Melting and mixing states of the Earth’s mantle after the Moon-forming impact

Nakajima, Miki; Stevenson, David J.

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.023

Cited by 215Astro and Planetary ScienceHigh-pressure geophysics and materialsGeological and Geochemical Analysis

Melting and mixing states of the Earth’s mantle after the Moon-forming impact

Open access

Nakajima, Miki, Stevenson, David J.·2015·Earth and Planetary Science Letters

DOI 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.023

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.023

Cites

59 of 59 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Numerical simulations of a giant impact thought to have formed the Earth-Moon system suggest that over 50 vol% of the Earth's mantle could have melted, indicating a magma ocean to at least 600 km depth.
“however, numerical simulations of a giant impact thought to have formed the Earth-Moon system suggests that over 50 vol% of the Earth's mantle could have melted, indicating a magma ocean to at least 600 km depth”
From Secular change and the onset of plate tectonics on Earth (2020) · cites this paper as Nakajima and Stevenson, 2015

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability
Chandrasekhar, S., & Gillis, J. (1962) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.3058072 · Cited by 10,517 · see citing works
A low mass for Mars from Jupiter’s early gas-driven migration
Walsh, K. J., Morbidelli, A., Raymond, S. N., O'Brien, D. P., & Mandell, A. M. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10201 · Cited by 1,241 · see citing works
A crystallizing dense magma ocean at the base of the Earth’s mantle
Labrosse, S., Hernlund, J. W., & Coltice, N. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06355 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Satellite-sized planetesimals and lunar origin
HARTMANN, W. K., & Davis, D. R. (1975) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(75)90070-6 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
Making the Moon from a Fast-Spinning Earth: A Giant Impact Followed by Resonant Despinning
Ćuk, M., & Stewart, S. T. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1225542 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Forming a Moon with an Earth-like composition via a giant impact
Canup, R. M. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1226073 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
The origin of the Moon and the single-impact hypothesis III
Benz, W., Cameron, A. G. W., & Melosh, H. J. (1989) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(89)90129-2 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Linked magma ocean solidification and atmospheric growth for Earth and Mars
Elkins-Tanton, L. T. (2008) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.062 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Core formation and the oxidation state of the Earth
Wade, J., & Wood, B. J. (2005) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.017 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Late formation and prolonged differentiation of the Moon inferred from W isotopes in lunar metals
Touboul, M., Kleine, T., Bourdon, B., Palme, H., & Wieler, R. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06428 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Oxygen Isotopes and the Moon-Forming Giant Impact
Wiechert, U., Halliday, A. N., Lee, D., Snyder, G. A., Taylor, L. A., & Rumble, D., III (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063037 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Geochemistry of mantle–core differentiation at high pressure
Li, J., & Agee, C. B. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/381686a0 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Effect of variation in density on the stability of superposed streams of Fluid
Taylor, G. I. (1931) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character · doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0115 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Magma ocean formation due to giant impacts
Tonks, W. B., & Melosh, H. J. (1993) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/92je02726 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Early differentiation and volatile accretion recorded in deep-mantle neon and xenon
Mukhopadhyay, S. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11141 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Accretion and differentiation of the terrestrial planets with implications for the compositions of early-formed Solar System bodies and accretion of water
Rubie, D., Jacobson, S. A., Morbidelli, A., O'Brien, D., Young, E., de Vries, J., Nimmo, F., Palme, H., & Frost, D. (2014) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.10.015 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Equilibration in the aftermath of the lunar-forming giant impact
