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Cited by 966Nutrition and Health in AgingBody Composition Measurement TechniquesMuscle Physiology and Disorders

Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity

Gallagher, Dympna, Visser, Marjolein, De Meersman, Ronald E., Sepúlveda, Dennis, Baumgartner, Richard N., Pierson, Richard N., Harris, Tamara, Heymsfield, Steven B.·1997·Journal of Applied Physiology
DOI 10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.229
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Abstract

Gallagher, Dympna, Marjolein Visser, Ronald E. De Meersman, Dennis Sepúlveda, Richard N. Baumgartner, Richard N. Pierson, Tamara Harris, and Steven B. Heymsfield. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(1): 229–239, 1997.—This study tested the hypothesis that skeletal muscle mass is reduced in elderly women and men after adjustment first for stature and body weight. The hypothesis was evaluated by estimating appendicular skeletal muscle mass with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a healthy adult cohort. A second purpose was to test the hypothesis that whole body 40 K counting-derived total body potassium (TBK) is a reliable indirect measure of skeletal muscle mass. The independent effects on both appendicular skeletal muscle and TBK of gender ( n = 148 women and 136 men) and ethnicity ( n = 152 African-Americans and 132 Caucasians) were also explored. Main findings were 1) for both appendicular skeletal muscle mass (total, leg, and arm) and TBK, age was an independent determinant after adjustment first by stepwise multiple regression for stature and weight (multiple regression model r 2 = ∼0.60); absolute decrease with greater age in men was almost double that in women; significantly larger absolute amounts were observed in men and African-Americans after adjustment first for stature, weight, and age; and >80% of within-gender or -ethnic group between-individual component variation was explained by stature, weight, age, gender, and ethnicity differences; and 2) most of between-individual TBK variation could be explained by total appendicular skeletal muscle ( r 2 = 0.865), whereas age, gender, and ethnicity were small but significant additional covariates (total r 2 = 0.903). Our study supports the hypotheses that skeletal muscle is reduced in the elderly and that TBK provides a reasonable indirect assessment of skeletal muscle mass. These findings provide a foundation for investigating skeletal muscle mass in a wide range of health-related conditions.

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  • Characteristics of the studied population (such as age, sex, race and differences in body composition in ethnic groups) and the methodology used to assess parameters of sarcopenia cause a wide variation in the rate of sarcopenia.

    “Characteristics of the studied population (such as age, sex, race and differences in body composition in ethnic groups) and the methodology used to assess parameters of sarcopenia cause a wide variation in the rate of this disease [5, 6].”

    From Prevalence of sarcopenia in the world: a systematic review and meta- analysis of general population studies (2017) · cites this paper as [5]

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Authors
Gallagher, D., Visser, M., De Meersman, R. E., Sepúlveda, D., Baumgartner, R. N., Pierson, R. N., Harris, T., & Heymsfield, S. B.
Affiliations
  • St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center (US)
  • Wageningen University & Research (NL)
  • Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025;
  • University of New Mexico (US)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher
American Physiological Society
Published
1997-07-01
Volume
83
Issue
1
Pages
229-239
ISSN
  • 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
  • 8750-7587
  • 1522-1601
DOI
10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.229
OpenAlex
W2129322604
Cited by
966
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 44
FWCI
6.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5p01dk042618-15, 1r01ag013021-01)
  • National Institute on Aging (F32 AG05679, R01-AG-13021., F32AG005679)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P01-DK42618)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Keywords
appendicular skeletal muscle mass, sarcopenia, aging, sex differences, ethnicity, African Americans, total body potassium
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aging, Black or African American, Body Composition, Body Height, Body Weight, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Organ Size, Potassium, Sex Characteristics, Absorptiometry, Photon, Muscle, Skeletal, Black People, White People

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