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Costs and benefits of fat-free muscle mass in men: relationship to mating success, dietary requirements, and native immunity
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“The increasing performance gap between males and females as upper body strength becomes more critical for performance is likely explained to a large extent by the observation that males have disproportionately greater strength in their upper compared to lower body, while females show the inverse [44, 45].”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
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Parasites, Bright Males, and the Immunocompetence Handicap
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Race and Gender Differences in C-Reactive Protein Levels
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Items 101–200 of 396
Sexual selection on skeletal shape in Carnivora
Morris, J. S., & Carrier, D. R. (2016) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.12904 · Cited by 34
“…is present in the forelimbs of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla; Zihlman and McFarland 2000) and humans (Fuller et al. 1992; Nindl et al. 2002; Abe et al. 2003; Lassek and Gaulin 2009), species that also use their forelimbs as weapons during conflict (Wrangham and Peterson 1996).”
BackgroundSearching for the “Roots” of Masculinity in Primates and the Human Evolutionary Past
Fuentes, A. (2020) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/711582 · Cited by 34
Alvarado, L. C., Muller, M. N., Thompson, M. E., Klimek, M., Nenko, I., & Jasieńska, G. (2015) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22771 · Cited by 31
Morris, J. S., Link, J., Martin, J. C., & Carrier, D. R. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.212365 · Cited by 31
“The large degree of sexual dimorphism in the upper bodies of humans may be a result of sexual selection on males for improved performance during male–male competition (Carrier, 2011; Lassek and Gaulin, 2009; Morgan and Carrier, 2013; Puts, 2010).”
BackgroundNeuroelectric Correlates of Human Sexuality: A Review and Meta-Analysis
Ziogas, A., Habermeyer, E., Santtila, P. O., Poeppl, T. B., & Mokros, A. (2020) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01547-3 · Cited by 31
Was facial width-to-height ratio subject to sexual selection pressures? A life course approach
Hodges‐Simeon, C. R., Albert, G. O., Richardson, G. B., McHale, T. S., Weinberg, S. M., Gurven, M., & Gaulin, S. J. C. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240284 · Cited by 33
Self-citationTestosterone‐dependent facial and body traits predict men's sociosexual attitudes and behaviors
Polo, P., Reyes, J. A. M., Pita, M., Shackelford, T. K., & Fink, B. (2019) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23235 · Cited by 31
“In addition, direct measures of muscularity are also related to number of sexual partners (Lassek & Gaulin, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialLee, A. J., Brooks, R. C., Potter, K. J., & Zietsch, B. P. (2015) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.07.002 · Cited by 29
The big, the bad, and the boozed-up: Weight moderates the effect of alcohol on aggression
DeWall, C. N., Bushman, B. J., Giancola, P. R., & Webster, G. D. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.02.008 · Cited by 28
Sex Differences for Preferences of Shoulder to Hip Ratio in Men and Women: an Eye Tracking Study
Pazhoohi, F., Garza, R., Doyle, J. F., Macedo, A. F., & Arantes, J. (2019) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-019-00198-w · Cited by 27
“Men with higher SHR also report higher body esteem and selfefficacy (Pazhoohi et al. 2012) and self-report an earlier age of sexual activity and masturbation, a greater number of sexual partners, and more extra-pair copulations (Hughes and Gallup 2003; Lassek and Gaulin 2009).”
BackgroundThe adaptive value associated with expressing and perceiving angry-male and happy-female faces
Tay, P. K. C. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00851 · Cited by 27
“…(Scherer, 1988; Preuschoft and van Hooff, 1997; Hess et al., 2007), concealing negative emotions (Levine and Adelman, 1993; Ansfield, 2007), showing both dominance and affiliation (Knutson, 1996), and may be used to show sexual interest among women (Levine and Adelman, 1993; Tracy and Beall, 2011).”
BackgroundWeege, B., Pham, M. N., Shackelford, T. K., & Fink, B. (2015) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22703 · Cited by 27
“Men have 75% more muscle mass than women (Lassek and Gaulin, 2009).”
BackgroundParent, M. C., & Bradstreet, T. C. (2016) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000038 · Cited by 27
“…with a more muscular build for heterosexual, gay, and bisexual men being associated with greater access to romantic and sexual partners and more positive judgments by others (Bartholome, Tewksbury, & Bruzzone, 2000; Frederick & Haselton, 2007; Lassek & Gaulin, 2009; Puts, 2010; Toledano, 2013).”
