Cited by 623Human Resource Development and Performance EvaluationEvaluation and Performance AssessmentEvaluation of Teaching Practices

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A critical analysis of evaluation practice: the Kirkpatrick model and the principle of beneficence

Bates, Reid·2004·Evaluation and Program Planning

DOI 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2004.04.011

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Evaluating Training Programs : The Four Levels
Kirkpatrick, D. L. (2009) · Cited by 4,720
Principles of Biomedical Ethics.
(1984) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-100-1-168_1 · Cited by 4,559
Utilization-Focused Evaluation
(2018) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781506326139.n729 · Cited by 2,315
Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation.
Kraiger, K., Ford, J. K., & Salas, E. (1993) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.2.311 · Cited by 1,831 · cited 1×
“Kraiger, Ford and Salas (1993) have forwarded a multidimensional model of learning outcomes from training and have described a process training evaluators could use to developing learning evaluation measures (Kraiger & Jung, 1997).”
Background
The science of training: a decade of progress
Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.471 · Cited by 1,703
Techniques for Evaluating Training Programs
Kirkpatrick, D. L. (1975) · Training and development journal · Cited by 1,234
Training and Development in Work Organizations
Tannenbaum, S. I., & YUKL, G. A. (1992) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.43.020192.002151 · Cited by 1,023
The adult learner
Knowles, M. S., Holton, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (1973) · Cited by 970
The flawed four‐level evaluation model
Holton, E. F. (1996) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.3920070103 · Cited by 965
Principles of Biomedical Ethics
Beauchamp, T. L., & Childless, J. F. (1991) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-199100620-00013 · Cited by 964

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Ford, 1995, The application of cognitive constructs and principles to the instructional systems design model of training: Implications for needs assessment, design, and transfer, International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 10, 1
Grider, 1988, Evaluating valuations, Training and Development Journal, 42, 11
Schwandt, T. A., (1998). How we think about evaluation practice. Paper presented at the American Evaluation Association Conference, Chicago, IL.

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Additional file 2 of Implementation of an educational intervention to improve medical student cost awareness: a prospective cohort study
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Additional file 2 of The use of virtual reality and augmented reality to enhance cardio-pulmonary resuscitation: a scoping review
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Additional file 1 of Implementation of an educational intervention to improve medical student cost awareness: a prospective cohort study
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Additional file 4 of Implementation of an educational intervention to improve medical student cost awareness: a prospective cohort study
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Additional file 3 of Implementation of an educational intervention to improve medical student cost awareness: a prospective cohort study
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“It is widely used across diverse fields and is particularly useful for synthesising heterogeneous evidence where outcomes are reported at different stages of training impact [22].”
ПОВЕДІНКОВІ ЦИФРОВІ СЛІДИ ЯК ДЖЕРЕЛО ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ПРОГРАМ ПЕРСОНАЛУ
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“26,28 The model may inadequately address the evaluation of informal learning or on-the-job experiences, both of which significantly contribute to skill development.”
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“32 Hence, future initiatives should measure the observed impact of PiP upon professional behavior, such as though 360-degree evaluations or learning climate surveys.”
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“…(Reaction) and 2 (Learning) are particularly relevant for early curriculum innovations and pilot courses, focusing on learner satisfaction and changes in knowledge, skills, and attitudes that can be feasibly measured in undergraduate settings using validated tools and pre–post evaluations [28, 29].”
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Encinas, J. P. M., Lin, Y.-Z., Shih, B. P.-J., Dean, J., Nguyen, A. M., Namjoshi, A., Alhamadah, A. H. J., Satam, S., Pacheco, J., Salehi, S., et al. (2026) · ACM Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI (GLSVLSI) · doi:10.1145/3787109.3816048
“The MFDT-E framework integrates Bloom’s Taxonomy with the Kirkpatrick Model to ensure alignment with pedagogical objectives and assessment standards [3, 6, 15, 16].”
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IACOB, A. Ș., CHIVU, O.-R., Costoiu, M., Trifu, A., Moraru, R. I., & Bibiș, A. (2026) · International Journal of Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.46300/9109.2026.20.13
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Odikro, M. A., Dadzie, D., Karikari, N. Y., Frimpong, J. A., Ameme, D. K., Bandoh, D. A., Essel, A. S., Nai-Dowetin, J., Frimpong, M. A., Asante, R., et al. (2026) · Journal of International Development Cooperation · doi:10.34225/jidc.2026.21.1.123
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Evaluation of a mentorship model for capacity building of healthcare professionals in evidence synthesis
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“Most workshops are limited to assessing level 1 and level 2 (attitude and knowledge) outcomes (Kirkpatrick’s levels) [4].”

Authors: Bates, R.
Affiliations: Louisiana State University (US)
Corresponding author: Bates, Reid
Venue: Evaluation and Program Planning
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2004-08
Volume: 27
Issue: 3
Pages: 341-347
ISSN: 0149-7189 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2004.04.011
OpenAlex: W2097592370
Cited by: 623
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 53 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 4.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Evaluation and Program Planning (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation
Social Sciences › Public Administration › Evaluation and Performance Assessment
Social Sciences › Education › Evaluation of Teaching Practices
Keywords: Kirkpatrick model, training evaluation, beneficence, moral obligation, formative assessment, summative assessment, training effectiveness, human resource development, evaluation limitations

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A critical analysis of evaluation practice: the Kirkpatrick model and the principle of beneficence

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