Pahlevan, K., & Stevenson, D. J. (2007) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.055 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mechanisms of metal–silicate equilibration in the terrestrial magma ocean
Rubie, D. C., Melosh, H. J., Reid, J. E., Liebske, C., & Righter, K. (2003) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(02)01044-0 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
A hydrocode equation of state for SiO 2
Melosh, H. J. (2007) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2007.tb01009.x · Cited by 341 · see citing works
The origin of the moon and the single-impact hypothesis I
Benz, W., Slattery, W. L., & Cameron, A. G. W. (1986) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(86)90088-6 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Fluid Dynamics Of Core Formation
Stevenson, D. J. (1990) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195066197.003.0014 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Self-citation
Structure and Freezing of MgSiO 3 Liquid in Earth's Lower Mantle
Stixrude, L. P., & Karki, B. B. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1116952 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Spontaneous small‐scale melt segregation in partial melts undergoing deformation
Stevenson, D. J. (1989) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/gl016i009p01067 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Self-citation
The tungsten isotopic composition of the Earth’s mantle before the terminal bombardment
Willbold, M., Elliott, T. R., & Moorbath, S. E. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10399 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Thermoelastic properties and crystal structure of MgSiO3 perovskite at lower mantle pressure and temperature conditions
Fiquet, G., Dewaele, A., Andrault, D., Kunz, M., & LeBihan, T. (2000) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/1999gl008397 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Fluid Dynamics of a Terrestrial Magma Ocean
Solomatov, V. S. (2000) · University of Arizona Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1v7zdrp.23 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
182 W Evidence for Long-Term Preservation of Early Mantle Differentiation Products
Touboul, M., Puchtel, I. S., & Walker, R. J. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1216351 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Thermodynamics of silicate liquids in the deep Earth
Stixrude, L. P., de Koker, N., Sun, N., Mookherjee, M., & Karki, B. B. (2009) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.006 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Prediction of siderophile element metal-silicate partition coefficients to 20 GPa and 2800°C: the effects of pressure, temperature, oxygen fugacity, and silicate and metallic melt compositions
Righter, K., DRAKE, M. J., & Yaxley, G. M. (1997) · Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors · doi:10.1016/s0031-9201(96)03235-9 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Highly siderophile elements in Earth’s mantle as a clock for the Moon-forming impact
Jacobson, S. A., Morbidelli, A., Raymond, S. N., O'Brien, D. P., Walsh, K. J., & Rubie, D. C. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13172 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
The oxygen‐isotopic composition of Earth and Mars
Franchi, I. A., Wright, I. P., Sexton, A. S., & Pillinger, C. T. (1999) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1999.tb01371.x · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Identification of the giant impactor Theia in lunar rocks
Herwartz, D., Pack, A., Friedrichs, B., & Bischoff, A. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1251117 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Dynamics and evolution of the deep mantle resulting from thermal, chemical, phase and melting effects
Tackley, P. J. (2011) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.10.001 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
A hit-and-run giant impact scenario
Reufer, A., MEIER, M. M. M., Benz, W., & WIELER, R. (2012) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07.021 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Silicon Isotope Evidence Against an Enstatite Chondrite Earth
Fitoussi, C., & Bourdon, B. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1219509 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Resonances in the Early Evolution of the Earth-Moon System
Touma, J., & Wisdom, J. (1998) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1086/300312 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
The age of ferroan anorthosite 60025: oldest crust on a young Moon?
