Cited by 519Climate Change, Adaptation, MigrationClimate Change Communication and PerceptionHydropower, Displacement, Environmental Impact

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Migration, immobility and displacement outcomes following extreme events

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Black, Richard, Arnell, Nigel W., Adger, W. Neil, Thomas, David, Geddes, Andrew·2013·Environmental Science & Policy

DOI 10.1016/j.envsci.2012.09.001

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“Addressing this research gap, we investigate how core socioeconomic, political, and security conditions shape flood-induced displacement worldwide, building on the notion that displacement represents failure of adaptation (16–18).”
Background
Environmental Mobilities: An Alternative Lens to Global Environmental Governance
Boas, I., Kloppenburg, S., van Leeuwen, J., & Lamers, M. (2018) · Global Environmental Politics · doi:10.1162/glep_a_00482 · Cited by 47
“A number of other studies have analyzed the mobilities (and immobilities) of people in response to an environmental disaster, such as an earthquake or flood, to which we will connect later in our case on environmental migration (e.g., Black et al. 2013).”
Background
Natural Disasters, Forced Migration, and Conflict: The Importance of Government Policy Responses
Mitchell, S., & Pizzi, E. (2020) · International Studies Review · doi:10.1093/isr/viaa058 · Cited by 45
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“Seldom is environmental change the sole motivation to uproot from a place (Gutman 2002; McLeman 2011; Black et al. 2013).”
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“Yet in different contexts, or simultaneously, shocks may reduce migration capacities by depleting household resources, leaving people unable to move and “ trapped ” in circumstances of extreme environmental vulnerability (Black et al., 2013; Zickgraf, 2019).”
Climate variability and irregular migration to the European Union
Cottier, F., & Salehyan, I. (2021) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102275 · Cited by 52
Natural resources modulate the nexus between environmental shocks and human mobility
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Martin, M., Kang, Y. H., Billah, M., Siddiqui, T. A., Black, R., & Kniveton, D. R. (2017) · Development Policy Review · doi:10.1111/dpr.12260 · Cited by 44
“…moving out of an area of risk exposure (Adger et al. 2005, IPCC 2012, Penning-Rowsell 2013), surviving extreme events, aiding disaster recovery (Findlay and Geddes 2011, Black et al 2013) and improving and diversifying livelihoods when faced with soil degradation and erratic rainfall (Tacoli 2011).”
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“In doing so, this paper contributes to emergent research on voluntary immobility in the context of climate change (Black et al., 2013; Adams, 2016; Wiederkehr et al., 2019; Mallick and Schanze, 2020).”
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Scales and sensitivities in climate vulnerability, displacement, and health
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“…the greatest burden of climate-related events fall on lower socioeconomic households, who have neither the luxury to move, nor the ability to sustain livelihoods, signaling the potential involuntary immobility or a trapped population dynamic (Black et al., 2013; Ayeb-Karlsson et al., 2020).”
Background
Factors distinguishing the decision to migrate from the flooded and inundated community of Sayung, Demak: A suburban area of Semarang City, Indonesia
Buchori, I., Pramitasari, A., Pangi, P., Sugiri, A., Maryono, M., Basuki, Y., & Sejati, A. W. (2020) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101946 · Cited by 38
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Who is the climate‐induced trapped figure?
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“…formation of the trapped figure in the 2011 Foresight Report, alongside the academic and policy literature, have come to shape the characterisation and geography of the concept (Ayeb-Karlsson et al., 2018; Black et al., 2013; Black & Collyer, 2014; Nawrotzki & DeWaard, 2018; Zickgraf, 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Climate change and coastal megacities: Adapting through mobility
Ekoh, S. S., Teron, L., & Ajibade, I. M. (2023) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102666 · Cited by 40
Social networking in a digital and mobile world: the case of environmentally-related migration in Bangladesh
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“Environmentally-related migration can take on many shapes, ranging from short-term emergency displacement to seasonal migration or even permanent relocation (Black et al. 2011, 2013; Gill, Caletrío, and Mason 2011; Boas et al. 2018).”
Background
How does nature contribute to human mobility? A conceptual framework and qualitative analysis
Wiederkehr, C., Schröter, M., Adams, H., Seppelt, R., & Hermans, K. (2019) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-11318-240431 · Cited by 34
“This observation also applies to Black et al. (2013) who propose a framework that distinguishes between three interrelated mobility outcomes (displacement, migration, immobility) under extreme weather events, depending on vulnerability before, exposure during, and recovery after the event.”
