Remedies for pseudoreplication

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STATISTICS FOR SPATIAL DATA

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Pseudoreplication and the Design of Ecological Field Experiments

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Generalized, Linear, and Mixed Models

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Permutation tests for univariate or multivariate analysis of variance and regression

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Generalized linear mixed models a pseudo-likelihood approach

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Statistics for Spatial Data.

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Fisheries stock assessment and decision analysis: the Bayesian approach

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Estimating the size-selection curves of towed gears, traps, nets and hooks

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Random sampling or geostatistical modelling? Choosing between design-based and model-based sampling strategies for soil (with discussion)

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A model of between-haul variation in selectivity

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Spatial variation and effects of habitat on temperate reef fish assemblages in northeastern New Zealand

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Estimating the Size-selectivity of Fishing Gear by Conditioning on the Total Catch

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BUGS in Bayesian stock assessments

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Geostatistics for fish stock assessments: a review and an acoustic application

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Non-Linear State Space Modelling of Fisheries Biomass Dynamics by Using Metropolis-Hastings within-Gibbs Sampling

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Pseudoreplication Revisited

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Bayesian state-space modeling of age-structured data: fitting a model is just the beginning

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An Investigation of Some Estimators of Variance for Systematic Sampling

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Use of Statistical Models for the Estimation of Abundance from Groundfish Trawl Survey Data

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Estimating the Size-Selectivity of Fishing Gear by Conditioning on the Total Catch

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Modelling between-haul variability in the size selectivity of trawls

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A Kalman Filter Approach to Catch-at-Length Analysis

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Was an increase in natural mortality responsible for the collapse off northern cod?

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Statistical analysis of catch-at-age data with correlated errors

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Applications: Estimating the Relative Density of Snapper in and around a Marine Reserve Using a Log‐Linear Mixed‐Effects Model

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On a structural time series method for estimating stock biomass and recruitment from catch and effort data

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Kalman filtering the delay-difference equation: practical approaches and simulations

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Global fish abundance estimation from regular sampling: the geostatistical transitive method

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An Investigation of Some Estimators of Variance for Systematic Sampling

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A Local-influence Method of Estimating Biomass from Trawl Surveys, with Monte Carlo Confidence Intervals

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The problem of pseudoreplication in neuroscientific studies: is it affecting your analysis?

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A practical solution to pseudoreplication bias in single-cell studies

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Modelling stream fish species distribution in a river network: the relative effects of temperature versus physical factors

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Personality-dependent dispersal in the invasive mosquitofish: group composition matters

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PHYSIOLOGICAL COSTS OF COMPENSATORY GROWTH IN A DAMSELFLY

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Saigas on the brink: Multidisciplinary analysis of the factors influencing mass mortality events

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The role of remnant trees in seed dispersal through the matrix: Being alone is not always so sad

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Fungal Community Shifts in Structure and Function across a Boreal Forest Fire Chronosequence

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Pseudoreplication is a pseudoproblem.

Schank, J. C., & Koehnle, T. J. (2009) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013579 · Cited by 146 · see citing works

TIME CONSTRAINTS MEDIATE PREDATOR-INDUCED PLASTICITY IN IMMUNE FUNCTION, CONDITION, AND LIFE HISTORY

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Mixed Models Offer No Freedom from Degrees of Freedom

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Mixed effects: a unifying framework for statistical modelling in fisheries biology

Thorson, J. T., & Minto, C. (2014) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu213 · Cited by 130 · see citing works

Policy: Twenty tips for interpreting scientific claims

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Personality-dependent dispersal cancelled under predation risk

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Ocean acidification induces multi-generational decline in copepod naupliar production with possible conflict for reproductive resource allocation

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An Entomologist Guide to Demystify Pseudoreplication: Data Analysis of Field Studies With Design Constraints

Chaves, L. F., & Chaves, L. F. (2010) · Journal of Medical Entomology · doi:10.1093/jmedent/47.1.291 · Cited by 118 · see citing works

Perspectives In Visual Imaging for Marine Biology and Ecology: From Acquisition to Understanding

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Genetic consequences of interbreeding between farmed and wild Atlantic salmon: insights from the transcriptome

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Environmental and anthropogenic factors structuring waterbird habitats of tropical coastal lagoons: Implications for management

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Fixed or random? On the reliability of mixed‐effects models for a small number of levels in grouping variables

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Egalitarian despots: hierarchy steepness, reciprocity and the grooming-trade model in wild chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes

Kaburu, S., & Newton‐Fisher, N. E. (2014) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.10.018 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Wildfire impact: Natural experiment reveals differential short-term changes in soil microbial communities

Prendergast‐Miller, M. T., de Menezes, A. B., Macdonald, L. M., Toscas, P., Bissett, A. B., Baker, G. H., Farrell, M., Richardson, A. E., Wark, T., & Thrall, P. H. (2017) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.01.027 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Effect of range enrichment on performance, behavior, and forage intake of free-range chickens

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Does ecosystem sensitivity to precipitation at the site‐level conform to regional‐scale predictions?

Wilcox, K. R., Blair, J. M., Smith, M. D., & Knapp, A. K. (2015) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/15-1437.1 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Hierarchical and scale‐dependent effects of fishing pressure and environment on the structure and size distribution of parrotfish communities

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Distribution of seafloor litter and its interaction with benthic organisms in deep waters of the Ligurian Sea (Northwestern Mediterranean)

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Intentional and unintentional selection during plant domestication: herbivore damage, plant defensive traits and nutritional quality of fruit and seed crops

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Fish predation selects for reduced foraging activity

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Restricted home ranges reduce children’s opportunities to connect to nature: Demographic, environmental and parental influences

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A novel method for fine-scale biodiversity assessment and prediction across diverse urban landscapes reveals social deprivation-related inequalities in private, not public spaces

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Stand structure and plant species diversity in managed and abandoned silver fir mature woodlands

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No evidence for a decline in the density of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana, 1850, in the Southwest Atlantic sector between 1976 and 2016

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Using Landscape and Bioclimatic Features to Predict the Distribution of Lions, Leopards and Spotted Hyaenas in Tanzania's Ruaha Landscape

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Survival selection on escape performance and its underlying phenotypic traits: a case of many‐to‐one mapping

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A practical guide to statistical methods for comparing means from two-stage sampling

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Landscape complexity and field margin vegetation diversity enhance natural enemies and reduce herbivory by Lepidoptera pests on tomato crop

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Effects of social isolation on growth, stress response, and immunity of zebrafish

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Changes in prey, turbidity, and competition reduce somatic growth and cause the collapse of a fish population

Korman, J., Yard, M. D., Dzul, M. C., Yackulic, C. B., Dodrill, M. J., Deemer, B. R., & Kennedy, T. A. (2020) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1002/ecm.1427 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Management Intensification Impacts on Soil and Ecosystem Carbon Stocks in Subtropical Grasslands

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Contrasting responses of woody and grassland ecosystems to increased CO2 as water supply varies

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Developmental costs of rapid growth in a damselfly

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Understory ferns alter soil carbon chemistry and increase carbon storage during reforestation with native pine on previously degraded sites

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Resident and dispersal behavior among individuals within a population of American lobster Homarus americanus

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Private Trees Contribute Uniquely to Urban Forest Diversity, Structure and Service-Based Traits

Hutt‐Taylor, K., & Ziter, C. D. (2022) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127760 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

NONCONSUMPTIVE PREDATOR-DRIVEN MORTALITY CAUSES NATURAL SELECTION ON PREY

Siepielski, A. M., Wang, J., & Prince, G. (2013) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.12294 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

The long-term impact of low-intensity surface fires on litter decomposition and enzyme activities in boreal coniferous forests

Köster, K., Berninger, F. A., Heinonsalo, J., Lindén, A., Köster, E., Ilvesniemi, H., & Pumpanen, J. (2015) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf14217 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Greening summer fallow with legume green manures: On-farm assessment in north-central Montana

O'Dea, J. K., Miller, P. R., & Jones, C. A. (2013) · Journal of Soil and Water Conservation · doi:10.2489/jswc.68.4.270 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

After grazing exclusion, is there any modification of strategy for two guerrilla species: Elymus repens (L.) Gould and Agrostis stolonifera (L.)?