Carlson, R. W., & Lugmair, G. W. (1988) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/0012-821x(88)90095-7 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Early evolution of the Earth: Accretion, atmosphere formation, and thermal history
Abe, Y., & Matsui, T. (1986) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jb091ib13p0e291 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Turbulent mixing of metal and silicate during planet accretion — And interpretation of the Hf–W chronometer
Dahl, T. W., & Stevenson, D. J. (2010) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.038 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citation
Hf-W Isotopic Evidence for Rapid Accretion and Differentiation in the Early Solar System
Lee, D., & Halliday, A. N. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5294.1876 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Silicon isotopes in lunar rocks: Implications for the Moon’s formation and the early history of the Earth
Armytage, R. M. G., Georg, R. B., Williams, H. M., & Halliday, A. N. (2011) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.10.032 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Geochemical arguments for an Earth-like Moon-forming impactor
Dauphas, N., Burkhardt, C., Warren, P. H., & Teng, F. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2013.0244 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-consistent thermodynamic description of silicate liquids, with application to shock melting of MgO periclase and MgSiO3perovskite
de Koker, N., & Stixrude, L. P. (2009) · Geophysical Journal International · doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2009.04142.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Age and Origin of the Moon
Lee, D., Halliday, A. N., Snyder, G. A., & Taylor, L. A. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.278.5340.1098 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Melt distribution in mantle rocks deformed in shear
Zimmerman, M. E., Zhang, S., Kohlstedt, D. L., & Karato, S. (1999) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/1999gl900259 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Formation of an interconnected network of iron melt at Earth’s lower mantle conditions
Shi, C. Y., Zhang, L., Yang, W., Liu, Y., Wang, J., Meng, Y., Andrews, J. C., & Mao, W. L. (2013) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo1956 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Investigation of the initial state of the Moon-forming disk: Bridging SPH simulations and hydrostatic models
Nakajima, M., & Stevenson, D. J. (2014) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.01.008 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citation
The feeding zones of terrestrial planets and insights into Moon formation
Kaib, N. A., & Cowan, N. B. (2015) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.01.013 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Accretion of the Earth
Canup, R. M. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0101 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
A primordial origin for the compositional similarity between the Earth and the Moon
Mastrobuono-Battisti, A., Perets, H. B., & Raymond, S. N. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14333 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Early evolution of the Earth–Moon system with a fast-spinning Earth
Wisdom, J., & Tian, Z. (2015) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.02.025 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Chemical fractionation in the silicate vapor atmosphere of the Earth
Pahlevan, K., Stevenson, D. J., & Eiler, J. M. (2010) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.10.036 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citation
Lunar-forming impacts: processes and alternatives
Canup, R. M. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2013.0175 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Direct shock wave loading of MgSiO3 perovskite to lower mantle conditions and its equation of state
Deng, L., Gong, Z., & Fei, Y. (2008) · Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors · doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2008.07.043 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Asymmetric shock heating and the terrestrial magma ocean origin of the Moon
Karato, S. (2014) · Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B · doi:10.2183/pjab.90.97 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Brief follow-up on recent studies of Theia’s accretion
Kaib, N. A., & Cowan, N. B. (2015) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.06.019 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Moon Formation from Multiple Large Impacts
Citron, R., Aharonson, O., Perets, H. B., & Genda, H. (2014) · LPI · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Melting Due to Impacts on Growing Proto-Planets
de Vries, J., Nimmo, F., Melosh, H. J., Jacobson, S. A., Morbidelli, A., & Rubie, D. C. (2014) · LPI · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An High-Precistion Semi-Analytical on-Hugoniot EOS for Geologic Materials
Sugita, S., Kurosawa, K., Kadono, T., & Sano, T. (2012) · Lunar and Planetary Science Conference · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 62 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Secular change and the onset of plate tectonics on Earth