BackgroundPhysical Strength as a Cue to Dominance
Toscano, H., Schubert, T. W., Dotsch, R., Falvello, V. B., & Todorov, A. T. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216666266 · Cited by 28
“For instance, men have on average 61% more total muscle mass than women, especially in upper body muscles (Lassek & Gaulin, 2009).”
BackgroundLongman, D. P., Surbey, M. K., Stock, J. T., & Wells, J. C. K. (2018) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-018-9323-5 · Cited by 26
Muscularity and Strength Affect Individual Variation in Self-Perception of Fighting Ability in Men
Reyes, J. A. M., Polo, P., Rodríguez‐Sickert, C., Pávez, P., Valenzuela, N. T., & Ramírez-Herrera, O. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00018 · Cited by 29
Physiological innovation and the evolutionary elaboration of courtship behaviour
Fuxjager, M. J., Fusani, L., & Schlinger, B. A. (2021) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.03.017 · Cited by 24
Physical Strength as a Cue to Men’s Capability as Protective Parents
Brown, M., Donahoe, S., & Boykin, K. (2022) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-022-00315-2 · Cited by 24
“High levels of body fat present physical disadvantages that could impede success in conflict (e.g., Lassek & Gaulin, 2009), and facial hair is not a veridically diagnostic fighting ability (Dixson et al., 2018).”
BackgroundAggressive-Antisocial Boys Develop Into Physically Strong Young Men
Isen, J. D., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614567718 · Cited by 30
“Sexual dimorphism in upper-body strength far exceeds the disparity in overall body mass between men and women (Lassek & Gaulin, 2009).”
No Sex or Age Difference in Dead-Reckoning Ability among Tsimane Forager-Horticulturalists
Trumble, B. C., Gaulin, S. J. C., Dunbar, M. D., Kaplan, H. S., & Gurven, M. (2015) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-015-9246-3 · Cited by 24
“These different strategies resulted in sexual dimorphism in a number of traits, from body size and muscle mass to hormonal physiology, behavior, and mortality (Estalrrich and Rosas 2015; Gurven et al. 2009; Hurtado et al. 1985; Kruger and Nesse 2006; Lassek and Gaulin 2009; Plavcan 2012; Ruff 2002; Washburn and Lancas…”
BackgroundSelf-citationBrowning, M. G., & Evans, R. K. (2014) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2014-0036 · Cited by 24
“While reductions in energy intake have been observed over the short-term in obese adolescents who gained FFM during treatment (18, 60), the preservation of and/or increases in FFM could bear a negative effect on future dietary habits, as FFM is the strongest predictor of energy intake in adult males (62).”
BackgroundEvolution of Sex Differences in Trait- and Age-Specific Vulnerabilities
Geary, D. C. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616650677 · Cited by 22
“…quite large during adolescence; for instance, sex differences in children’s height are negligible (Tanner, 1990) and muscle mass differences are small (d ~ 0.2; Kim et al., 2006), but there are large sex differences in both traits in adults (d > 1.7) (Gaulin & Boster, 1985; Lassek & Gaulin, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialThree-month-old human infants use vocal cues of body size
Pietraszewski, D., Wertz, A. E., Bryant, G. A., & Wynn, K. (2017) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.0656 · Cited by 23
Approaching extraverts: Socially excluded men prefer extraverted faces
Brown, M., Sacco, D. F., & Medlin, M. M. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.007 · Cited by 26
“Extraverted women, on the other hand, may not provide similar adversarial concerns for men, given physical size asymmetries imposed by sexual dimorphism (Lassek & Gaulin, 2009).”
BackgroundFertility Status in Visual Processing of Men’s Attractiveness
Garza, R., & Byrd‐Craven, J. (2019) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-019-00190-4 · Cited by 23
Effects of sitting and standing on upper extremity physical exposures in materials handling tasks
Cudlip, A. C., Callaghan, J. P., & Dickerson, C. R. (2015) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2015.1035763 · Cited by 22
“Upper body mass is,75% greater in males than females (Lassek and Gaulin 2009), so identical hand loads between sexes likely represented a greater percentage of maximal capability in females.”