Background
No Power without Knowledge: A Discursive Subjectivities Approach to Investigate Climate-Induced (Im)mobility and Wellbeing
Ayeb‐Karlsson, S. (2020) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci9060103 · Cited by 32
“This can, for example, be achieved by encouraging elaborations around who produces or owns the speciﬁc knowledge investigated, and what type of knowledge it is that is being investigated (Brewis and Wray-Bliss 2008; Manning 2018).”
Background
Exploring Migration Hold Factors in Climate Change Hazard-Prone Area Using Grounded Theory Study: Evidence from Coastal Semarang, Indonesia
Amin, C., Sukamdi, S., & Rijanta, R. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13084335 · Cited by 32
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Filho, W. L., Krishnapillai, M. V., Minhas, A., Ali, S., Alverio, G. N., Ahmed, M. S. H., Naidu, R., Prasad, R. R., Bhullar, N., Sharifi, A., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management · doi:10.1108/ijccsm-03-2022-0032 · Cited by 36
The risks of invisibilization of populations and places in environment-migration research
Borderon, M., Best, K. B., Bailey, K., Hopping, D. L., Dove, M., & Cervantes de Blois, C. L. (2021) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00999-0 · Cited by 38
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Moving Beyond the Focus on Environmental Migration Towards Recognizing the Normality of Translocal Lives: Insights from Bangladesh
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Environmental non-migration as adaptation in hazard-prone areas: Evidence from coastal Bangladesh
Khatun, F., Ahsan, M. N., Afrin, S., Warner, J., Ahsan, R., Mallick, B., & Kumar, P. (2022) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102610 · Cited by 30
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Origins and functions of climate-related relocation: An analytical review
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“Where change is abrupt, or people are unprepared, migration can be stressful or even impossible, resulting in permanent migration, “trapped” populations, and loss of life, culture, and livelihood (Black et al., 2013).”
Background
‘Staying’ as climate change adaptation strategy: A proposed research agenda
Pemberton, S. A., Furlong, B. T., Scanlan, O., Koubi, V., Guhathakurta, M., Hossain, M. K., Warner, J. F., & Roth, D. (2021) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.02.004 · Cited by 31
Poverty, Pandemics, and Wildlife Crime
Anagnostou, M., Moreto, W. D., Gardner, C. E., & Doberstein, B. (2021) · Conservation and Society · doi:10.4103/cs.cs_193_20 · Cited by 31
Gendered (im)mobility: emotional decisions of staying in the context of climate risks in Bangladesh
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Environmental drivers of human migration in Sub-Saharan Africa
Wolde, S. G., D’Odorico, P., & Rulli, M. C. (2023) · Global Sustainability · doi:10.1017/sus.2023.5 · Cited by 29
“Trapped communities are those people facing severe vulnerability to a dry climate, poverty, and food insecurity but do not have the resource to migrate to a better place (Black et al., 2013; Nawrotzki & DeWaard, 2018; Simatele & Simatele, 2015).”
Background
‘Floods’ of migrants, flows of care: Between climate displacement and global care chains
Clark, N., & Bettini, G. (2017) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0081176917711078 · Cited by 28
Perceptions of and responses to coastal erosion risks: The case of Cotonou in Benin
Longueville, F. D., Hountondji, Y.-C. H., Assogba, L. P., Henry, S. J. F., & Ozer, P. (2020) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101882 · Cited by 29
Disaster-induced migration types and patterns, drivers, and impact: A union-level study in Bangladesh
Chumky, T., Basu, M., Onitsuka, K., Parvin, G. A., & Hoshino, S. (2022) · World Development Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.wds.2022.100013 · Cited by 28
Migration in the 1930s: Beyond the Dust Bowl
Gutmann, M. P., Brown, D. G., Cunningham, A., Dykes, J. E., Leonard, S., Little, J., Mikecz, J. M., Rhode, P. W., Spielman, S. E., & Sylvester, K. M. (2016) · Social Science History · doi:10.1017/ssh.2016.28 · Cited by 27
“We are still here” climate change, gender and immobility in highly mobile Himalayan communities
Upadhyay, H., Vinke, K., & Weisz, H. (2023) · Climate and Development · doi:10.1080/17565529.2023.2230176 · Cited by 32
“In the context of policy implications, scholars have discussed immobility as a ‘ right to remain ’ despite climate risks (Black et al., 2013, p. S39) and as a matter of ‘ climate justice ’ (Farbotko & McMi-chael, 2019, p. 158).”