Palin, R. M., Santosh, M., Cao, W., Li, S.-S., Hernández-Uribe, D., & Parsons, A. (2020) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103172 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
“magma ocean (or crystal-rich mush) to a depth of ~150–300 km below the surface (Hofmeister, 1983; Ohtani, 1985; Elkins-Tanton, 2012); however, numerical simulations of a giant impact thought to have formed the Earth–Moon system suggests that over 50 vol% of the Earth's mantle could have melted, indicating a magma ocea…”
Background
The Origin of the Moon Within a Terrestrial Synestia
Lock, S. J., Stewart, S. T., Petaev, M. I., Leinhardt, Z. M., Mace, M., Jacobsen, S. B., & Ćuk, M. (2018) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1002/2017je005333 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Evaporation of moderately volatile elements from silicate melts: experiments and theory
Sossi, P. A., Klemme, S., O'Neill, H. S. C., Berndt, J., & Moynier, F. (2019) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2019.06.021 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
A multiple-impact origin for the Moon
Rufu, R., Aharonson, O., & Perets, H. B. (2017) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo2866 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Tungsten Isotopes in Planets
Kleine, T., & Walker, R. J. (2017) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020037 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Melt–crystal density crossover in a deep magma ocean
Caracas, R., Hirose, K., Nomura, R., & Ballmer, M. (2019) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.03.031 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Noble Gases: A Record of Earth's Evolution and Mantle Dynamics
Mukhopadhyay, S., & Parai, R. (2019) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060238 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The structure of terrestrial bodies: Impact heating, corotation limits, and synestias
Lock, S. J., & Stewart, S. T. (2017) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1002/2016je005239 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The elemental abundances (with uncertainties) of the most Earth-like planet
Wang, H. S., Lineweaver, C. H., & Ireland, T. R. (2017) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.08.024 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Heterogeneous delivery of silicate and metal to the Earth by large planetesimals
Marchi, S., Canup, R. M., & Walker, R. J. (2017) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-017-0022-3 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Sustaining Earth’s magnetic dynamo
Landeau, M., Fournier, A., Nataf, H., Cébron, D., & Schaeffer, N. (2022) · Nature Reviews Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43017-022-00264-1 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
On the cooling of a deep terrestrial magma ocean
Monteux, J., Andrault, D., & Samuel, H. (2016) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.010 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Linking the evolution of terrestrial interiors and an early outgassed atmosphere to astrophysical observations
Bower, D. J., Kitzmann, D., Wolf, A. S., Sanan, P., Dorn, C., & Oza, A. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935710 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Terrestrial magma ocean origin of the Moon
Hosono, N., Karato, S., Makino, J., & Saitoh, T. R. (2019) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0354-2 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Reconciling magma‐ocean crystallization models with the present‐day structure of the Earth's mantle
Ballmer, M., Lourenço, D. L., Hirose, K., Caracas, R., & Nomura, R. (2017) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1002/2017gc006917 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Timing of mantle overturn during magma ocean solidification
Boukaré, C., Parmentier, E. M., & Parman, S. W. (2018) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.03.037 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Linking the evolution of terrestrial interiors and an early outgassed atmosphere to astrophysical observations
Bower, D. J., Kitzmann, D., Wolf, A. S., Sanan, P., Dorn, C., & Oza, A. (2019) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-182779 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Atmosphere Impact Losses
Schlichting, H. E., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2018) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-018-0471-z · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Volatile loss following cooling and accretion of the Moon revealed by chromium isotopes
Sossi, P. A., Moynier, F., & van Zuilen, K. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1809060115 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Core merging and stratification following giant impact
Landeau, M., Olson, P. L., Deguen, R., & Hirsh, B. (2016) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo2808 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
What Factors Affect the Duration and Outgassing of the Terrestrial Magma Ocean?