BackgroundThe Status Competition Model of Cultural Production
Winegard, B., Winegard, B. M., & Geary, D. C. (2018) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-018-0147-7 · Cited by 22
To Defer or to Stand up? How Offender Formidability Affects Third Party Moral Outrage
Jensen, N. H., & Petersen, M. B. (2011) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491100900113 · Cited by 22
“As testosterone is both the main determinant of physical strength (lean muscle mass) (Griggs et al., 1989; Lassek and Gaulin, 2009; Page et al., 2005) and of sexual dimorphism of the face (Penton-Voak and Chen, 2004; Pound, Penton-Voak, and Surridge, 2009; Weston, Friday, and Lio, 2007), it has…”
BackgroundSex difference in attractiveness perceptions of strong and weak male walkers
Fink, B., André, S., Mines, J. S., Weege, B., Shackelford, T. K., & Butovskaya, M. (2016) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22891 · Cited by 22
“Muscular strength is sexually dimorphic (Lassek & Gaulin, 2009) and correlates positively with measures of male health, including physical functioning (Fredericksen et al., 2002), cardiorespiratory fitness (Vaara et al., 2012) and sexual behavior (Gallup et al., 2007), and negatively with male…”
BackgroundPetersen, M. B., Sznycer, D., Sell, A. N., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1798773 · Cited by 22
Adolescence as a Biocultural Life History Transition
Reiches, M. W. (2019) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218-011118 · Cited by 23
“Muscle mass, shoulder breadth, and jaw growth in the bodies of human males increase the likelihood of mating success (Cunningham et al. 1990, Lassek & Gaulin 2009, Apicella 2014), though the relative strength of sexual selection versus selection for functional reproductive physiology on…”
BackgroundDad and Mom Bods? Inferences of Parenting Ability from Bodily Cues
Sacco, D. F., Holifield, K., Drea, K. M., Brown, M., & Macchione, A. L. (2020) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-020-00229-x · Cited by 21
Physical Cues of Partner Quality
Stephen, I. D., & Luoto, S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197524718.013.2 · Cited by 21
Preferences for Sexually Dimorphic Body Characteristics Revealed in a Large Sample of Speed Daters
Sidari, M. J., Lee, A. J., Murphy, S. C., Sherlock, J. M., Dixson, B. J. W., & Zietsch, B. P. (2020) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550619882925 · Cited by 21
“In men, height, shoulder width, and muscularity are positively associated with physical strength and health (Archer & Thanzami, 2009; Lassek & Gaulin, 2009).”
BackgroundThe Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women
Cheung, F. M., & Halpern, D. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716 · Cited by 24
Garza, R., & Byrd‐Craven, J. (2020) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01846-0 · Cited by 21
Vázquez‐Vázquez, A., Fewtrell, M. S., Chan‐García, H., Batún‐Marrufo, C., Dickinson, F., & Wells, J. C. K. (2022) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24623 · Cited by 24
“While body fat promotes short-term survival in early life (Kuzawa, 1998; Wells, 2010b), in adulthood a greater proportion of lean mass is associated with reproductive fitness in both sexes (Lassek & Gaulin, 2009; Wells, 2018).”
Bodily Attractiveness and Egalitarianism are Negatively Related in Males
Price, M. E., Brown, S., Dukes, A., & Kang, J. (2015) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491501300109 · Cited by 20
“-108- men have about 75% more arm muscle mass and 90% higher upper body strength [Lassek and Gaulin, 2009]), formidability is expected to relate to bargaining power in men much more than in women (Lukaszewski, 2013; Sell et al., 2009).”
BackgroundAn Eye Tracking Examination of Men’s Attractiveness by Conceptive Risk Women
Garza, R., Heredia, R. R., & Cieślicka, A. B. (2017) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/1474704917690741 · Cited by 20
“…masculinity, perceived dominance (Dijkstra & Buunk, 2001; Singh, 1994), and immunocompetence (B. J. Dixson, Grimshaw, Ormsby, & Dixson, 2014; Lassek & Gaulin, 2009), whereas body hair has been associated with masculinity (B. J. Dixson & Brooks, 2013; Neave & Shields, 2008), dominance (Neave…”
When do people “check out” male bodies? Appearance-focus increases the objectifying gaze toward men.