Background
The risk and consequences of multiple breadbasket failures: an integrated copula and multilayer agent-based modeling approach
Naqvi, A., Gaupp, F., & Hochrainer-Stigler, S. (2020) · OR Spectr. · doi:10.1007/s00291-020-00574-0 · Cited by 19
Why do people persist in sea-level rise threatened coastal regions? Empirical evidence on risk aversion and place attachment
Steimanis, I., Mayer, M., & Vollan, B. (2021) · Climate Risk Management · doi:10.1016/j.crm.2021.100377 · Cited by 29
“I can migrate, but why should I?”—voluntary non-migration despite creeping environmental risks
Mallick, B., Priovashini, C., & Schanze, J. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01516-1 · Cited by 27
“So-called ‘trapped’ populations cannot realise their migration aspirations away from vulnerable places as they lack resources, social networks, and institutional support (Foresight, 2011; Black et al., 2013; Call et al., 2017; Zickgraf, 2019; Mallick and Schanze, 2020).”
Background
Geographies of stigma: Post‐trafficking experiences
Laurie, N. D., & Richardson, D. (2020) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.1111/tran.12402 · Cited by 25
“Many of the long‐held assumptions about human agency and what the full picture of migration over time looks like are being challenged by a growing interest in immobility in different contexts (Black, 2013; Blazek et al., 2019; Champion & Falkingham, 2016; Skeldon, 2016).”
Background
Do climate uncertainties trigger farmers’ out-migration in the Lower Mekong Region?
Nguyen, T. P. L., & Sean, C. (2021) · Current Research in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.crsust.2021.100087 · Cited by 25
Climate Change and Migration: Food Insecurity as a Driver and Outcome of Climate Change-Related Migration
McMichael, C. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7890-0_12 · Cited by 26
Grounding Big Data on Climate-Induced Human Mobility
Boas, I., Dahm, R. J., & Wrathall, D. J. (2019) · Geographical Review · doi:10.1111/gere.12355 · Cited by 25
Effects of Wildfire Destruction on Migration, Consumer Credit, and Financial Distress
McConnell, K., Whitaker, S. D., Fussell, E., DeWaard, J., Curtis, K. J., Price, K., Denis, L. S., & Balch, J. K. (2021) · Working paper · doi:10.26509/frbc-wp-202129 · Cited by 27
“Some residents may further lack the capacity to migrate away, constituting what some have termed “trapped populations” (Black et al., 2013).”
Background
NPCC4: Advancing climate justice in climate adaptation strategies for New York City
Foster, S. R., Baptista, A., Nguyen, K. H., Tchen, J., Tedesco, M., & Leichenko, R. (2024) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15148 · Cited by 26
Trapped or staying put: Governing immobility in the context of climate change
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“Immobility has since gained some traction in academic and applied debates concerning climate (im)mobility1 (e.g., Black et al., 2013; Baldwin et al., 2019; Farbotko and McMichael, 2019; Farbotko et al., 2020; Cundill et al., 2021; Zickgraf, 2021; Boas et al., 2022).”
Background
Drought and Human Mobility in Africa
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“Concurrently, as the ability to move is also correlated with wealth, vulnerable people are also the less mobile ones and can often become trapped (Black et al., 2013).”
Background
Building new houses or long-term recovery? A combination of quantitative and qualitative evidence from earthquake-displaced households in Sichuan, China
He, L., Aitchison, J. C., Hussey, K. E., & Chen, Y. (2018) · Habitat International · doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.12.002 · Cited by 24
Labor Rights as Human Rights
Saner, R., & Yiu, L. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348607.008 · Cited by 24
Across Time, Across Space, and Intersecting in Complex Ways: A Framework for Assessing Impacts of Environmental Disruptions on Nature-Dependent Prosumers
Steinfield, L. A., Venugopal, S., Appau, S., Barrios, A., Dadzie, C. A., Gau, R., Holt, D., Mai, N. T. T., & Shultz, C. J. (2020) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1177/0743915620976563 · Cited by 24
“of themselves/each other in the local community for prolonged periods of time (Black et al. 2013; Fleury 2016).”
BackgroundInfluential
Does the environment matter? Depopulation in the Sudetes (case study of the Kłodzko region, SW Poland)
Szymanowski, M., & Latocha, A. (2021) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2021.102535 · Cited by 24
The emergence of prolonged deadly humid heatwaves
Wang, X., He, L., Ma, X., Bie, Q., Luo, L. G., Xiong, Y., & Ye, J. (2022) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.7750 · Cited by 25
“However, because of the high cost of migration, this strategy generally applies only to the rich and is not feasible for the poor, even if the later are more vulnerable to deadly humid heatwaves (Black et al., 2013; Zander and Garnett, 2020).”
Background
Housing at the intersection of health and climate change
Li, A., Toll, M., Chapman, R., Howden‐Chapman, P., Hernández, D., Samuelson, H. W., Woodward, A. J., & Bentley, R. (2025) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(25)00141-0 · Cited by 25
Compound impacts from droughts and structural vulnerability on human mobility
Thalheimer, L., Choquette-Levy, N., & Garip, F. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105491 · Cited by 27
Livelihood after Relocation—Evidences of Guchchagram Project in Bangladesh
Mallick, B., & Sultana, Z. (2017) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci6030076 · Cited by 22
“Relocation does not occur in a vacuum when people move, it affects both the place they leave and the place the move into, and relocation also can be seen as temporary (short-term) or permanent (Brown et al. 2006; Black et al. 2013; Mallick and Siddiqui 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential
A developing food crisis and potential refugee movements
Puma, M. J., Chon, S. Y., Kakinuma, K., Kummu, M., Muttarak, R., Seager, R., & Wada, Y. (2018) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0123-z · Cited by 22
Climate change vulnerability and conflicts in Africa: evidence from the migrations channel
Tsomb, E. I. B. T., Nsoga, M. H. I. N., & Bitting, C. D. (2023) · Environment, Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-023-03417-4 · Cited by 20
“This literature presents climate change as an important source of observed national and international migration flows (Tongwane et al., 2022; Ash & Obradovich, 2020; Freeman, 2017; Ghimire et al., 2015; Gray & Mueller, 2010; Black et al., 2013).”
The geography of climate migration
Burzyński, M., B, F. D. A., & Scheewel, H. (2021) · Journal of Demographic Economics · doi:10.1017/dem.2021.6 · Cited by 21
“Others attempt to explain why migration responses to climate shocks have been small, non-existent, or even negative [Black et al. (2013); Black et al. (2011); Cattaneo et al. (2019)].”
Background
Island Stories: Mapping the (im)mobility trends of slow onset environmental processes in three island groups of the Philippines
Ayeb‐Karlsson, S., & Uy, N. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01068-w · Cited by 21
“However, with slow onset events, people whose livelihoods depend on rain-fed agriculture may struggle as precipitation or access to water slowly decreases over time (Black et al., 2011, 2013; Koubi et al., 2016; Ayeb-Karlsson, 2020a).”
Background
Household Migration and Intentions for Future Migration in the Climate Change Vulnerable Lower Meghna Estuary of Coastal Bangladesh
Paul, B. K., Rahman, M. K., Lu, M., & Crawford, T. W. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14084686 · Cited by 22
Migration in West Africa: a visual analysis of motivation, causes, and routes
Schürmann, A., Kleemann, J., Teucher, M., Fürst, C., & Conrad, C. (2022) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-13489-270316 · Cited by 23
Flood risk perceptions and future migration intentions of Lagos residents
Ekoh, S. S., Teron, L., Ajibade, I. M., & Kristiansen, S. (2022) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103399 · Cited by 21
The global long-term effects of storm surge flooding on human settlements in coastal areas
Kunze, S., & Strobl, E. (2023) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ad18df · Cited by 26
“Additionally, poor populations are sometimes trapped by nat-ural disasters, as they are more vulnerable and have fewer financial resources to move [55].”