Nikolaou, A., Katyal, N., Tosi, N., Godolt, M., Grenfell, J. L., & Rauer, H. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab08ed · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Vapor Drainage in the Protolunar Disk as the Cause for the Depletion in Volatile Elements of the Moon
Nie, N. X., & Dauphas, N. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab4a16 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
On the Impact Origin of Phobos and Deimos. I. Thermodynamic and Physical Aspects
Hyodo, R., Genda, H., Charnoz, S., & Rosenblatt, P. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa81c4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Inefficient volatile loss from the Moon-forming disk: Reconciling the giant impact hypothesis and a wet Moon
Nakajima, M., & Stevenson, D. J. (2018) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.01.026 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citation
The deep Earth may not be cooling down
Andrault, D., Monteux, J., Bars, M. L., & Samuel, H. (2016) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.03.020 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Scaling laws for the geometry of an impact-induced magma ocean
Nakajima, M., Golabek, G., Wünnemann, K., Rubie, D. C., Burger, C., Melosh, H. J., Jacobson, S. A., Manske, L., & Hull, S. D. (2021) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116983 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citation
On the Role of Dissolved Gases in the Atmosphere Retention of Low-mass Low-density Planets
Chachan, Y., & Stevenson, D. J. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa459 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation
The accretion of planet Earth
Halliday, A. N., & Canup, R. M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43017-022-00370-0 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Composition of the low seismic velocity E ′ layer at the top of Earth's core
Brodholt, J. P., & Badro, J. (2017) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2017gl074261 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Long-Term Evolution of the Atmosphere of Venus: Processes and Feedback Mechanisms
Gillmann, C., Way, M. J., Avice, G., Breuer, D., Golabek, G., Höning, D., Krissansen‐Totton, J., Lammer, H., O'Rourke, J. G., Persson, M., et al. (2022) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-022-00924-0 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The nature of Earth’s first crust
Carlson, R. W., Garçon, M., OʼNeil, J., Reimink, J., & Rizo, H. (2019) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119321 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Moon-forming impactor as a source of Earth’s basal mantle anomalies
Yuan, Q., Li, M., Desch, S. J., Ko, B., Deng, H., Garnero, E. J., Gabriel, T. S. J., Kegerreis, J., Miyazaki, Y., Eke, V. R., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06589-1 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Origin of the Moon
Canup, R. M., Righter, K., Dauphas, N., Pahlevan, K., Ćuk, M., Lock, S. J., Stewart, S. T., Salmon, J. J., Rufu, R., Nakajima, M., et al. (2023) · Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry · doi:10.2138/rmg.2023.89.02 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mantle control of the geodynamo: Consequences of top‐down regulation
Olson, P. L. (2016) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1002/2016gc006334 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Triple oxygen isotopic composition of the high-3He/4He mantle
Starkey, N. A., Jackson, C. R. M., Greenwood, R. C., Parman, S. W., Franchi, I. A., Jackson, M. G., Fitton, J. G., Stuart, F. M., Kurz, M. D., & Larsen, L. M. (2016) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.12.027 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Water Partitioning in Planetary Embryos and Protoplanets with Magma Oceans
Ikoma, M., Elkins-Tanton, L. T., Hamano, K., & Suckale, J. (2018) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-018-0508-3 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Bifurcation in the history of Uranus and Neptune: the role of giant impacts
Reinhardt, C., Chau, A., Stadel, J., & Helled, R. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3271 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Electrical conductivity of SiO 2 at extreme conditions and planetary dynamos
Scipioni, R., Stixrude, L. P., & Desjarlais, M. P. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1704762114 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Lava worlds: From early earth to exoplanets
Chao, K., deGraffenried, R., Lach, M., Nelson, W., Truax, K., & Gaidos, E. J. (2021) · Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2020.125735 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Chemical diversity of super-Earths as a consequence of formation
Scora, J., Valencia, D., Morbidelli, A., & Jacobson, S. A. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa568 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Impact-induced melting during accretion of the Earth
de Vries, J., Nimmo, F., Melosh, H. J., Jacobson, S. A., Morbidelli, A., & Rubie, D. C. (2016) · Progress in Earth and Planetary Science · doi:10.1186/s40645-016-0083-8 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Origin and Evolution of Water in the Moon's Interior
Hauri, E. H., Saal, A. E., Nakajima, M., Anand, M., Rutherford, M. J., Orman, J. A. V., & Voyer, M. L. (2017) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020239 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citation
On the Timescale of Magma Ocean Solidification and Its Chemical Consequences: 2. Compositional Differentiation Under Crystal Accumulation and Matrix Compaction
Miyazaki, Y., & Korenaga, J. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth · doi:10.1029/2018jb016928 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Stochastic accretion of the Earth
Sossi, P. A., Stotz, I., Jacobson, S. A., Morbidelli, A., & O'Neill, H. S. C. (2022) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01702-2 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The influence of bulk composition on the long-term interior-atmosphere evolution of terrestrial exoplanets
