AgentAI: A comprehensive survey on autonomous agents in distributed AI for industry 4.0
Open accessAbstract
AgentAI represents a transformative approach within distributed Artificial Intelligence (AI) in which autonomous agents work either individually or collaboratively in decentralized environments to address challenging problems. AgentAI enhances scalability, robustness, and flexibility by utilizing advanced communication, learning, and decision-making capabilities, making it integral to diverse applications in Industry 4.0. The ability of AI systems to interpret sensory data in open-world environments has seen significant advancements in recent years. This progress emphasizes the need to move beyond reductionist approaches and embrace more embodied and cohesive systems, which integrate foundational models into agent-driven actions. Existing surveys often focus on isolated domains or specific autonomy levels, lacking a cohesive analysis that spans the full spectrum of AgentAI development in Industry 4.0. This survey explicitly fills this gap by introducing a multi-domain taxonomy and by systematically analyzing both non-autonomous and fully autonomous AgentAI systems, offering a comprehensive synthesis not previously available in the literature. Additionally, the paper extends the discussion to Industry 5.0 and 6.0, exploring the evolution of AgentAI from automation to collaboration and, ultimately, to fully autonomous systems. This comprehensive analysis highlights the potential of AgentAI in driving industries toward a more efficient, sustainable, and adaptable future.
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Multi-domain agents engage in real-time decision-making, minimize costs, make better use of resources, produce intelligible outputs, and plan and execute tasks under uncertainty.
“Agents also engage in realtime decision-making, minimize costs, make better use of resources, produce intelligible outputs, and plan and execute tasks under uncertainty [36,135].”
From The Rise of Agentic AI: A Review of Definitions, Frameworks, Architectures, Applications, Evaluation Metrics, and Challenges (2025) · cites this paper as [135]
Models like LLMs and VLMs enable adaptive decision-making in agentic decision-making when processes use combinations of text, images, and audio, thus enabling an agentic system to demonstrate embodied reasoning and task execution towards articulated goals.
“Models like LLMs and VLMs enable adaptive decision-making in agentic decision-making when processes use combinations of text, images, and audio, thus enabling an agentic system to demonstrate embodied reasoning and task execution towards articulated goals [33,135].”
From The Rise of Agentic AI: A Review of Definitions, Frameworks, Architectures, Applications, Evaluation Metrics, and Challenges (2025) · cites this paper as [135]
Transparency for models like AMBY and Drawcto is tested through user-facing clarity, Constitutional AI models using predefined ethical principles and Hybrid Transparency Models are tested through open-source governance components and external audits.
“Transparency for models like AMBY and Drawcto [135] is tested through user-facing clarity, Constitutional AI models [44] using predefined ethical principles and Hybrid Transparency Models [37] are tested through open-source governance components and external audits.”
From The Rise of Agentic AI: A Review of Definitions, Frameworks, Architectures, Applications, Evaluation Metrics, and Challenges (2025) · cites this paper as [135]
Traditional AI systems generally work on structured, static inputs and produce fixed or predefined outputs.
“Traditional AI systems generally work on structured, static inputs and produce fixed [71] or predefined outputs [135].”
From The Rise of Agentic AI: A Review of Definitions, Frameworks, Architectures, Applications, Evaluation Metrics, and Challenges (2025) · cites this paper as [135]
Biased and unfair outcomes from agentic AI may affect trust and fairness.
“Finally, when the data are used by agentic AI, they may often be broken, incomplete, or poor in quality, so this also leads to biased and unfair outcomes, and that may affect trust and fairness [135].”
From The Rise of Agentic AI: A Review of Definitions, Frameworks, Architectures, Applications, Evaluation Metrics, and Challenges (2025) · cites this paper as [135]
Limited design, test, and deployment support for agent design, testing and deploy environments limits the agents' scale and stable design and development.
“Furthermore, limited design, test, and deployment support for agent design, testing and deploy environments limits the agents' scale and stable design and development [135].”
From The Rise of Agentic AI: A Review of Definitions, Frameworks, Architectures, Applications, Evaluation Metrics, and Challenges (2025) · cites this paper as [135]
Cooperative systems are highly susceptible to correlated system failures resulting in collusion even when there is no malicious intent, thereby diminishing fairness, robustness, and transparency.
“Cooperative systems are also highly susceptible to correlated system failures resulting in collusion-even when there is no malicious intent-thereby diminishing issues of fairness, robustness, and transparency [135].”
From The Rise of Agentic AI: A Review of Definitions, Frameworks, Architectures, Applications, Evaluation Metrics, and Challenges (2025) · cites this paper as [135]
Data used by agentic AI may often be broken, incomplete, or poor in quality.
“Finally, when the data are used by agentic AI, they may often be broken, incomplete, or poor in quality, so this also leads to biased and unfair outcomes, and that may affect trust and fairness [135].”
From The Rise of Agentic AI: A Review of Definitions, Frameworks, Architectures, Applications, Evaluation Metrics, and Challenges (2025) · cites this paper as [135]
Broken, incomplete, or poor-quality data used by agentic AI leads to biased and unfair outcomes.
“Finally, when the data are used by agentic AI, they may often be broken, incomplete, or poor in quality, so this also leads to biased and unfair outcomes, and that may affect trust and fairness [135].”
From The Rise of Agentic AI: A Review of Definitions, Frameworks, Architectures, Applications, Evaluation Metrics, and Challenges (2025) · cites this paper as [135]
Human checks, backup systems, clear logs, and interpersonal support allow agentic AI systems to be more robust.
“Human checks, backup systems, clear logs, and interpersonal support allow them to be more robust [39,95,135].”
From The Rise of Agentic AI: A Review of Definitions, Frameworks, Architectures, Applications, Evaluation Metrics, and Challenges (2025) · cites this paper as [135]
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- Authors
- Piccialli, F., Chiaro, D., Sarwar, S., Cerciello, D., Qi, P., & Mele, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Piccialli, Francesco
- Venue
- Expert Systems with Applications
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-10
- Volume
- 291
- Pages
- 128404
- ISSN
- 0957-4174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4410954314
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 144
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 14
- FWCI
- 37.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Expert Systems with Applications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation
- Keywords
- autonomous agents, distributed artificial intelligence, Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, Industry 6.0, multi-agent systems, decentralized systems, embodied AI, large language models, autonomous systems, human-AI collaboration
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