Bernard, P., Gervais, S. J., Holland, A. M., & Dodd, M. D. (2017) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000122 · Cited by 20
“While men who exercise frequently derive benefits (e.g., Lassek & Gaulin, 2009), exposure to images of muscular men is nonetheless associated with many negative outcomes for men such as more body dissatisfaction (Tiggeman, Martins, & Churchett, 2008) and increased drive for muscularity (Daniel &…”
Kent, L. M., Morton, D. P., Rankin, P. M., MITCHELL, B. G., Chang, E. M. L., & Diehl, H. A. (2014) · Health Promotion Journal of Australia · doi:10.1071/he14041 · Cited by 19
“Furthermore, the benefit of the greater muscle mass of men also means they have a greater requirement for dietary energy than women, through greater intakes of food.(28) Consequently, the higher intake of health-promoting plant foods required to meet the energy demands of men, together with increases in physical activ…”
BackgroundStereotypes versus preferences: Revisiting the role of alpha males in leadership
Wiezel, A., Barlev, M., Martos, C. R., & Kenrick, D. T. (2024) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.01.001 · Cited by 27
Sex differences in strength at the shoulder: a systematic review
Kritzer, T. D., Lang, C. J., Holmes, M. W. R., & Cudlip, A. C. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.16968 · Cited by 19
Zhang, J., & Reid, S. A. (2017) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.02.005 · Cited by 21
Cross-Cultural Investigation of Male Gait Perception in Relation to Physical Strength and Speed
Fink, B., Wübker, M., Ostner, J., Butovskaya, M., Mezentseva, A. A., Muñoz‐Reyes, J. A., Sela, Y., & Shackelford, T. K. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01427 · Cited by 19
“Keywords: physical strength, handgrip, gait, attractiveness, male INTRODUCTION Physical strength is a sexually dimorphic, heritable trait (Lassek and Gaulin, 2009; Isen et al., 2014) with men, on average, stronger than women.”
BackgroundCarrier, D. R., & Cunningham, C. B. (2017) · Biology Open · doi:10.1242/bio.022640 · Cited by 17
“…(Puts, 2010; Carrier and Morgan, 2015), and sexual dimorphism in upper body strength (McHenry, 1986, 1991, 1996; Bohannon, 1997; Abe et al., 2003; Lassek and Gaulin, 2009; Vasavada et al., 2001), stature (Carrier, 2011; Stulp et al., 2015), facial robusticity and shape (Sell et al., 2009; Puts,…”
BackgroundGender Differences in Processing Fearful and Angry Body Expressions
He, Z., Liu, Z., Ju, W., & Zhang, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00164 · Cited by 17
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Sensory Preferences in Romantic Attraction
Karandashev, V. N., Zarubko, E., Artemeva, V., Evans, M., Morgan, K. A. D., Neto, F. F. M., Feybesse, C., Surmanidze, L., & Purvis, J. (2019) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-019-09628-0 · Cited by 18
Observers use facial masculinity to make physical dominance assessments following 100‐ms exposure
Albert, G. O., Wells, E., Arnocky, S. A., Liu, C. H., & Hodges‐Simeon, C. R. (2020) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21941 · Cited by 17
“The sex differences in strength make women more vulnerable to aggression and thus suggest greater female sensitivity to threat (e.g., Geniole & McCormick, 2013; Lassek & Gaulin, 2009).”
BackgroundThe Influence of Body Composition Effects on Male Facial Masculinity and Attractiveness
Lei, X., Holzleitner, I. J., & Perrett, D. I. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02658 · Cited by 17
Doll, L. M., Cárdenas, R. A., Burriss, R. P., & Puts, D. A. (2015) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-015-0031-7 · Cited by 17
“Because research has shown that men’s muscularity, strength, and facial and vocal characteristics are especially likely to have been targets of sexual selection (Hill et al. 2013; Lassek and Gaulin 2009; Doll et al. 2014), we focused on these traits.”
Testing the mate-choice hypothesis of the female orgasm: disentangling traits and behaviours
Sherlock, J. M., Sidari, M. J., Harris, E. A., Barlow, F. K., & Zietsch, B. P. (2016) · Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology · doi:10.3402/snp.v6.31562 · Cited by 17
“…et al., 2012), height (Prokop & Fedor, 2011), athleticism (Schulte-Hostedde, Eys, & Johnson, 2008), muscularity (Frederick & Haselton, 2007; Lassek & Gaulin, 2009), voice depth (Puts, 2005; Puts, Gaulin, & Verdolini, 2006), physical fitness (Schulte-Hostedde et al., 2008), humour (Simpson…”
Young, formidable men show greater sensitivity to facial cues of dominance
Richardson, T., Waddington, M., & Gilman, R. T. (2020) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.07.004 · Cited by 17
Romero, G. A., Pham, M. N., & Goetz, A. T. (2014) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-014-9214-3 · Cited by 13
“As such, natural selection has shaped our physiology (Covassin et al. 2012; Lassek and Gaulin 2009) and psychology (Fillingim et al.”