Spaargaren, R., Ballmer, M., Bower, D. J., Dorn, C., & Tackley, P. J. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037632 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Magma Ocean, Water, and the Early Atmosphere of Venus
Salvador, A., Avice, G., Breuer, D., Gillmann, C., Lammer, H., Marcq, E., Raymond, S. N., Sakuraba, H., Scherf, M., & Way, M. J. (2023) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-023-00995-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Elusive Origin of Mercury
EBEL, D. S., & Stewart, S. T. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316650684.019 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The influence of bulk composition on the long-term interior-atmosphere evolution of terrestrial exoplanets
Spaargaren, R., Ballmer, M., Bower, D. J., Dorn, C., & Tackley, P. J. (2020) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037632/pdf · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Primordial metallic melt in the deep mantle
ZhangZhou, J., Dorfman, S. M., Labidi, J., Zhang, S., Li, M., Manga, M., Stixrude, L. P., McDonough, W. F., & Williams, Q. (2016) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2016gl068560 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Energy Budgets of Giant Impacts
Carter, P. J., Lock, S. J., & Stewart, S. T. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2019je006042 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Toward a coherent model for the melting behavior of the deep Earth’s mantle
Andrault, D., Bolfan‐Casanova, N., Bouhifd, M. A., Boujibar, A., Leonel, G. G., Manthilake, G. M., Mézouar, M., Monteux, J., Parisiades, P., & Pesce, G. (2017) · Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors · doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2017.02.009 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Effects of core formation on the Hf–W isotopic composition of the Earth and dating of the Moon-forming impact
Fischer, R. A., & Nimmo, F. (2018) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.07.030 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Tidal Evolution of the Evection Resonance/Quasi‐Resonance and the Angular Momentum of the Earth‐Moon System
Rufu, R., & Canup, R. M. (2020) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2019je006312 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Insights into magma ocean dynamics from the transport properties of basaltic melt
Bajgain, S. K., Ashley, A. W., Mookherjee, M., Ghosh, D. B., & Karki, B. B. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35171-y · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Investigating Magma Ocean Solidification on Earth Through Laser‐Heated Diamond Anvil Cell Experiments
Nabiei, F., Badro, J., Boukaré, C., Hébert, C., Cantoni, M., Borensztajn, S., Wehr, N., & Gillet, P. (2021) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl092446 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Primordial Helium‐3 Exchange Between Earth's Core and Mantle
Olson, P. L., & Sharp, Z. D. (2022) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2021gc009985 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Critical vaporization of MgSiO 3
Xiao, B., & Stixrude, L. P. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1719134115 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Immediate Origin of the Moon as a Post-impact Satellite
Kegerreis, J., Ruiz-Bonilla, S., Eke, V. R., Massey, R. J., Sandnes, T. D., & Teodoro, L. F. A. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac8d96 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Direct imaging of molten protoplanets in nearby young stellar associations
Bonati, I., Lichtenberg, T., Bower, D. J., Timpe, M., & Quanz, S. P. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833158 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Volatile element chemistry during accretion of the earth
Fegley, B., Lodders, K., & Jacobson, N. S. (2020) · Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2019.125594 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Venus: A Thick Basal Magma Ocean May Exist Today
O'Rourke, J. G. (2020) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2019gl086126 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
An energy-stable Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics discretization of the Navier-Stokes-Cahn-Hilliard model for incompressible two-phase flows
Feng, X., Qiao, Z., Sun, S., & Wang, X. (2023) · Journal of Computational Physics · doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2023.111997 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Enhanced Mixing in Giant Impact Simulations with a New Lagrangian Method
Deng, H., Reinhardt, C., Benitez, F., Mayer, L., Stadel, J., & Barr, A. C. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf399 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Deep fractionation of Hf in a solidifying magma ocean and its implications for tungsten isotopic heterogeneities in the mantle
Deng, J., & Stixrude, L. P. (2021) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116873 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
VapoRock: Thermodynamics of Vaporized Silicate Melts for Modeling Volcanic Outgassing and Magma Ocean Atmospheres
Wolf, A. S., Jäggi, N., Sossi, P. A., & Bower, D. J. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acbcc7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Asteroid bombardment and the core of Theia as possible sources for the Earth's late veneer component
Sleep, N. H. (2016) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1002/2016gc006305 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Geochemical Constraints on the Origin of the Moon and Preservation of Ancient Terrestrial Heterogeneities
Lock, S. J., Bermingham, K. R., Parai, R., & Boyet, M. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00729-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Inefficient Water Degassing Inhibits Ocean Formation on Rocky Planets: An Insight from Self-Consistent Mantle Degassing Models
Miyazaki, Y., & Korenaga, J. (2022) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2021.0126 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Primordial Earth Mantle Heterogeneity Caused by the Moon-forming Giant Impact?
