Extraction methods, encapsulation techniques, and health benefits of astaxanthin
Open accessAbstract
Astaxanthin, a red carotenoid pigment found in marine species like microalgae, shrimp, and salmon, is a powerful bioactive molecule with several health effects. Astaxanthin, despite its potential, is highly vulnerable to degradation from external elements, including light, oxygen, and temperature, requiring meticulous extraction and stabilization methods. Astaxanthin can be extracted using solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and enzymatic extraction. Additionally, encapsulation methods that improve the stability and bioavailability of astaxanthin are examined, highlighting their efficacy in maintaining the chemical in unfavorable conditions. This review discusses the extensive range of astaxanthin’s medicinal capabilities, encompassing its antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and skin-protective activities. This research seeks to emphasize the significance of astaxanthin as a functional bioactive component with substantial potential in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications by describing the extraction and encapsulation techniques and their health-promoting attributes.
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Release of encapsulated hydrophilic pigments and antioxidants occurs over 4-24 h due to gradual diffusion under simulated gastrointestinal conditions.
“Thus, the release occurs over a period of 4–24 h, resulting from the gradual diffusion of hydrophilic pigments and antioxidants under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (Martínez-Álvarez et al., 2020; Panagiotakopoulos and Nasopoulou, 2024).”
From Microalgae biotechnology and its role in sustainable and healthy food design (2025) · cites this paper as Panagiotakopoulos and Nasopoulou, 2024
Section 3.3 (Liposomes; page unavailable) reports slower release of encapsulated astaxanthin after 24 hours in an in vitro experiment, supporting sustained release. It does not establish a 4–24-hour release period, gradual diffusion as the mechanism, or release of hydrophilic pigments and antioxidants under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Microalgae biotechnology and its role in sustainable and healthy food design
Schneider, A. T., Machado, R. L. S., Dutra, D. A., Machado, E. F., Dias, R. R., Deprá, M. C., Zepka, L. Q., & Jacob-Lopes, E. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2025.1716473 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Thus, the release occurs over a period of 4 – 24 h, resulting from the gradual diffusion of hydrophilic pigments and antioxidants under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (Martínez-Álvarez et al., 2020; Panagiotakopoulos and Nasopoulou, 2024).”
Encapsulation Techniques to Enhance Astaxanthin Utilization as Functional Feed Ingredient
Vitale, M., Gomez-Estaca, J., Chung, J., Chua, S.-C., & Pampanin, D. M. (2025) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md23040143 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Panagiotakopoulos, I., & Nasopoulou, C.
- Affiliations
- University of the Aegean (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Nasopoulou, Constantina
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-12-11
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 10859
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4405283405
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 169
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 11
- FWCI
- 10.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Proteins in Food Systems
- Keywords
- astaxanthin, carotenoids, extraction methods, encapsulation, bioavailability, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, antidiabetic activity, neuroprotection, skin protection, nutraceuticals, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, enzymatic extraction, microalgae, oxidative degradation
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