration of the PoorPreprint
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“While some households are found to migrate in response to environmental hazards, others remain in place, potentially being trapped due to lack of resources and liquidity constraints (Black et al., 2013; Zickgraf and Perrin, 2016).”
Background
Migration: Internal
Elmhirst, R. (2017) · International Encyclopedia of Geography · doi:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0809 · Cited by 2
Floods of movement
Duijndam, S. (2024) · doi:10.5463/thesis.705 · Cited by 3
Impact of Weather Factors on Migration Intention Using Machine Learning Algorithms
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“[8] distinguish migration, displacement, and immobility and Beine and Jeusette [5] refer to ‘trapped population’.”
Background
The Intersection of Psychology and Human Rights in Addressing Racism, Discrimination, and Xenophobia
Flores, R. L., Okorodudu, C., & Shepherd, V. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.006 · Cited by 1
Livelihood Strategies for Food Shortages during Dry Seasons in Tanzania: A Case Study of the Halali River Catchment Areas in Wanging’ombe District
Mulungu, C., & Msemwa, U. S. (2024) · Ghana Journal of Geography · doi:10.4314/gjg.v16i2.7 · Cited by 1
Does distribution and type of aid affect internal migration following a cyclone? Evidence from Bangladesh
Mustafa, S., Newport, D. J., Rigg, C., & Islam, M. S. (2024) · International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management · doi:10.1108/ijccsm-09-2023-0113 · Cited by 1
How Do Summer Temperatures Affect Domestic Migrants' Settlement Intention? Evidence From China
Xu, F., Mao, S., & Zhu, H. (2025) · Population Space and Place · doi:10.1002/psp.70023 · Cited by 1
“Existing literature primarily focuses on the impact of extreme climate events — such as droughts, floods, and storms — on migration behavior (Black et al. 2013; Kumar et al. 2021), while less pays attention to temperature.”
When boundaries are blurred: infrastructure needs in support of the climate displaced
Best, K. B., Niemeier, D., & Hadden, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Climate · doi:10.3389/fclim.2025.1584877 · Cited by 1
International Migration Responses to Modern Europe’s Most Destructive Earthquake: Messina and Reggio Calabria, 1908
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Weathering change: Longitudinal patterns of residential mobility following extreme weather events in Australia
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Constrained paths: legal status and mobility governance of Syrian refugees after the 2023 earthquakes
Biehl, K. S., & Danış, D. (2025) · Journal of Refugee Studies · doi:10.1093/jrs/feaf058 · Cited by 1
Unequal bonds: social capital, equity and displacement outcomes in Nigeria
Onuoha, J. M., Ihinegbu, C., Ihinegbu, R. D., & Owube, D. T. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Dynamics · doi:10.3389/fhumd.2026.1693259 · Cited by 1
“A justiﬁcation could be that environmental displacements are temporal and short-term (Black et al., 2013).”
Stay-or-relocate model (STORM): An agent-based population displacement simulator applied to a multi-phase volcanic eruption scenario
Scheele, F., Wilson, T., Weir, A. M., Becker, J. S., Campbell, M. H., Horspool, N., & Bui, N. (2026) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106059 · Cited by 1
Unpacking the role of climate variability on displacement in the Greater Horn of Africa
Villa, V., Rolla, P., Mastrorillo, M., Belli, A., Pacillo, G., & Läderach, P. (2026) · PLOS Climate · doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000594 · Cited by 3
“Others experience forced displacement as they seek refuge from destruction and loss of livelihoods and opportunities, often exacerbated by climate change [11–13].”
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“This result is consistent with that of Black et al. [80], who reported that households with low to medium sociodemographic profiles are often trapped in situ during disasters or where they have been displaced following a disaster.”
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“More importantly, there is practical utility in knowing whether mitigating household water insecurity (and related resource insecurities) could reduce displacement and distress migration, which does not necessarily improve human well-being (Black et al., 2013).”
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“(Im)mobility is a context-specific response to resource scarcity, rather than an automatic outcome of it (Black et al. 2013; Farbotko and McMichael 2019).”
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Authors: Black, R., Arnell, N. W., Adger, W. N., Thomas, D., & Geddes, A.
Affiliations: University of Sussex (GB)
University of Reading (GB)
University of Exeter (GB)
University of Oxford (GB)
University of Sheffield (GB)
Corresponding author: Black, Richard
ORCID: Black, Richard
Arnell, Nigel W.
Adger, W. Neil
Thomas, David
Venue: Environmental Science & Policy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-03
Volume: 27
Pages: S32-S43
ISSN: 1462-9011 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2012.09.001
OpenAlex: W2049692286
Cited by: 519
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5
FWCI: 41.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
soas-repository.worktribe.com
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Environmental Science & Policy (publishedVersion)
SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Government of the United Kingdom
Office of Science
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Hydropower, Displacement, Environmental Impact
Keywords: environmental migration, displacement, immobility, extreme weather events, climate change adaptation, population vulnerability, climate-induced displacement, global change

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