Deng, H., Ballmer, M., Reinhardt, C., MEIER, M. M. M., Mayer, L., Stadel, J., & Benitez, F. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab50b9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
On the Timescale of Magma Ocean Solidification and Its Chemical Consequences: 1. Thermodynamic Database for Liquid at High Pressures
Miyazaki, Y., & Korenaga, J. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth · doi:10.1029/2018jb016932 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A dry ancient plume mantle from noble gas isotopes
Parai, R. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2201815119 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
An equation of state for high pressure-temperature liquids (RTpress) with application to MgSiO 3 melt
Wolf, A. S., & Bower, D. J. (2018) · Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors · doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2018.02.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Recreating Giants Impacts in the Laboratory: Shock Compression of MgSiO3 Bridgmanite to 14 Mbar
Millot, M., Zhang, S., Fratanduono, D. E., Coppari, F., Hamel, S., Militzer, B., Simonova, D., Shcheka, S. S., Dubrovinskaia, N., Dubrovinsky, L., et al. (2020) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2019gl085476 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Experimental Constraints on an MgO Exsolution‐Driven Geodynamo
Du, Z., Boujibar, A., Driscoll, P., & Fei, Y. (2019) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2019gl083017 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Vestiges of impact-driven three-phase mixing in the chemistry and structure of Earth’s mantle
Korenaga, J., & Marchi, S. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2309181120 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Geoscience for Understanding Habitability in the Solar System and Beyond
Dehant, V., Debaille, V., Dobos, V., Gaillard, F., Gillmann, C., Goderis, S., Grenfell, J. L., Höning, D., Javaux, E. J., Karatekin, Ö., et al. (2019) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-019-0608-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Large planets may not form fractionally large moons
Nakajima, M., Genda, H., Asphaug, E. I., & Ida, S. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28063-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
Solidus melting of pyrolite and bridgmanite: Implication for the thermochemical state of the Earth's interior
Pierru, R., Pison, L., Mathieu, A., Gardès, E., Leonel, G. G., Mézouar, M., Hennet, L., & Andrault, D. (2022) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117770 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Collision Chains among the Terrestrial Planets. III. Formation of the Moon
Asphaug, E. I., Emsenhuber, A., Cambioni, S., Gabriel, T. S. J., & Schwartz, S. R. (2021) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ac19b2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Primordial atmosphere incorporation in planetary embryos and the origin of Neon in terrestrial planets
Jaupart, É., Charnoz, S., & Moreira, M. (2017) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.04.022 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Viscosity of anhydrous and hydrous peridotite meltsPreprint
Genova, D. D., Bondar, D., Zandonà, A., Valdivia, P., Al-Mukadam, R., Fei, H., Withers, A. C., Ballaran, T. B., Kurnosov, A., McCammon, C. A., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121440 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Parameterisations of interior properties of rocky planets
Noack, L., & Lasbleis, M. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037723 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A Giant Impact Origin for the First Subduction on Earth
Yuan, Q., Gurnis, M., Asimow, P. D., & Li, Y. (2024) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2023gl106723 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A mushy Earth's mantle for more than 500 Myr after the magma ocean solidification
Monteux, J., Andrault, D., Guitreau, M., Samuel, H., & Demouchy, S. (2020) · Geophysical Journal International · doi:10.1093/gji/ggaa064 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Tides on Lava Worlds: Application to Close-in Exoplanets and the Early Earth–Moon System
Farhat, M. A., Auclair-Desrotour, P., Boué, G., Lichtenberg, T., & Laskar, J. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad9b93 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Three Regimes of Atmospheric Evaporation for Super-Earths and Sub-Neptunes
Modirrousta‐Galian, D., & Korenaga, J. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac9d34 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A planetary collision afterglow and transit of the resultant debris cloud
