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Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events
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“For instance, capability may be positively associated with socio-economic status (Afifi et al. 2016; Black et al. 2013; Mallick and Mallick 2021), education (Rofi et al. 2006; Schewel and Fransen 2022), or—in contexts where strong social gender norms prevail—male gender (Akter et al. 2019; Mata-Codesal 2015; Pedraza 1991; Tripathy Furlong et al. 2022).”
From Trapped by climate change? (In)voluntary immobility in Bangladesh (2025) · cites this paper as Black et al. 2013
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“However, similarly to how disasters sometimes curb migration (42), conflict-related destruction also may erode people's ability to use mobility as a coping mechanism.”
From Vicious Circles: Violence, Vulnerability, and Climate Change (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Because it can reduce the resources needed to move, climate change may also result in immobility (Findley 1994; Black et al. 2013).”
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“Reconstruction activities may improve economic opportunities so that post-disaster recovery efforts may fuel not only return migration (Black et al. 2013) but also in-migration by other poor people from more distant areas (Klose 2011).”
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Vicious Circles: Violence, Vulnerability, and Climate Change
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“However, similarly to how disasters sometimes curb migration (42), conflict-related destruction also may erode people’s ability to use mobility as a coping mechanism.”
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“The analysis also highlights that low mobility is critical— that populations may be, in effect, trapped in places where environmental risks are increasing (Black et al 2013).”
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“…have long been made to characterise the movement of people according to the interactions imagined to be occurring between environmental stress, a person’s need/desire/willingness to be mobile, and the degree of control they can apply to their situation (e.g. Renaud et al. 2007; Black et al. 2013).”
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“In doing so, the report, and its consequent publications, laid the foundation for targeted research into those people who do not move in contexts of environmental degradation (Black et al. 2011, 2013; Thiede and Brown 2013; Black and Collyer 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialClimate Change, Inequality, and Human Migration
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“Hazard type and individuals’ vulnerability interact to produce a range of migratory responses (Black et al. 2013; Piguet et al. 2011).”
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“These findings are in line with the concept of trapped population put forward by a number of contributions (see among others Black et al. (2012)).(2) This conclusion in turn drew the attention of important institutions devoted to development issues such as the United Nations and the European Commission and has been ad…”
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“The climate represents only one of several factors influencing migration decisions (Black et al. 2011a; Black et al. 2013; de Haas 2011; Findlay 2011; Hunter et al. 2015; McLeman 2011).”
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“The locational aspect is apparent in the frequent assumption that “a severe enough shock will lead to displacement and migration” at both the community and household level (Black et al. 2013:S35).”
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“Such differences should be kept in mind when identifying safe evacuation routes and sites, to minimize the risk of people being trapped in disaster-affected areas (Laska and Morrow 2006; Black et al. 2012).”
BackgroundAfifi, T., Milan, A., Etzold, B., Schraven, B., Rademacher-Schulzb, C., Sakdapolrak, P., Reif, A., Geest, K. V. D., & Warner, K. (2016) · Migration and Development · doi:10.1080/21632324.2015.1022974 · Cited by 116
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“An important point of reference is the above-mentioned Foresight Report (2011) and related scientific publications (Adger et al. 2015; Black et al. 2013; Black et al. 2011b), which have significantly promoted this idea.”
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“However, migration scholars argue that climatic events such as floods, rainfall variability, droughts, or other hazards are not the cause of migration; rather, it is their immediate and midterm effects that trigger mobility, mostly, crop loss, rising unemployment, food price hikes, and poverty (Afifi, 2011; Gray and M…”
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“However, several migration scholars have elaborated around the risks associated with such a conceptual division (Ayeb-Karlsson 2020a; 2020b, Ayeb-Karlsson et al., 2018, 2020; Baldwin, 2016; Black et al., 2013).”
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“These ‘trapped populations’ (cf. Black et al., 2013; Poncelet et al., 2010) are forced to adapt to adverse effects of increasing rainfall variability with the resources that are locally available to them.”
