Involvement of NMDA receptors and l-arginine-nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway in the antidepressant-like effects of escitalopram in the forced swimming test
Abstract
Escitalopram is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor used in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. This study investigated the effect of escitalopram in forced swimming test (FST) and in the tail suspension test (TST) in mice, and tested the hypothesis that the inhibition of NMDA receptors and NO-cGMP synthesis is implicated in its mechanism of action in the FST. Escitalopram administered by i.p. route reduced the immobility time both in the FST (0.3-10 mg/kg) and in the TST (0.1-10 mg/kg). Administration of escitalopram by p.o route (0.3-10 mg/kg) also reduced the immobility time in the FST. The antidepressant-like effect of escitalopram (3mg/kg, p.o.) in the FST was prevented by the pretreatment of mice with NMDA (0.1 pmol/site, i.c.v.), l-arginine (750 mg/kg, i.p., a substrate for nitric oxide synthase) or sildenafil (5mg/kg, i.p., a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor). The administration of 7-nitroindazole (50 mg/kg, i.p., a neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), methylene blue (20 mg/kg, i.p., an inhibitor of both nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylate cyclase) or ODQ (30 pmol/site i.c.v., a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor) in combination with a subeffective dose of escitalopram (0.1 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced the immobility time in the FST as compared with either drug alone. None of the drugs produced significant effects on the locomotor activity in the open-field test. Altogether, our data suggest that the antidepressant-like effect of escitalopram is dependent on inhibition of either NMDA receptors or NO-cGMP synthesis. The results contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-like effect of escitalopram and reinforce the role of NMDA receptors and l-arginine-NO-GMP pathway in the mechanism of action of antidepressant agents.
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The antidepressant-like effect of escitalopram in the forced swim test is prevented by pretreatment with NMDA, L-arginine, and sildenafil in female mice.
“The antidepressant-like effect of escitalopram in the forced swim test (FST) was prevented by pretreatment with N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), L-arginine, and sildenafil (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor).”
From Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Antioxidant Effects of Antidepressant Agents: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [14]
Administration of 7-nitroindazole, methylene blue or ODQ in combination with escitalopram reduces immobility time in the FST.
“Also, the administration of 7-nitroindazole, methylene blue or ODQ (i.c.v., a soluble sGC inhibitor) in combination with escitalopram reduced the immobility time in the FST.”
From Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Antioxidant Effects of Antidepressant Agents: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [14]
The NMDA receptors and L-arginine-NO-cGMP pathway play a role in the mechanism of action of antidepressant agents.
“This study highlights the role of NMDA receptors and L-arginine-NO-cGMP pathway in the mechanism of action of antidepressant agents [14].”
From Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Antioxidant Effects of Antidepressant Agents: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [14]
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Zomkowski, A. D. E., Engel, D. F., Cunha, M. P., Gabilan, N. H., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2012) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2012.09.011 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, C., Zhang, J., Yang, L., Lin, P., Pan, T., Zhao, X., Liu, A., Wang, Q., Zhou, W., & Zhang, H. (2014) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-014-9533-4 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hache, G., Guiard, B. P., Nguyen, T. H., Quesseveur, G., Gardier, A. M., Peters, D., Munro, G., & Coudoré, F. (2014) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.550 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The doses for escitalopram, venlafaxine and indatraline were chosen based on previous behavioural studies using comparable tests (Tirelli et al., 1998; Yalcin et al., 2009; Zomkowski et al., 2010).”
MethodInteractive effects of N-acetylcysteine and antidepressants
Costa-Campos, L., Herrmann, A. P., Pilz, L. K., Michels, M., Noetzold, G., & Elisabetsky, E. (2013) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.02.008 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Its effect in the mice FST was shown to be dependent on the inhibition of NMDA receptors (Zomkowski et al., 2010).”
Moretti, M., Budni, J., Ribeiro, C. M., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2012) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.04.041 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationLudka, F. K., Dal-Cim, T. A., Binder, L. B., Constantino, L. C., Massari, C. M., & Tasca, C. I. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-9882-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Pathologic role of nitrergic neurotransmission in mood disorders
Ghasemi, M., Claunch, J. D., & Niu, K. (2018) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Sakhaee, E., Ostadhadi, S., Khan, M. I., Yousefi, F., Norouzi‐Javidan, A., Akbarian, R., Chamanara, M., Zolfaghari, S., & Dehpour, A. R. (2016) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.073 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Nguyen, H. T., Guiard, B. P., Bacq, A., David, D. J. P., Mendez‐David, I., Quesseveur, G., Gautron, S., Sánchez, C., & Gardier, A. M. (2012) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01850.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“addition, consistent with a previous study (Zomkowski et al., 2010), similar doses of escitalopram produced a robust antidepressant-like effect as shown by a significant increase in swimming duration (Figure 1C).”
ResultRieger, D. K., Costa, A. P., Budni, J., Moretti, M., Barbosa, S. G. R., Nascimento, K. S., Teixeira, E. H., Cavada, B. S., Rodrigues, A. L. S., & Leal, R. B. (2014) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2014.03.008 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Indeed, the administration of L-arginine inhibits the activity of different antidepressants, such as escitalopram, imipramine, venlafaxine and bupropion, in preclinical studies (Harkin et al., 1999; Zomkowski et al., 2012).”
Self-citationInvolvement of NMDA receptors in the antidepressant-like action of adenosine
Kaster, M. P., Machado, D. G., Santos, A. R. S., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2012) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70865-4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationMohseni, G., Ostadhadi, S., Imran-Khan, M., Norouzi‐Javidan, A., Zolfaghari, S., Haddadi, N., & Dehpour, A. R. (2017) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.119 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Additionally it was showed that NMDA and NO is a key signaling pathway in the antidepressant effect of various compoundS [56,60,72,73,93].”
BackgroundLee, M., Kim, Y. H., Park, W.-S., Ahn, W. G., Park, O. K., Kwon, S., Morita, K., Shim, I., & Her, S. (2013) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/217853 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Atorvastatin evokes a serotonergic system-dependent antidepressant-like effect in mice
Ludka, F. K., Constantino, L. C., Kuminek, G., Binder, L. B., Zomkowski, A. D. E., Cunha, M. P., Dal-Cim, T. A., Rodrigues, A. L. S., & Tasca, C. I. (2014) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2014.04.005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationOstadhadi, S., Kordjazy, N., Haj‐Mirzaian, A., Ameli, S., Akhlaghipour, G., & Dehpour, A. R. (2016) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-015-1203-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Sildenafil, a PDE5 inhibitor that causes an increase in level of cGMP in target tissues, is able to prevent the antidepressant-like effect elicited by some antidepressants (Dhir and Kulkarni 2007; Ghasemi et al. 2008; Zomkowski et al. 2010).”
Alijanpour, S., Khakpai, F., Ebrahimi-Ghiri, M., & Zarrindast, M. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.033 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Linck, V. M., Costa-Campos, L., Pilz, L. K., Garcia, C. R. L., & Elisabetsky, E. (2012) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e3283512c3a · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“escitalopram, venlafaxine, and curcumin) (Wang et al., 2008; Zomkowski et al., 2010; Abdel-Wahab and Salama, 2011), whereas a-tocoferol (i.”
MethodNaserzadeh, R., Abad, N., Ghorbanzadeh, B., Dolatshahi, M., & Mansouri, M. T. (2019) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2019.03.002 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Chen, M., Gao, J., Xin-rong, H., & Qian, C. (2012) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2012/419257 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Adongo, D. W., Kukuia, K. K. E., Mante, P. K., Ameyaw, E. O., & Woode, E. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/397943 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Gonçalves, F. M., Neis, V. B., Rieger, D. K., Peres, T. V., Lopes, M. W., Heinrich, I. A., Costa, A. P., Rodrigues, A. L. S., Kaster, M. P., & Leal, R. B. (2017) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-017-1753-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationSocała, K., Nieoczym, D., Pieróg, M., Szuster‐Ciesielska, A., Wyska, E., & Właź, P. (2016) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-016-9852-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…antidepressant action of many compounds including adenosine (Kaster et al. 2005), memantine (Almeida et al. 2006), diphenyl diselenide (Savegnago et al. 2008), lithium (Ghasemi et al. 2008), escitalopram (Zomkowski et al. 2010), paroxetine (Socała et al. 2012d) or magnesium (Socała et al. 2012a).”