Background
Do weather extremes induce people to move? Evidence from Vietnam
Nguyen, C. V. (2020) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2020.11.009 · Cited by 20
The role of social networks in relocation induced by climate-related hazards: an empirical investigation in China
Tan, J., Zhou, K., Peng, L., & Lin, L. (2021) · Climate and Development · doi:10.1080/17565529.2021.1877102 · Cited by 20
“People move for a variety of reasons, such as employment, religion, education, and environmental factors (Black et al., 2011, 2013; Krishnamurthy, 2012).”
Background
Planned relocation in Peru: advancing from well-meant legislation to good practice
Bergmann, J. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s13412-021-00699-w · Cited by 25
“Besides governance, poverty has constituted the second hurdle for success, confirming inverse correlations between vulnerability, migration, and outcomes found in other settings (Adger et al. 2014; Black et al. 2013; Warner and Afifi 2014).”
Background
Social Consequences of Forced and Refugee Migration
Kraly, E. P., Abbasi‐Shavazi, M. J., Colón, L. T., & Reed, H. E. (2023) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-090221-040023 · Cited by 20
Reconciling multiple ice-core volcanic histories: The potential of tree-ring and documentary evidence, 670–730 CE
Gao, C., Ludlow, F., Amir, O., & Kostick, C. (2016) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.098 · Cited by 20
Migration and global environmental change: methodological lessons from mountain areas of the global South
Milan, A., Gioli, G., & Afifi, T. O. (2015) · Earth System Dynamics · doi:10.5194/esd-6-375-2015 · Cited by 21
“In the upcoming decades, millions of people who would like to move might be unable to leave locations in which they are vulnerable to environmental change (Black et al., 2013).”
Background
Physical and Economic Consequences of Sea-Level Rise: A Coupled GIS and CGE Analysis Under Uncertainties
Joshi, S. R., Marc Vielle, B., Babonneau, F., Edwards, N. R., & Holden, P. B. (2015) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-015-9927-8 · Cited by 20
“According to a foresight report by the UK government office for science, these problems may be further exacerbated in the coming decades by net migration that in many cases is towards environmentally vulnerable regions rather than away from them (Foresight, 2011; Black et al., 2013).”
Background
Gender and generational differences in first outward- and first inward-moves: An event-history analysis of rural migrants in China
Chen, C., & Fan, C. C. (2018) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1177/0308518x18782709 · Cited by 19
“Recent years have also seen increasing attention to the relationship between environmental/ecological change and migration (Black et al., 2011, 2013; Henry et al., 2004; L opez-Carr, 2012).”
Background
Preventing Evictions After Disasters: The Role of Landlord-Tenant Law
Raymond, E. L., Green, T., & Kaminski, M. (2021) · Housing Policy Debate · doi:10.1080/10511482.2021.1931929 · Cited by 19
Topic modelling exposes disciplinary divergence in research on the nexus between human mobility and the environment
Zander, K. K., Garnett, S. T., Sterly, H., Ayeb‐Karlsson, S., Šedová, B., Lotze‐Campen, H., Richerzhagen, C., & Baggen, H. S. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01038-2 · Cited by 20
“Climate change and environmental degradation can influence all these types of mobility to different degrees, even where they are not the major drivers (Black et al., 2011, 2013; Hermans and McLeman, 2021).”
Background
Adaptive Governance to Manage Human Mobility and Natural Resource Stress
Ali, S. H., Clifford, M., Kniveton, D. R., Zickgraf, C., & Ayeb‐Karlsson, S. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009357708 · Cited by 19
Climate Change-Induced Conflicts in Pakistan: From National to Individual Level
Ali, F., Khan, T. A., Alamgir, A., & Khan, M. A. (2018) · Earth Systems and Environment · doi:10.1007/s41748-018-0080-8 · Cited by 23
Prioritizing involuntary immobility in climate policy and disaster planning
Thalheimer, L., Cottier, F., Kruczkiewicz, A., Hultquist, C., Tuholske, C. P., Benveniste, H., Freihardt, J., Hemmati, M., Kam, P. M., Pricope, N. G., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-57679-9 · Cited by 21
“This situation is known as involuntary immobility, where people cannot move due to constraints such as climate stressors, poverty, legal barriers, con ﬂ ict, or the intersection thereof 1 – 4 .”
