Cited by 339Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsTraumatic Brain Injury Research

Microglial/Macrophage Polarization Dynamics following Traumatic Brain Injury

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Kumar, Alok, Alvarez-Croda, Dulce-Mariely, Stoica, Bogdan A., Faden, Alan I., Loane, David J.·2016·Journal of Neurotrauma

Abstract

Activated microglia and macrophages exert dual beneficial and detrimental roles after central nervous system injury, which are thought to be due to their polarization along a continuum from a classical pro-inflammatory M1-like state to an alternative anti-inflammatory M2-like state. The goal of the present study was to analyze the temporal dynamics of microglia/macrophage polarization within the lesion micro-environment following traumatic brain injury (TBI) using a moderate-level controlled cortical impact (CCI) model in mice. We performed a detailed phenotypic analysis of M1- and M2-like polarized microglia/macrophages, as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX2) expression, through 7 days post-injury using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), flow cytometry and image analyses. We demonstrated that microglia/macrophages express both M1- and M2-like phenotypic markers early after TBI, but the transient up-regulation of the M2-like phenotype was replaced by a predominant M1- or mixed transitional (Mtran) phenotype that expressed high levels of NOX2 at 7 days post-injury. The shift towards the M1-like and Mtran phenotype was associated with increased cortical and hippocampal neurodegeneration. In a follow up study, we administered a selective NOX2 inhibitor, gp91ds-tat, to CCI mice starting at 24 h post-injury to investigate the relationship between NOX2 and M1-like/Mtran phenotypes. Delayed gp91ds-tat treatment altered M1-/M2-like balance in favor of the anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotype, and significantly reduced oxidative damage in neurons at 7 days post-injury. Therefore, our data suggest that despite M1-like and M2-like polarized microglia/macrophages being activated after TBI, the early M2-like response becomes dysfunctional over time, resulting in development of pathological M1-like and Mtran phenotypes driven by increased NOX2 activity.

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Crossref · 10.1089/neu.2015.4268

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Authors
Kumar, A., Alvarez-Croda, D.-M., Stoica, B. A., Faden, A. I., & Loane, D. J.
Affiliations
  • University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
  • Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
Corresponding author
Loane, David J.
Venue
Journal of Neurotrauma
Published
2016-10
Volume
33
Issue
19
Pages
1732-1750
ISSN
  • 0897-7151 (ISSN-L)
  • 1557-9042
OpenAlex
W2209119157
Cited by
339
References
52
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 1
FWCI
17.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Neurotrauma (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (AG028747)
  • National Institute on Aging (AG028747, P30AG028747)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS037313, R01NS082308)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Keywords
microglial polarization, macrophage polarization, traumatic brain injury, M1/M2 phenotype, NOX2, controlled cortical impact, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, oxidative damage, hippocampus, cortical injury, temporal dynamics

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