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Koubi, V., Stoll, S., & Spilker, G. (2016) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1767-1 · Cited by 87
“Hence relying on perceptions of environmental change allows explaining why some people decide to leave their homes when experiencing environmental stressors, while others do not (Hunter et al. 2015; Black et al. 2013; 2011a; Bardsley and Hugo 2010; Mortreux and Barnett 2009).”
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“move away from environmental hazards are complex (Black et al. 2013; Black and Collyer 2014; Ayeb-Karlsson et al. 2018, 2020).”
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“Short-distance and temporary moves are common following regularly occurring environmental hazards such as annual floods and cyclones (Black et al. 2013; Zaman 1991; Hunter 2005).”
BackgroundClimate change and migration impacts on cities: Lessons from Bangladesh
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“This raises the spectre of trapped populations: large numbers of people unable to move away from areas that should be abandoned without external assistance (Black et al. 2013).”
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“…that the inability to migrate and differentiate the livelihoods portfolio initiates a vicious circle of poverty that puts this group at increased risk of being unable to respond to shocks and being trapped during and after extreme events (Black et al 2013).”
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Avoiding or mitigating flooding: Bottom-up drivers of urban resilience to climate change in the USA
de Koning, K., Filatova, T., Need, A., & Bin, O. (2019) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101981 · Cited by 67
“Meanwhile retreat as a private decision of households may become increasingly prominent, in particular following a major flood event such as was observed after hurricane Katrina (Zaninetti and Colten; 2012), which puts high-income households in a more favorable position over low-income households, who may find themsel…”
BackgroundInfluentialSeasonal Migration and Livelihood Resilience in the Face of Climate Change in Nepal
Gautam, Y. (2017) · Mountain Research and Development · doi:10.1659/mrd-journal-d-17-00035.1 · Cited by 66
“Similarly, climate change is only one of many factors that drive migration in such communities (Mortreux and Barnett 2009; Black et al 2013).”
BackgroundResultThe Cambridge Handbook of Psychology and Human Rights
Dudgeon, P., Carey, T. A., Hammond, S., Hirvonen, T., Kyrios, M., Roufeil, L., & Smith, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607 · Cited by 68
Peters, L. E. R. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102092 · Cited by 56
Climate change and its impacts on health, environment and economy
Rocha, J., Oliveira, S., Viana, C. M., & Ribeiro, A. I. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822794-7.00009-5 · Cited by 87
Ronco, M., Tárraga, J. M., Muñoz-Marı́, J., Piles, M., Marco, E. S., Wang, Q., Espinosa, M. T. M., Ponserre, S., & Camps‐Valls, G. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43809-8 · Cited by 72
“In light of these factors, the likelihood of an increased incidence of displacement as a response to these adversities deserves consideration 11,12 .”
BackgroundWeather Shocks and Labor Allocation: Evidence from Rural Brazil
Branco, D. K. S., & Féres, J. G. (2020) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/ajae.12171 · Cited by 64
Parrish, R., Colbourn, T., Lauriola, P., Leonardi, G. S., Hajat, S., & Zeka, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176036 · Cited by 71
“development [33,72], health [73], political security [74], and internal migration [75].”
BackgroundTraits and risk factors of post-disaster infectious disease outbreaks: a systematic review
Charnley, G. E. C., Kelman, I., Gaythorpe, K. A. M., & Murray, K. A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85146-0 · Cited by 85
Wiegel, H., Warner, J. F., Boas, I., & Lamers, M. (2021) · Regional Environmental Change · doi:10.1007/s10113-021-01765-3 · Cited by 65
“This concept is an important correction to the ‘sedentary bias’ in (environmental) migration research, i.e., the tendency to normalize non-migration (Black et al. 2013; Zickgraf 2019), due to which academia had long neglected the complexities relating to staying in place in the context of…”
BackgroundTime to Mainstream the Environment into Migration Theory?
Hunter, L. M., & Simon, D. H. (2022) · International Migration Review · doi:10.1177/01979183221074343 · Cited by 70
“Many other research examples can be found in recent reviews by Borderon et al. (2019); Hunter, Luna and Norton (2015), and Kaczan and Orgill-Meyer (2020).”