BackgroundCovariation between formidability inferences and perceptions of men's preferred humor styles
Brown, M., Tracy, R. E., & Boykin, K. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111792 · Cited by 15
Effort minimization: A permanent, dynamic, and surmountable influence on physical activity
Maltagliati, S., Fessler, L., Yu, Q., Zhang, Z., Chen, Y., Dupuy, O., Falck, R. S., Owen, N. G., Zou, L., & Cheval, B. (2024) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2024.100971 · Cited by 16
“34,35 Finally, in older adulthood, the pressure to conserve energy may decrease due to differences in reproductive and survival strategies, 36,37 thereby allowing more energy to be spent in PA at this stage (albeit within age-related functional limitations).”
Perceiving threat in others: The role of body morphology
McElvaney, T. J., Osman, M., & Mareschal, I. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249782 · Cited by 17
“Perceived threat is a particularly vital inference yet to be explored [25], not only due to its evolutionary importance [26], but also due to its capacity to potentially promote biases and to alter social outcomes, such as leadership contests and criminal sentencing.”
BackgroundProkop, P., & Fedor, P. (2013) · Anthropologischer Anzeiger · doi:10.1127/0003-5548/2013/0284 · Cited by 16
“Male physical strength (Gallup et al. 2007), shoulder to hip ratio (Hughes & Gallup 2003), muscle mass (Lassek & Gaulin 2009) and/or body mass index (Faurie et al. 2004, but see Hughes et al. 2004) are predictors of male attractiveness to females.”
BackgroundSchooling, C. M., Jiang, C., Zhang, W., Lam, T. H., Cheng, K. K., & Leung, G. M. (2010) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.05.005 · Cited by 16
“Whether such trade-offs occur in humans has rarely been considered (6, 7) nor has whether the balance might be changed by access to additional resources facilitated by economic development.”
BackgroundPhysical Performance Regarding Handgrip Strength in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Kogure, G. S., Ribeiro, V. B., Gennaro, F. G. D. O., Ferriani, R. A., Furtado, C. L. M., & dos Reis, R. M. (2020) · Revista Brasileira Ginecologia e Obstetrícia · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1718953 · Cited by 15
Butovskaya, M., Mezentseva, A. A., Mabulla, A. Z. P., Shackelford, T. K., Schæfer, K., Fink, B., & Windhager, S. (2021) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.11.006 · Cited by 16
“The face provides important information in social interaction (Leopold & Rhodes, 2010; Little, Jones, & DeBruine, 2011) and some evidence suggests that psychological mechanisms for the assessment of physical strength from faces (and bodies) may be universal (Sell et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPhysical strength and gender identification from dance movements
Hufschmidt, C., Weege, B., Röder, S., Pisanski, K., Neave, N., & Fink, B. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.045 · Cited by 15
Morris, J. S., Cunningham, C. B., & Carrier, D. R. (2019) · Journal of Morphology · doi:10.1002/jmor.20980 · Cited by 14
“…in forelimb skeletal robusticity has also been identified in australopiths (McHenry, 1986, 1991, 1996) and greater muscle mass is present in the arms of male humans (Abe, Kearns, & Fukunaga, 2003; Fuller, Laskey, & Elia, 1992; Lassek & Gaulin, 2009; Nindl, Scoville, Sheehan, Leone, & Mello, 2002).”