Amiaud, B., Touzard, B., Bonis, A., & Bouzillé, J. (2007) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-007-9364-z · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Response of Copepods to Elevated pCO2 and Environmental Copper as Co-Stressors – A Multigenerational Study

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Forest fragment size and nutrient availability: complex responses of mycorrhizal fungi in native–exotic hosts

Grilli, G., Urcelay, C., & Galetto, L. (2011) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-011-9966-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Pollination Mode and Mating System Explain Patterns in Genetic Differentiation in Neotropical Plants

Ballesteros‐Mejia, L., de Lima, N. E., Lima‐Ribeiro, M. S., & Collevatti, R. G. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158660 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Survival selection imposed by predation on a physiological trait underlying escape speed

Strobbe, F., McPeek, M. A., Block, M. D., & Stoks, R. (2010) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01752.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Contrasting responses of epiphytic and dead wood-dwelling lichen diversity to forest management abandonment in silver fir mature woodlands

Nascimbene, J., Dainese, M., & Sitzia, T. (2012) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.10.052 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Chemical and structural characterization of soil humic substances under agroforestry and conventional systems

de Moraes, G. M., Xavier, F. A. D. S., Mendonça, E. D. S., Filho, J. A. D. A., & de Oliveira, T. S. (2011) · Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo · doi:10.1590/s0100-06832011000500014 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

α and β diversity of fishes in relation to a gradient of habitat structural complexity supports the role of environmental filtering in community assembly

Cunha, E. R., Winemiller, K. O., da Silva, J. C. B., Lopes, T. M., Gomes, L. C., Thomaz, S. M., & Agostinho, Â. A. (2019) · Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00027-019-0634-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Age- and sex-specific response to population density and sex ratio

Dreiss, A. N., Côté, J., Richard, M., Fédérici, P., & Clobert, J. (2010) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arp198 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from podzols of a fire chronosequence in the boreal forests in Värriö, Finnish Lapland

Köster, E., Köster, K., Berninger, F. A., & Pumpanen, J. (2015) · Geoderma Regional · doi:10.1016/j.geodrs.2015.07.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Land use change affects macroinvertebrate community size spectrum in streams: the case of Pinus radiata plantations

Martínez, A., Larrañaga, A., Miguélez, A., Yvon‐Durocher, G., & Pozo, J. (2015) · Freshwater Biology · doi:10.1111/fwb.12680 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

The Use of Mixed Effects Models for Obtaining Low-Cost Ecosystem Carbon Stock Estimates in Mangroves of the Asia-Pacific

Bukoski, J. J., Broadhead, J. S., Donato, D. C., Murdiyarso, D., & Grégoire, T. G. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169096 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Birds suppress pests in corn but release them in soybean crops within a mixed prairie/agriculture system

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Combining and aggregating environmental data for status and trend assessments: challenges and approaches

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Adaptive Resolution Imaging Sonar (ARIS) as a tool for marine fish identification

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Socioecological disparities in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina

Lewis, J. A., Zipperer, W. C., Ernstson, H., Bernik, B. M., Hazen, R. F., Elmqvist, T., & Blum, M. J. (2017) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.1922 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Haze smoke impacts survival and development of butterflies

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A hitchhiker guide to manta rays: Patterns of association between Mobula alfredi, M. birostris, their symbionts, and other fishes in the Maldives

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Variations in potential CH4 flux and CO2 respiration from freshwater wetland sediments that differ by microsite location, depth and temperature

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Effects of flood and drought events on multi‐species, multi‐method estuarine and coastal fisheries in eastern Australia

Gillson, J. P., Suthers, I. M., & Scandol, J. P. (2011) · Fisheries Management and Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2400.2011.00816.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Beyond species richness and biomass: Impact of selective logging and silvicultural treatments on the functional composition of a neotropical forest

Yguel, B., Piponiot, C., Mirabel, A., Dourdain, A., Hérault, B., Gourlet‐Fleury, S., Forget, P., & Fontaine, C. (2018) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.022 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Sex roles during conspecific territorial defence in the Zenaida dove, Zenaida aurita

Quinard, A., & Cézilly, F. (2011) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.09.032 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Manejo da matéria orgânica do solo e estoques de carbono em cultivos de frutas tropicais

Guimarães, D. V., Gonzaga, M. I. S., & Neto, J. D. O. M. (2014) · Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental · doi:10.1590/s1415-43662014000300009 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Does low-intensity surface fire increase water- and nutrient-availability to overstorey Eucalyptus gomphocephala?