Tillmann, S., Pereira, V. S., Liebenberg, N., Christensen, A. K., & Wegener, G. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182698 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Faria, W. C. S., da Silva, A. A., Veggi, N., Kawashita, N. H., de França, S. A., de Barros, W. M., da Conceiç~ao Cardoso, E., Converti, A., Moura, W. D. M., & Bragagnolo, N. (2020) · Journal of Food and Drug Analysis · doi:10.38212/2224-6614.1067 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ide, S., Satoyoshi, H., Minami, M., & Satoh, M. (2015) · Molecular Pain · doi:10.1186/s12990-015-0051-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Doses of serotonin transporter inhibitor (escitalopram; 1, 3 mg/ kg) used in the present study are thought to be sufficient for behavioral experiments [19].”
MethodSocała, K., Nieoczym, D., Wyska, E., Poleszak, E., & Właź, P. (2012) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-011-0756-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…et al. 2008), dizocilpine (Dhir and Kulkarni 2008), venlafaxine (Dhir and Kulkarni 2007a), bupropion (Dhir and Kulkarni 2007b), escitalopram (Zomkowski et al. 2010), tramadol (Jesse et al. 2008), berberine chloride (Kulkarni and Dhir 2008), diphenyl diselenide (Savegnago et al. 2008), folic…”
Piétri, M., Djillani, A., Mazella, J., Borsotto, M., & Heurteaux, C. (2019) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107715 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Freitas, A. E., Moretti, M., Budni, J., Balen, G. O., Fernandes, S. C. P., Veronezi, P. O., Heller, M., Micke, G. A., Pizzolatti, M. G., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2013) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2012.0276 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The implication of NMDA inhibition in the mechanism of action of conventional antidepressants and putative antidepressant agents has been suggested by several studies, which show that the administration of NMDA is able to reverse the antidepressant-like effects of these compounds.(15,19,26) In the present study, the p…”
Self-citationWolak, M., Siwek, A., Szewczyk, B., Poleszak, E., Bystrowska, B., Moniczewski, A., Rutkowska, A., Młyniec, K., & Nowak, G. (2014) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2014.12.003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Khan, M. I., Nikoui, V., Naveed, A., Mumtaz, F., Zaman, H., Haider, A., Aman, W., Wahab, A., Khan, S. N., Ullah, N., et al. (2021) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.01.005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Socała, K., Nieoczym, D., Wyska, E., Poleszak, E., & Właź, P. (2012) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.02.013 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Socała, K., Nieoczym, D., Wyska, E., Poleszak, E., & Właź, P. (2012) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70922-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“7-Nitroindazole (an NOS inhibitor) as well as methylene blue (an inhibitor of both NOS and sGC) potentiated, while L-arginine (an NO donor) and sildenafil (a selective PDE5 inhibitor) reduced the antidepressant action of the above mentioned drugs in the forced swim test [8, 9, 56].”
Kim, S., Pick, J. E., Abera, S., Khatri, L., Ferreira, D. D. P., Sathler, M. F., Morison, S. L., Hofmann, F. B., & Ziff, E. B. (2016) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.042960.116 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Several studies suggest that the inhibition of both nNOS and guanylate cyclase shows antidepressant-like effects (Eroglu and Caglayan 1997; Heiberg et al. 2002; Kaster et al. 2005; Joca and Guimaraes 2006; Jesse et al. 2008; Zomkowski et al. 2010).”
