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Microglia and macrophage metabolism in CNS injury and disease: The role of immunometabolism in neurodegeneration and neurotrauma

Open access
Devanney, Nicholas A., Stewart, Andrew N., Gensel, John C.·2020·Experimental Neurology

Abstract

Innate immune responses, particularly activation of macrophages and microglia, are increasingly implicated in CNS disorders. It is now appreciated that the heterogeneity of functions adopted by these cells dictates neuropathophysiology. Research efforts to characterize the range of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes and functions adopted by microglia and macrophages are fueled by the potential for inflammatory cells to both exacerbate neurodegeneration and promote repair/disease resolution. The stimulation-based, M1/M2 classification system has emerged over the last decade as a common language to discuss macrophage and microglia heterogeneity across different fields. However, discontinuities between phenotypic markers and function create potential hurdles for the utility of the M1/M2 system in the development of effective immunomodulatory therapeutics for neuroinflammation. A framework to approach macrophage and microglia heterogeneity from a function-based phenotypic approach comes from rapidly emerging evidence that metabolic processes regulate immune cell activation. This concept of immunometabolism, however, is only beginning to unfold in the study of neurodegeneration and has yet to receive much focus in the context of neurotrauma. In this review, we first discuss the current views of macrophage and microglia heterogeneity and limitations of the M1/M2 classification system for neuropathological studies. We then review and discuss the current literature supporting metabolism as a regulator of microglia function in vitro. Lastly, we evaluate the evidence that metabolism regulates microglia and macrophage phenotype in vivo in models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI).

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Metadata

Authors
Devanney, N. A., Stewart, A. N., & Gensel, J. C.
Venue
Experimental Neurology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-07
Volume
329
Pages
113310
ISSN
0014-4886 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3015747477
Cited by
306
References
21
FWCI
13.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
hybrid

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