Close, D. C., Davidson, N. J., Swanborough, P. W., & Corkrey, R. (2011) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0862-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Fish and squid behaviour at the mouth of a drop-chain trawl: factors contributing to capture or escape

Bayse, S. M., Pol, M., & He, P. (2016) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsw007 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Performance of industry-developed escape gaps in Australian Portunus pelagicus traps

Broadhurst, M. K., Millar, R. B., & Hughes, B. D. (2016) · Fisheries Research · doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2016.11.013 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Benchmarking Stochastic Algorithms for Global Optimization Problems by Visualizing Confidence Intervals

Liu, Q., Chen, W., Deng, J. D., Gu, T., Zhang, H., Yu, Z., & Zhang, J. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tcyb.2017.2659659 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Changes in very fine root respiration and morphology with time since last fire in a boreal forest

Makita, N., Pumpanen, J., Köster, K., & Berninger, F. A. (2016) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-016-2801-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

SEARCH: Spatially Explicit Animal Response to Composition of Habitat

Pauli, B. P., McCann, N. P., Zollner, P. A., Cummings, R. F., Gilbert, J. H., & Gustafson, E. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064656 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Predator stomach contents can provide accurate indices of prey biomass

Ng, E. L., Deroba, J. J., Essington, T. E., Grüss, A., Smith, B. E., & Thorson, J. T. (2021) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsab026 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Edge effects on small mammals: Differences between arboreal and ground‐dwelling species living near roads in Brazilian fragmented landscapes

Rosa, C., Secco, H. K. C., Carvalho, N. S., Maia, A. C., & Bager, A. (2017) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/aec.12549 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

A statistical method for quantifying the field effects of urban heat island mitigation techniques

Parison, S., Hendel, M., & Royon, L. (2020) · Urban Climate · doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100651 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Comparison of Satellite and Drone-Based Images at Two Spatial Scales to Evaluate Vegetation Regeneration after Post-Fire Treatments in a Mediterranean Forest

Martinez, J. L., Lucas‐Borja, M. E., Plaza‐Álvarez, P. A., Denisi, P., Moreno, M. Á., Hernández‐López, D., Gonzalez-Romero, J., & Zema, D. A. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11125423 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Where and how - new insight for brown algal forest restoration in the Adriatic

Orlando‐Bonaca, M., Savonitto, G., Asnaghi, V., Trkov, D., Pitacco, V., Šiško, M., Makovec, T., Slavinec, P., Lokovšek, A., Ciriaco, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.988584 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Monitoring stress in captive and free-ranging African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) using faecal glucocorticoid metabolites

der Weyde, L. K. V., Martin, G. B., & Paris, M. C. J. (2015) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.022 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Geostatistical Analysis of the Abundance and Winter Distribution Patterns of the Blue CrabCallinectes sapidusin Chesapeake Bay

Jensen, O. P., & Miller, T. J. (2005) · Transactions of the American Fisheries Society · doi:10.1577/t04-218.1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Sandification vs. muddification of tidal flats by benthic organisms: A flume study

Soissons, L. M., da Conceição, T. G., Bastiaan, J., van Dalen, J., Ysebaert, T., Herman, P. M. J., Cozzoli, F., & Bouma, T. J. (2019) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106355 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Predator cues magnify effects of the pesticide endosulfan in water bugs in a multi-species test in outdoor containers

Trekels, H., de Meutter, F. V., & Stoks, R. (2013) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.04.008 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Nitrogen balance along a northern boreal forest fire chronosequence

Palviainen, M., Pumpanen, J., Berninger, F. A., Ritala, K., Duan, B., Heinonsalo, J., Sun, H., Köster, E., & Köster, K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174720 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Different approaches to characterize artificial breeding sites of Aedes aegypti using generalized linear mixed models