BackgroundO'Brien, F. E., O’Connor, R. M., Clarke, G. A., Donovan, M. D., Dinan, T. G., Griffin, B. T., & Cryan, J. F. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.027 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Socała, K., Nieoczym, D., Wyska, E., & Właź, P. (2016) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-016-1334-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…sildenafil was shown to abolish the antidepressant-like effect of memantine (Almeida et al. 2006), lithium (Ghasemi et al. 2008), escitalopram (Zomkowski et al. 2010), duloxetine (Zomkowski et al. 2012), and paroxetine (Socała et al. 2012d) in the forced swim test in mice, whereas it failed…”
BackgroundO'Toole, E., Doucet, M. V., Sherwin, E., & Harkin, A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802456-0.00003-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Carlessi, A. S., Botelho, M. E. M., Manosso, L. M., Borba, L. A., Maciel, L. R., Andrade, N. M., Martinello, N. S., Padilha, A. P. Z., Generoso, C. M., Bencke, C. V., et al. (2022) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173468 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Multiple cellular targets involved in the antidepressant-like effect of glutathione
Dafré, A. L., Rosa, J. M., Rodrigues, A. L. S., & Cunha, M. P. (2020) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109195 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationLimosilactobacillus-related 3-OMDP as a potential therapeutic target for depression
Zhong, Q., Wu, W., Xie, J., Wang, J., Ke Cheng, X. U., Ren, Y., Chen, J., & Xie, P. (2024) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2417179 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
de Arruda, C. M., Doneda, D. L., de Oliveira, V. V., da Silva, R. A. L., de Matos, Y. A. V., Fernandes, I. L., Rohden, C. A. H., Viola, G. G., Rios-Santos, F., de Lima, E., et al. (2022) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173433 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Iman, S., Saleem, U., & Ahmad, B. (2020) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c04187 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Maciel, I. D. S., Sales, A. J., Casarotto, P. C., Ċastrén, E., Biojone, C., & Joca, S. R. L. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15042 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dhir, A., & Kulkarni, S. K. (2011) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.020 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dhir, A., Malik, S., Kessar, S. V., Singh, K. N., & Kulkarni, S. (2011) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.12.003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Recordings were carried out for a total period of 6 min and compared with vehicle treated control (Zomkowski et al., 2010; Kulkarni and Dhir, 2007; Dhir and Kulkarni, 2008b; Steru et al., 1985).”
MethodGastroprotective activity of mirtazapine, escitalopram and venlafaxine in depressed rats
El-Awdan, A. (2013) · African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.5897/ajpp2013.3840 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The present results are in accordance with other studies that revealed the effectiveness of escitalopram and venlafaxine in FST (Zomkowski et al., 2010).”
ResultZhao, H., Liang, B., Yu, L., & Xu, Y. (2017) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2017.4601 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Apparatus and methods used were similar to those previously described (29).”
MethodMaratha, S. R., Sharma, V., & Walia, V. (2021) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-021-00858-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rodrigues, K. D. C., Oliveira, M. D. C., dos Santos, B. F., Domingues, N. L. C., Fronza, M. G., Savegnago, L., Wilhelm, E. A., & Luchese, C. (2024) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06647-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The dose and time of treatment with MK-801 were chosen based on previous studies, which did not modify the basal response in behavioral tests (Hiro et al. 1996; Vasilescu et al. 2021; Zomkowski et al. 2010). and MTDZ complex interaction residues include Arg51, Met445, and Ile207.”
Joodaki, M., Radahmadi, M., & Alaei, H. (2024) · Advanced Biomedical Research · doi:10.4103/abr.abr_18_24 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“[47] Additionally, studies have shown that crocin increases levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element‑binding (CREB) and BDNF proteins in the hippocampus.”
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Possible involvement of NO-cGMP signaling in the antidepressant like Effect of Amantadine in mice
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ESTUDO DO EFEITO NEUROPROTETOR DA DULOXETINA
Engel, D. F. (2013) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Self-citationMecanismos envolvidos na ação antidepressiva de tabebuia avellanedae
Freitas, A. E. (2012) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
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Potential of Limosilactobacillus-Linked 3-OMDP as a Treatment Target in Depression
Zhong, Q., Wu, W., Xie, J., Wang, J., Ke Cheng, X. U., Ren, Y., Chen, J., & Xie, P. (2025) · Bulletin of pioneering researches of medical and clinical science · doi:10.51847/9rlfckujbx
Potentialisation de la réponse antidépressive par la lumière : étude préclinique
Delcourte, S. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7468b6d3zbf12z4888z88afzc63efcc91723
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- Authors
- Zomkowski, A. D. E., Engel, D., Gabilan, N. H., & Rodrigues, A. L. S.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Rodrigues, Ana Lúcia S.
- Venue
- European Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 793-801
- ISSN
- 0924-977X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2017540151
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 7.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- escitalopram, antidepressant mechanism, NMDA receptor, nitric oxide, L-arginine, NO-cGMP pathway, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, depression, forced swim test, tail suspension test, 7-nitroindazole, sildenafil, methylene blue, ODQ, locomotor activity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arginine, Depression, Exploratory Behavior, Female, Cyclic GMP, Nitric Oxide, Swimming, Citalopram, Signal Transduction, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation, Hindlimb Suspension, Mice
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