Race and Gender Differences in C-Reactive Protein Levels
Open accessAbstract
Objectives This study sought to determine whether there are race and gender differences in the distribution of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels.Background Few data are available comparing CRP distributions in different race and gender groups. Recent clinical practice recommendations for CRP testing for cardiovascular risk assessment suggest a uniform threshold to define high relative risk (>3 mg/l).Methods We measured CRP in 2,749 white and black subjects ages 30 to 65 participating in the Dallas Heart Study, a multiethnic, population-based, probability sample, and compared levels of CRP between different race and gender groups.Results Black subjects had higher CRP levels than white subjects (median, 3.0 vs. 2.3 mg/l; p < 0.001) and women had higher CRP levels than men (median, 3.3 vs. 1.8 mg/l; p < 0.001). The sample-weight adjusted proportion of subjects with CRP levels >3 mg/l was 31%, 40%, 51%, and 58% in white men, black men, white women, and black women, respectively (p < 0.05 for each group vs. white men). After adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, estrogen and statin use, and body mass index, a CRP level >3 mg/l remained more common in white women (odds ratio [OR] 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1 to 2.5) and black women (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.6) but not in black men (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.9) when compared with white men.Conclusions Significant race and gender differences exist in the population distribution of CRP. Further research is needed to determine whether race and gender differences in CRP levels contribute to differences in cardiovascular outcomes, and whether thresholds for cardiovascular risk assessment should be adjusted for different race and gender groups.
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The link between female sex and stroke might vary across populations and age groups.
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BackgroundInflammation Through a Psychoneuroimmunological Lens
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- Authors
- Khera, A., McGuire, D. K., Murphy, S. A., Stanek, H. G., Das, S. R., Vongpatanasin, W., Wians, F. H., Grundy, S. M., & de Lemos, J. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Khera, Amit
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-08
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 464-469
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2165890913
- Cited by
- 773
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 32.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digest of the World Core Medical Journals
- Funders
- Donald W. Reynolds Foundation
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000633, M01 RR00633)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis
- Keywords
- C-reactive protein, racial differences, gender differences, cardiovascular risk assessment, black-white disparities, women, Dallas Heart Study, cardiovascular risk factors, estrogen, statin use
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Black or African American, C-Reactive Protein, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sex Factors, Biomarkers, Risk Assessment, White People
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