BackgroundThe ecological and social context of women’s hunting in small-scale societies
Hoffman, J. C., Farquharson, K., & Venkataraman, V. V. (2021) · Hunter Gatherer Research · doi:10.3828/hgr.2023.8 · Cited by 14
Chen, B., & Chang, L. (2015) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491501300118 · Cited by 18
“There is also evidence suggesting that ancestral and modern humans have substantial weapon-based sexual dimorphism (Lassek and Gaulin, 2009), that male contest competition rather than female choice or sperm competition was the primary mechanism driving male mating competition over human evolution (Puts, 2010), and tha…”
BackgroundSex Differences in Fearful Personality Traits Are Mediated by Physical Strength
Manson, J. H., Chua, K. J., Rodriguez, N. N., Barlev, M., Durkee, P. K., & Lukaszewski, A. W. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506221094086 · Cited by 17
“Because men are, on average, up to 3 SDs higher on muscle mass and physical strength than women (Lassek & Gaulin, 2009; Sell et al., 2012), Kerry and Murray (2021) reasoned that sex differences in fear- and anxiety-linked personality traits would emerge from the facultative calibration of these…”
BackgroundContextual desirability of strong men employing affiliative and aggressive humor
Brown, M., Brown, M. R., & O’Neil, B. A. (2022) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12456 · Cited by 14
Arnocky, S. A., & Carré, J. M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_874-1 · Cited by 14
“Lassek and Gaulin (2009) examined the relationship between fat-free mass (FFM) and limb muscle volume (LMV) and mating success.”
BackgroundFacial and body sexual dimorphism are not interconnected in the Maasai
Butovskaya, M., Rostovtseva, V. V., & Mezentseva, A. A. (2022) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY · doi:10.1186/s40101-021-00276-8 · Cited by 13
“African men generally have higher percentage of fat-free mass (mainly muscle mass) than women, indicating that under-and-normal weight men likely had a substantial amount of muscle [41, 146], and Maasai men may well fit these assumptions.”
BackgroundAssessment of physical strength from gait: data from the Maasai of Tanzania
Fink, B., Butovskaya, M., & Shackelford, T. K. (2019) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0803 · Cited by 13
Brown, M., Sacco, D. F., & Drea, K. M. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111699 · Cited by 13
H omo sapiens , industrialisation and the environmental mismatch hypothesis
Longman, D. P., & Shaw, C. N. (2025) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.70094 · Cited by 22
Contest Competition for Mates and the Evolution of Human Males
Puts, D. A., Carrier, D. R., & Rogers, A. R. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197536438.013.26 · Cited by 14
Stewart‐Williams, S., & Thomas, A. G. (2013) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2013.823831 · Cited by 12
The influence of job rotation and task order on muscle responses in females
Dickhout, K. D., MacLean, K. F. E., & Dickerson, C. R. (2018) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2018.05.014 · Cited by 12
Wong, W. I., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.009 · Cited by 12
Apostolou, M. (2014) · Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1037/h0099388 · Cited by 12
Vocal Indicators of Size, Shape and Body Composition in Polish Men
Pawelec, Ł., Graja, K., & Lipowicz, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.09.011 · Cited by 11
Caveman Executive Leadership: Evolved Leadership Preferences and Biological Sex
Murray, G. R., & Murray, S. M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92784-6_6 · Cited by 11
“This strategy of triangulation, which employs independent data and analyses, reduces the likelihood that findings are the result of flawed data or analysis and, therefore, increases confidence in the findings ( Klass 2008 ).”
Background3D anthropometric assessment and perception of male body morphology in relation to physical strength
Kordsmeyer, T. L., Stern, J., & Penke, L. (2019) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23276 · Cited by 11
“In men, higher body strength correlates positively with important life outcomes, such as mating success (n = 4774, Lassek & Gaulin, 2009) and occupational success, particularly in pre-industrial societies (Eagly & Wood, 1999).”
BackgroundPredictors of body composition changes during tuberculosis treatment in Mwanza, Tanzania
PrayGod, G., Range, N. S., Faurholt‐Jepsen, D., Jeremiah, K., Faurholt‐Jepsen, M., Aabye, M. G., Magnussen, P., Changalucha, J. M., Andersen, Å. B., Wells, J. C. K., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.37 · Cited by 11
Hodges‐Simeon, C. R., Asif, S., Gurven, M., Blackwell, A. D., & Gaulin, S. J. C. (2019) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23284 · Cited by 11
Self-citationMen Competing, Men Watching: Exploring Watching-Pattern Contingencies in Sports
Apostolou, M., Frantzides, N., & Pavlidou, A. (2014) · International Journal of Sport Communication · doi:10.1123/ijsc.2014-0033 · Cited by 11
Impressions of Dominance are Made Relative to others in the Visual Environment
Re, D. E., Lefevre, C. E., DeBruine, L. M., Jones, B. C., & Perrett, D. I. (2014) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491401200118 · Cited by 11
“These findings may reflect the fact that men are significantly more powerful than women on average (Abe et al., 2003; Lassek and Gaulin, 2009; Mayhew and Salm, 1990), and thus the apparent dominance of a female non-target has somewhat less bearing than a male non-target on the perceived dominance of a male face.”