Kenworthy, M. A., Lock, S. J., Kennedy, G. M., van Capelleveen, R., Mamajek, E. E., Carone, L., Hambsch, F.-J., Masiero, J. R., Mainzer, A., Kirkpatrick, J. D., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06573-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Entropy, dynamics, and freezing of CaSiO3 liquid
Wilson, A. J., & Stixrude, L. P. (2021) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2021.03.015 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Convective Erosion of a Primordial Stratification Atop Earth's Core
Bouffard, M., Landeau, M., & Goument, A. (2020) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2020gl087109 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Composition of Earth's Lower Mantle
Murakami, M., Khan, A., Sossi, P. A., Ballmer, M., & Saha, P. (2024) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-075657 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Composition, structure, and origin of the Moon
Sossi, P. A., Nakajima, M., & Khan, A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99762-1.00138-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
Partial core vaporization during Giant Impacts inferred from the entropy and the critical point of iron
Li, Z., Caracas, R., & Soubiran, F. (2020) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116463 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Structure and Thermal Evolution of Exoplanetary Cores
Bonati, I., Lasbleis, M., & Noack, L. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2020je006724 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Nitrogen sequestration in the core at megabar pressure and implications for terrestrial accretion
Huang, D., Siebert, J., Sossi, P. A., Kubik, E., Avice, G., & Murakami, M. (2024) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2024.05.010 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Experimental Determination of Eutectic Liquid Compositions in the MgO‐SiO2System to the Lowermost Mantle Pressures
Ozawa, K., Anzai, M., Hirose, K., Sinmyo, R., & Tateno, S. (2018) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2018gl079313 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Geochemical Constraints on the Size of the Moon‐Forming Giant Impact
Piet, H., Badro, J., & Gillet, P. (2017) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2017gl075225 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
High Pressure Melts
Sakamaki, T., & Ohtani, E. (2022) · Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry · doi:10.2138/rmg.2022.87.11 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Giant impacts stochastically change the internal pressures of terrestrial planets
Lock, S. J., & Stewart, S. T. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav3746 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hafnium-tungsten evolution with pebble accretion during Earth formation
Olson, P. L., & Sharp, Z. D. (2023) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118418 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Quantitative estimates of impact induced crustal erosion during accretion and its influence on the Sm/Nd ratio of the Earth
Allibert, L., Charnoz, S., Siebert, J., Jacobson, S. A., & Raymond, S. N. (2021) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114412 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Authors: Nakajima, M., & Stevenson, D. J.
Affiliations: California Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author: Nakajima, Miki
ORCID: Nakajima, Miki
Stevenson, David J.
Venue: Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-10
Volume: 427
Pages: 286-295
ISSN: 0012-821X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.023
OpenAlex: W1963088560
Cited by: 215
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 10.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
arxiv.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Earth and Planetary Science Letters (publishedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders: NASA (NNX14AP26H)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › High-pressure geophysics and materials
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Keywords: Moon formation, giant impacts, Earth's mantle, mantle mixing, mantle melting, proto-Earth, impactor size, mantle heterogeneity, Rankine-Hugoniot equations, entropy increase, equation of state, forsterite, smoothed particle hydrodynamics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Melting and mixing states of the Earth’s mantle after the Moon-forming impact

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks