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Costs and benefits of fat-free muscle mass in men: relationship to mating success, dietary requirements, and native immunity
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“The increasing performance gap between males and females as upper body strength becomes more critical for performance is likely explained to a large extent by the observation that males have disproportionately greater strength in their upper compared to lower body, while females show the inverse [44, 45].”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [44]
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Boothroyd, L. G., & Brewer, G. (2013) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0204-z · Cited by 7
“Given that some indices of sexual dimorphism are related to physical aggression (for a summary, see Lassek & Gaulin, 2009) and to perceptions of aggressiveness (e.g., Geniole, Mondloch, Carré, & McCormick, 2012), this could be partially regarded as an element of risk taking: whether one is willing…”
BackgroundFemale maximal push/pull strength capabilities by humeral abduction angle in bilateral exertions
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“ger, more aggressive, and have a higher stamina than women (Lassek and Gaulin 2009; Seiler et al. 2007), which suggests that in male sports, the spectacle is likely to be more impres-”
BackgroundNegrey, J. D., Deschner, T., & Langergraber, K. E. (2023) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.06.004 · Cited by 6
Pazhoohi, F., Afhami, R., Chegeni, R., Dubrov, D. I., Gałasińska, K., Garza, R., Moharrampour, N. G., Grigoryev, D. S., Kowal, M., Pallesen, S., et al. (2024) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-024-00232-7 · Cited by 9
“A strong body type may reflect disease resistance and genetic quality given the energetic demands (i.e., dietary energy, testosterone) needed in displaying and maintaining muscularity (Lassek & Gaulin, 2009 ; Sell et al., 2017).”
Is arm length a sexually selected trait in humans? Evidence from mixed martial arts.
Richardson, T. (2020) · Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1037/ebs0000219 · Cited by 6
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“Muscle mass, in particular, predicts physical competitiveness (Mitani et al. 1996; Lassek and Gaulin 2009).”
BackgroundInferences of Parental Abilities Through Facial and Bodily Features
Brown, M., Sacco, D. F., Boykin, K., Drea, K. M., & Macchione, A. L. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190674687.013.30 · Cited by 5
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“This study also discovered the following points: In our study population, there was a significant gender difference in CCR, which may be related to the normal physiological structural difference, with male muscle content being significantly higher than that of females (45).”
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“In contrast, the disparity in upper-body strength between the sexes is far more pronounced and approaches the level seen in highly dimorphic species like gorillas, implying that ancestral males engaged in significant physical competition (Lassek & Gaulin, 2007, 2009).”
Cooper, A. N., Cunningham, C. B., Morris, J. S., Ruff, J. S., Potts, W. K., & Carrier, D. R. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.213389 · Cited by 4
“…specialization for fighting performance (in primates: Gallagher et al., 1997; Zihlman and McFarland, 2000; Nindl et al., 2002, Abe et al., 2003; Lassek and Gaulin, 2009; Morris et al., 2019; in macropodids: Jarman, 1983, 1989; Warburton et al., 2013; Richards et al., 2015; in carnivores: Pasi…”
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“…speed, and aggression (e.g. Mayhew & Salm, 1990; Watson & Kimura, 1991; Kimura, 1999; Hines et al., 2003; Puts, Hodges, Cardenas, & Gaulin, 2007; Lassek & Gaulin, 2009), psychological mechanisms that seem crafted for managing dominance interactions (e.g. Sell et al., 2009), data on the high…”
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Özener, B. (2010) · HOMO · doi:10.1016/j.jchb.2010.09.004 · Cited by 4
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“The greater upper body muscularity and strength of males compared to females (Abe et al., 2003; Apicella, 2014; Lassek & Gaulin, 2009) propose a long history of male–male physical competition (Puts, 2010).”
BackgroundWitham, C., Foo, Y. Z., Jeffery, L., Burton, N. S., & Rhodes, G. (2021) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.05.005 · Cited by 4
Wells, J. C. K., Cole, T. J., Cortina‐Borja, M., Sear, R., Leon, D. A., Marphatia, A. A., Murray, J., Wehrmeister, F. C., de Oliveira, P. D., Gonçalves, H., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.914965 · Cited by 5
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“This difference can be explained by the fact that men have 61% more total muscle mass and 75% more arm muscle mass (see Lassek and Gaulin, 2009).”
Masculine voice is associated with better mucosal immune defense in adolescent and adult males
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“Life history theory begins with the assumption that immunity (as a subset of maintenance effort) is inherently costly (Abrams & Miller, 2011; Lassek & Gaulin, 2009; Lochmiller & Deerenberg, 2000; Muehlenbein & Bri-biescas, 2005; Prall & Muehlenbein, 2014; Sheldon & Verhulst, 1996), and therefore…”
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Mezentseva, A. A., Rostovtseva, V. V., Komarova, A. V., Korotkova, A. A., Dashieva, N. B., & Butovskaya, M. (2025) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460.2025.2536162 · Cited by 3
“Sex differences are also present in body composition; for instance, men are, on average, taller and have less body fat than women (Lassek and Gaulin 2009; Moreira et al. 2021; Butovskaya et al. 2022a; Mezentseva et al. 2024).”
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“…on which men’s self-perceived attractiveness are based (Lukaszewski et al., 2014; Sneade and Furnham, 2016; Kanavakis et al., 2021), are developmentally driven by androgens (e.g., muscularity and facial masculinity; Lassek and Gaulin, 2009; Whitehouse et al., 2015; Hodges-Simeon et al., 2016).”
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“As a biological trait, skeletal muscle is shared between men and women, but it has been sexually selected in men (Lassek and Gaulin, 2009).”
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“This would lead men to engage more frequently in physical conflict and consequently becoming physically larger than women, with the most successful men being larger themselves (Lassek & Gaulin, 2009; Sell et al., 2012).”
BackgroundPhysical strength as a heuristic cue of political conservatism
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“On average, men are heavier, taller and have more muscle mass, especially in the upper body (Lassek & Gaulin, 2009); men have also more oxygen aerobic power and anaerobic capacity (Handelsman et al., 2018) and, tend to show more social dominance (Hines, 2020) and competitiveness (Deaner et al.,…”
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“The sexual dimorphism in upper-body strength, however, is similar to the size dimorphism in gorillas, suggesting intense physical male-male competition (Lassek & Gaulin, 2009 ).”
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RetractedAlcohol and Violence in Evolutionary Perspective
Durrant, R. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118411094.ch4 · Cited by 1
Acoustic Cues Of Physical Formidability In Cage Fighters
Goetz, S. M. (2015) · Human Biology · Cited by 1
Reynolds, T. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1607 · Cited by 1
Motives for practice of physical activities: an evolutionary approach
Hsu, R. M. C. S. (2021) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.47.2021.tde-08022022-142322 · Cited by 1
Oxford, J. K., & Duncan, A. R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1732-1 · Cited by 1
Oxford, J. K., & Duncan, A. R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1732 · Cited by 1
Newman, L. E., & Higham, J. P. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1979-1 · Cited by 1
Třebický, V., Stirrat, M., & Havlı́ček, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_2738 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Lassek, W. D., & Gaulin, S. J. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lassek, William D.
- Venue
- Evolution and Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 322-328
- ISSN
- 1090-5138 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2032072020
- Semantic Scholar
- a65e9e71415eeaeced2772201a17627d162d31a5
- Cited by
- 397
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 17.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Evolution and Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- sex differences, testosterone, mating success, sexual partners, age at first sexual intercourse, energy intake, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, men's health
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