Trustworthiness and competitive altruism can also solve the “tragedy of the commons”
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Self-awareness of being observed heightens the need to cooperate with rules.
“Therefore, self-awareness of being observed heightens the need to cooperate with rules (Barclay 2004; Milinski et al. 2002; Wedekind and Braithwaite 2002).”
From Paradoxical effects of self-awareness of being observed: testing the effect of police body-worn cameras on assaults and aggression against officers (2018) · cites this paper as Barclay 2004
Cites
Altruistic punishment in humans
Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/415137a · Cited by 5,616 · see citing works
Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments
Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2000) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.90.4.980 · Cited by 4,416 · see citing works
Evolution of cooperation through indirect reciprocity
Leimar, O., & Hammerstein, P. (2001) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1573 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
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Going green to be seen: status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation
Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., & Van den Bergh, B. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017346 · Cited by 2,174 · see citing works
Ariel, B., Farrar, W. A., & Sutherland, A. (2015) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-014-9236-3 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Partner choice creates competitive altruism in humans
Barclay, P., & Willer, R. (2007) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0209 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Self-citationInference of trustworthiness from intuitive moral judgments.
Everett, J. A. C., Pizarro, D. A., & Crockett, M. J. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000165 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Cooperators benefit through reputation-based partner choice in economic games
Sylwester, K., & Roberts, G. (2010) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0209 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Communicating sentiment and outlook reverses inaction against collective risks
Wang, Z., Jusup, M., Guo, H., Shi, L., Geček, S., Anand, M., Perc, M., Bauch, C. T., Kurths, J., Boccaletti, S., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1922345117 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Wu, J., Balliet, D., Peperkoorn, L. S., Romano, A., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02956 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Does Observability Affect Prosociality?
Bradley, A., Lawrence, C., & Ferguson, E. (2018) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0116 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Altruistic behavior as a costly signal of general intelligence
Millet, K., & Dewitte, S. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.04.002 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Ariel, B., Sutherland, A., Henstock, D., Young, J., Drover, P., Sykes, J., Megicks, S., & Henderson, R. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-017-9311-5 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Partner choice versus punishment in human Prisoner’s Dilemmas
Barclay, P., & Raihani, N. (2016) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.12.004 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationNetworks of reliable reputations and cooperation: a review
Takács, K., Gross, J., Testori, M., Letina, S., Kenny, A. R., Power, E. A., & Wittek, R. P. M. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0297 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Pleasant, A., & Barclay, P. (2018) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797617752642 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationEncouraging pro-environmental behaviors through children-based appeals: a kin selection perspective
Palomo-Vélez, G., Buczny, J., & Van Vugt, M. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12020748 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mindfulness may be associated with less prosocial engagement among high intelligence individuals
Guo, Q., Li, S., Liang, J., Yu, X., & Lv, Y. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31039-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gupta, P., Zhong, Q., Yakura, H., Eisenmann, T., & Rahwan, I. (2026) · Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems · doi:10.65109/czdc3237 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…punishment sustains cooperation, but if removed, cooperation declines [32, 35]; (b) cooperation outcomes vary with punishment strength [10] and environmental growth rate; and (c) populations with different levels of altruism [4], defined by their harvest thresholds, show distinct survival patterns.”
- Authors
- Barclay, P.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Barclay, Pat
- ORCID
- Barclay, Pat
- Venue
- Evolution and Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 209-220
- ISSN
- 1090-5138 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2147117158
- Cited by
- 403
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 31.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Evolution and Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- competitive altruism, indirect reciprocity, reputation, trustworthiness, tragedy of the commons, group contribution
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