BackgroundRela, I., Awang, A. H., Ramli, Z., Sum, S. M., & Meisanti, M. (2020) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.1956 · Cited by 58
Duijndam, S., Botzen, W. J. W., Hagedoorn, L., & Aerts, J. C. J. H. (2021) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.747 · Cited by 64
“While previous review studies have been done on the impact of climate-related events on human migration (see, e.g., Berlemann & Steinhardt, 2017; Black et al., 2013; Kaczan & Orgill-Meyer, 2020; Klaiber, 2014), none of them centered around the impacts of SLR-related hazards and as a result many…”
Resultvan der Voorn, T., Quist, J., Pahl‐Wostl, C., & Haasnoot, M. (2015) · Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change · doi:10.1007/s11027-015-9686-4 · Cited by 59
“…deltaic and coastal regions are facing significant challenges, due to global climate change (Adger et al. 2005b) or extreme natural events such as extreme floods (Aerts et al. 2014; de Moel et al. 2015), droughts (Black et al. 2013) and sea-level rise (Nicholls 2004, 2015; Weisse et al. 2014).”
BackgroundIslam, M. M., Sallu, S. M., Hubacek, K., & Paavola, J. (2014) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1135-y · Cited by 58
Spearing, L. A., & Faust, K. M. (2020) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101822 · Cited by 57
Risk transfer policies and climate-induced immobility among smallholder farmers
Choquette-Levy, N., Wildemeersch, M., Oppenheimer, M., & Levin, S. A. (2021) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01205-4 · Cited by 59
A bibliometric review on the drivers of environmental migration
Priovashini, C., & Mallick, B. (2021) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01543-9 · Cited by 57
“Black et al. (2013) note the need to distinguish the different outcomes of environmental events, namely, migration, displacement, and immobility, and that various factors interact to cause them.”
BackgroundInfluentialIn harm’s way: Non-migration decisions of people at risk of slow-onset coastal hazards in Bangladesh
Mallick, B., Rogers, K. G., & Sultana, Z. (2021) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01552-8 · Cited by 57
“Neoclassical theory of migration states that the decision to migrate is the result of a rational calculation of the costs and benefits of moving (Black et al. 2013; Thompson 2017).”
BackgroundThe migration-sustainability paradox: transformations in mobile worlds
Gavonel, M. F., Adger, W. N., de Campos, R. S., Boyd, E., Carr, E. R., Fábos, A., Fransen, S., Jolivet, D., Zickgraf, C., Codjoe, S. N. A., et al. (2021) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2021.03.013 · Cited by 72
“Migration flows are necessarily heterogenous: predictive models of aggregate flows, for example, show that more migrants are moving from high to low climate vulnerability regions [103], yet climate risks are also trapping the most vulnerable populations in hazardous places [104,105].”
BackgroundSelf-citationClimate Migration at the Height and End of the Great Mexican Emigration Era
Riosmena, F., Nawrotzki, R., & Hunter, L. M. (2018) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12158 · Cited by 59
Sakdapolrak, P., Borderon, M., & Sterly, H. (2023) · Climate and Development · doi:10.1080/17565529.2023.2180318 · Cited by 67
“…and the resource needs to deal with its impact exceed the supporting capacity of the other part of the translocal household (Ayanlade et al., 2022 Black, et al., 2013); and/or second, when both parts of the households are exposed to stress simultaneously in multiple and systemic global crisis…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Black, R., Arnell, N. W., Adger, W. N., Thomas, D., & Geddes, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- University of Reading (GB)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Black, Richard
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Policy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 27
- Pages
- S32-S43
- ISSN
- 1462-9011 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2049692286
- Cited by
- 519
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 41.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Policy (publishedVersion)
- SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Government of the United Kingdom
- Office of Science
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Hydropower, Displacement, Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- environmental migration, displacement, immobility, extreme weather events, climate change adaptation, population vulnerability, climate-induced displacement, global change
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