BackgroundCudlip, A. C., Kim, S. Y., & Dickerson, C. R. (2019) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109526 · Cited by 10
The Not So Subtle and Status Quo Maintaining Nature of Everyday Sexism
Vescio, T. K., & Kosakowska‐Berezecka, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.019 · Cited by 10
Masculinity and immune system efficacy in men
Nowak, J., Borkowska, B., & Pawłowski, B. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243777 · Cited by 10
“linking SHR with any of the immune-associated biomarkers, and there have only been limited studies testing the relationship between muscle mass and immunity [45], with only one study directly testing CD4+ count and muscle functions itself as measured by strength [65].”
BackgroundGałasińska, K., & Szymków, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105390 · Cited by 10
“Human sex differences are usually modest and are stronger within one sex than between sexes and mostly concern physical traits, such as muscle mass and strength [66].”
BackgroundGender Differences in Effectiveness of the Complete Health Improvement Program (CHIP)
Kent, L. M., Morton, D. P., Rankin, P. M., Gobble, J. E., & Diehl, H. A. (2014) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2014.08.016 · Cited by 10
Handgrip strength and 2D : 4D in women: homogeneous samples challenge the (apparent) gender paradox
Bäck, N., Schæfer, K., & Windhager, S. (2021) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.2328 · Cited by 9
“9% of women showing a weaker upper body strength than the average man [88], consistent with reports of higher HGS in men than in women [82,83].”
ResultHalsey, L. G., Esteves, G. P., & Dolan, E. (2023) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.230713 · Cited by 13
Fajardo, G., Polo, P., Muñoz‐Reyes, J. A., & Rodríguez‐Sickert, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.815819 · Cited by 9
“This is a trait that covaries with strength and, therefore, it is convenient to control its effect when studying strengthrelationships with other traits (Lassek and Gaulin, 2009).”
BackgroundLeBlanc, S. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9314-3_5 · Cited by 9
Sexual dimorphism and allometry in human scapula shape
Lee, E. C. S., Lawrence, R. L., & Rainbow, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/joa.14124 · Cited by 8
“Sexual selection on fighting performance in male–male competition is thought to have contributed to why, on average, males have more upper body muscle mass than females (Lassek & Gaulin, 2009; Morris, Link, et al., 2019).”
BackgroundA feminine advantage in the domain of harm: a review and path forward
Graso, M., & Reynolds, T. A. (2024) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2024.0381 · Cited by 8
“They have 61% more musculature than women [35], which is particularly concentrated in the upper body [36], leading them to be substantially stronger [37].”
BackgroundThe Impact of Gender and Culture in Consumer Behavior
Ng, S., Bharti, M., & Faust, N. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.021 · Cited by 9
Strength is negatively associated with depression and accounts for some of the sex difference
Smith, C. B., Rosenström, T. H., & Hagen, E. H. (2022) · Evolution Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eoac007 · Cited by 8
Infants Prefer Female Body Phenotypes; Infant Girls Prefer They Have an Hourglass Shape
Alexander, G. M., Hawkins, L. B., Wilcox, T. G., & Hirshkowitz, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00804 · Cited by 8
“Women’s WHRs also convey information about fertility, such that low WHRs (0.7) predict earlier, regular menstrual cycles (Van Hooff et al., 2000; Lassek and Gaulin, 2007) and higher rates of conception (for review, see Singh et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialMezentseva, A. A., Rostovtseva, V. V., & Butovskaya, M. (2023) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23974 · Cited by 8
“Male muscularity is associated with higher levels of testosterone, which acts as an anabolic, increasing lean body mass and strength performance (Lassek & Gaulin, 2009).”
BackgroundCultural Influences on Body Image and Body Esteem
Sotiriou, E. G., & Awad, G. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.018 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Lassek, W. D., & Gaulin, S. J. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lassek, William D.
- Venue
- Evolution and Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 322-328
- ISSN
- 1090-5138 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2032072020
- Semantic Scholar
- a65e9e71415eeaeced2772201a17627d162d31a5
- Cited by
- 397
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 17.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Evolution and Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- sex differences, testosterone, mating success, sexual partners, age at first sexual intercourse, energy intake, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, men's health
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