Flaibani, N., Pérez, A. A., Barbero, I. M., & Burroni, N. (2020) · Infectious Diseases of Poverty · doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00705-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Testing the effect of soak time on catch damage in a coastal gillnetter and the consequences on processed fish quality

Savina, E., Karlsen, J. D., Frandsen, R., Krag, L. A., Kristensen, K., & Madsen, N. (2016) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.044 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Advantages of combining generalized linear models and occupancy models to find indicators of habitat selection: Small mammals in agroecosystems as a case study

Gorosito, I. L., Bermúdez, M. M., & Busch, M. (2017) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.10.003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Relative effects of ambient noise and habitat openness on signal transfer for chickadee vocalizations in rural and urban green-spaces

LaZerte, S., Otter, K. A., & Slabbekoorn, H. (2015) · Bioacoustics · doi:10.1080/09524622.2015.1060531 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Using diets of Canis breeding pairs to assess resource partitioning between sympatric red wolves and coyotes

Hinton, J. W., Ashley, A. K., Dellinger, J. A., Gittleman, J. L., van Manen, F. T., & Chamberlain, M. J. (2016) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyw233 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Stability of grassland soil C and N pools despite 25 years of an extreme climatic and disturbance regime

Wilcox, K. R., Blair, J. M., & Knapp, A. K. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1002/2016jg003370 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Area utilization patterns of humpback dolphins (Sousa plumbea) in Richards Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Keith, M., Atkins, S., Johnson, A. E., & Karczmarski, L. (2013) · Journal of Ethology · doi:10.1007/s10164-013-0375-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Behavior-dependent selectivity of yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) in the mouth of a commercial bottom trawl

Underwood, M. J., Winger, P. D., Fernö, A., & Engås, A. (2015) · Fishery Bulletin · doi:10.7755/fb.113.4.6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Assessing plant community composition fails to capture impacts of white-tailed deer on native and invasive plant species

Nuzzo, V., Dávalos, A., & Blossey, B. (2017) · AoB Plants · doi:10.1093/aobpla/plx026 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Effect of data spatial scale on the performance of fish habitat models

Núñez-Riboni, I., Akimova, A. A., & Sell, A. (2021) · Fish and Fisheries · doi:10.1111/faf.12563 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Horse mussel reef ecosystem services: evidence for a whelk nursery habitat supporting a shellfishery

Kent, F. E. A., Gray, M. J., Last, K. S., & Sanderson, W. G. (2016) · International Journal of Biodiversity Science Ecosystems Services & Management · doi:10.1080/21513732.2016.1188330 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Habitat- and density-dependent demography of a colonial raptor in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems

Maggio, R. D., Campobello, D., Tavecchia, G., & Sarà, M. (2015) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.11.016 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Impact of pre-slaughter transport conditions on stress response, carcass traits, and meat quality in growing rabbits

Trocino, A., Zomeño, C., Birolo, M., Martino, G. D., Stefani, A., Bonfanti, L., Bertotto, D., Gratta, F., & Xiccato, G. (2018) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.07.035 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Pseudoreplication and the usage of biomarkers in ecotoxicological bioassays

Osório, F. H. T., Galvan, G. L., Marques, A. E. M. L., Santos, G. S., Pereira, L. S., da Silva, T. A., de Assis, H. C. S., Barbosa, R. V., & Cestari, M. M. (2017) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.3823 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

An Entomologist Guide to Demystify Pseudoreplication: Data Analysis of Field Studies With Design Constraints

Chaves, L. F., & Chaves, L. F. (2010) · Journal of Medical Entomology · doi:10.1093/jmedent/47.1.291 · Cited by 118 · see citing works

Mixed Models Offer No Freedom from Degrees of Freedom

Arnqvist, G. (2020) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.12.004 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

Don't let spurious accusations of pseudoreplication limit our ability to learn from natural experiments (and other messy kinds of ecological monitoring)

Davies, G. M., & Gray, A. (2015) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.1782 · Cited by 333 · see citing works

Shedding Light on Pseudoreplication in Statistics for Life Science Students

White, B. J. G., Rao, Y., & Liang, J. (2023) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.8423645

Replication vs. Pseudoreplication: Are We Making Too Big a Deal of This?

Wiersma, Y. F. (2022) · Landscape series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95189-4_4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works