Safety Assessment of Astaxanthin-Rich Microalgae Biomass: Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Studies in Rats
Abstract
Astaxanthin, a natural nutritional component, is marketed as a dietary supplement around the world. The primary commercial source for astaxanthin is Haematococcus pluvialis (microalgae). The objective of the present study was to investigate the acute and subchronic toxicity of an astaxanthin-rich biomass of H. pluvialis (AstaCarox). The oral LD(50) of the biomass in rats was greater than 12g/kg body weight. In the subchronic study, Wistar rats (10/sex/group) were fed diets containing 0%, 1%, 5% and 20% of the biomass (weight/weight) for 90 days. trans-Astaxanthin was quantifiable in the plasma of the high-dose treated group only. Compared to the control group, no treatment-related biologically significant effects of astaxanthin were noted on body weight or body weight gain. Biomass feeding did not affect hematological parameters. In the high-dose group, slightly elevated alkaline phosphatase and changes in some urine parameters and an increase in kidney weight in both sexes were noted. Histopathology examinations did not reveal adverse effects except for a marginal increase in pigment in the straight proximal tubule of the kidney in 5/10 female rats treated with the high-dose. These changes were not considered as toxicologically significant. Although the rats in high-dose group received about 9% more fat, it is unlikely that this confounding factor significantly altered the outcome. The no-observed adverse-effect-levels (NOAEL) of the astaxanthin-rich biomass for male and female rats were determined as 14,161 and 17,076mg/kg body weight/day, or 465 and 557mg astaxanthin/kg/day, respectively, the highest dose tested.
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There is no direct evidence of toxic effects from consumption of astaxanthin-rich microalgae in rats through acute and subchronic toxicity studies, but intake amount needs attention.
“Stewart (2008) found that there is no direct evidence of toxic effects from the consumption of astaxanthin-rich microalgae in rats through acute and subchronic toxicity studies, but it needs to pay attention to the amount of intake [28].”
From Current Status and Future Trends in Removal, Control, and Mitigation of Algae Food Safety Risks for Human Consumption (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
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- Authors
- Stewart, J. S., Lignell, Å., Pettersson, A., Elfving, E., & Soni, M. G.
- Affiliations
- Covance (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Soni, M.G.
- Venue
- Food and Chemical Toxicology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 3030-3036
- ISSN
- 0278-6915 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2001139451
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Food and Chemical Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural safety and regulations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Keywords
- astaxanthin, Haematococcus pluvialis, microalgal biomass, supplement safety, acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity, oral LD50, no-observed-adverse-effect level, kidney histopathology, hematological parameters
- MeSH terms
- Chlorophyta, Animals, Blood Cell Count, Blood Chemical Analysis, Body Weight, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Eating, Female, Lethal Dose 50, Male, Organ Size, Survival Analysis, Urinalysis, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Biomass, Xanthophylls, Rats
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