Cross‐border migration on a warming planet: A policy framework
Byravan, S., & Rajan, S. C. (2022) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.763 · Cited by 18
“In most cases of extreme climatic events, reports show that three groups can be distinguished: those who are displaced temporarily; those who migrate indefinitely because of complete or partial loss of habitat; and those who are immobile and need to be rescued (Black et al., 2013; Green, 2016; McLeman et al., 2021).”
Background
Income-based inequality in post-disaster migration is lower in high resilience areas: evidence from U.S. internal migration
Chen, T. H. Y., & Lee, B. (2022) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac5692 · Cited by 20
“…climate change through decisions to migrate (e.g. Piguet et al 2011, Adams and Adger 2013), and those that examine how the impacts of disasters and individuals’ ability to respond to them vary by existing socioeconomic inequalities (e.g.Masozera et al 2007, Black et al 2013, McCaughey et al 2018).”
BackgroundInfluential
Investigating Loss and Damage in Coastal Region of Bangladesh from Migration as Adaptation Perspective: A Qualitative Study from Khulna and Satkhira District
Naz, S., Himel, T. I., Rafi, T., Islam, S., Neha, S. B., Islam, S. T., Hasan, M. M., Ha-Mim, N. M., Hossain, M. Z., & Rahaman, K. R. (2024) · World · doi:10.3390/world5010005 · Cited by 21
“However, these pertain primarily to the realm of theory [30,46,47].”
Climate change and human security in coastal regions
Petzold, J., & Scheffran, J. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Coastal Futures · doi:10.1017/cft.2024.2 · Cited by 18
“…the potential to reduce risks, all these forms of human mobility can have significant human security impacts since they may involve losses of livelihoods, homes, place attachment, identities, social networks and the potential for conflict between individuals and communities (Black et al., 2013).”
Worlds in Motion Redux ? Expanding Migration Theories and Their Interconnections
Riosmena, F. (2024) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12630 · Cited by 26
Environmental change and migration aspirations: Evidence from Bangladesh
Rudolph, L., Koubi, V., & Freihardt, J. (2025) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.102966 · Cited by 18
The interrelationship between travel behavior and life choices in adapting to flood disasters
Lu, Q.-C., Zhang, J., & Rahman, A. B. M. S. (2016) · Natural Hazards · doi:10.1007/s11069-016-2617-1 · Cited by 17
“Actually, many efforts have been devoted to investigating factors affecting migration under climate change disasters (Black et al. 2013; Joarder and Miller 2013; Bohra-Mishra et al. 2014).”
Background
Extremes Rainfall Events on Riparian Flora and Vegetation in the Mediterranean Basin: A Challenging but Completely Unexplored Theme
Pinna, M. S., Loi, M. C., Calderisi, G., & Fenu, G. (2022) · Water · doi:10.3390/w14050817 · Cited by 17
To stay or to move? Investigation on residents' migration intention under frequent secondary disasters in Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area
Huang, H., Wang, F., Xiao, Y., Li, Y., Zhou, H., & Chen, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.920233 · Cited by 17
“Themigration caused by long-term environmental change is more complex than sudden natural hazards (44).”
Background
Introduction: Environment, Migration, and Inequality—A Complex Dynamic
McLeman, R. A., Faist, T., & Schade, J. (2015) · Advances in global change research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25796-9_1 · Cited by 17
“This reflects the concerns about trapped populations whose vulnerability increases when they cannot relocate from areas that are inherently risky, without outside assistance (Black et al. 2012).”
Background

Authors: Black, R., Arnell, N. W., Adger, W. N., Thomas, D., & Geddes, A.
Affiliations: University of Sussex (GB)
University of Reading (GB)
University of Exeter (GB)
University of Oxford (GB)
University of Sheffield (GB)
Corresponding author: Black, Richard
ORCID: Black, Richard
Arnell, Nigel W.
Adger, W. Neil
Thomas, David
Venue: Environmental Science & Policy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2013-03
Volume: 27
Pages: S32-S43
ISSN: 1462-9011 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2012.09.001
OpenAlex: W2049692286
Cited by: 519
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5
FWCI: 41.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
soas-repository.worktribe.com
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Environmental Science & Policy (publishedVersion)
SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Government of the United Kingdom
Office of Science
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Hydropower, Displacement, Environmental Impact
Keywords: environmental migration, displacement, immobility, extreme weather events, climate change adaptation, population vulnerability, climate-induced displacement, global change

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