CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 281Pharmacological Effects of Natural CompoundsBioactive natural compoundsPhytochemistry and Biological Activities

Phytochemistry and biological properties of glabridin

Open access
Simmler, Charlotte, Pauli, Guido F., Chen, Shao-Nong·2013·Fitoterapia
DOI 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.07.003PMC PMC3795865
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Glabridin, a prenylated isoflavonoid of G. glabra L. roots (European licorice, Fabaceae), has been associated with a wide range of biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, regulation of energy metabolism, estrogenic, neuroprotective, anti-osteoporotic, and skin-whitening. While glabridin is one of the most studied licorice flavonoids, a comprehensive literature survey linked to its numerous bioactivities is unavailable. The present review provides a comprehensive description of glabridin as a key chemical and biological marker of G. glabra, by covering both its phytochemical characterization and reported biological activities. Both glabridin and standardized licorice extracts have significant impact on food, dietary supplements (DSs) and cosmetic markets, as evidenced by the amount of available patents and scientific articles since 1976, when glabridin was first described. Nevertheless, a thorough literature survey also reveals that information about the isolation and chemical characterization of this important marker is scattered and less detailed than expected. Accordingly, the first part of this review gathers and provides all analytical and spectroscopic data required for the comprehensive phytochemical characterization of glabridin. The four most frequently described and most relevant bioactivities of glabridin are its anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, estrogenic-like effects, and its capacity to regulate energy metabolism. While all bioactivities reported for glabridin belong to a wide array of targets, its principal biological properties are likely interconnected. To this end, the current state of the literature suggests that the biological activity of glabridin mainly results from its capacity to down-regulate intracellular reactive oxygen species, bind to antioxidant effectors, and act on estrogen receptors, potentially as a plant-based Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (phytoSERM).

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.07.003

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Glabridin is the principal isoflavane identified in G. glabra roots, ranging between 0.08% and 0.35% of dry weight.

    “Glabridin is the principal isoflavane identified, ranging between 0.08% and 0.35% of G. glabra roots dry weight [4,17].”

    From Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra, G. uralensis, and G. inflata) and Their Constituents as Active Cosmeceutical Ingredients (2022) · cites this paper as [17]

    Section 2.1 (page not provided) states that glabridin occurs in G. glabra roots at 0.08–0.35% of their dry weight and identifies it as a species-specific metabolite. The cited copy treats glabridin as an isoflavan, but does not establish that it is the principal isoflavane in those roots. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 91

  1. [1]European Food Safety Authority Scientific Opinion on the safety of “ Glavonoid ® ”, an extract derived from the roots or rootstock of Glycyrrhiza glabra L., as a Novel Food ingredient EFSA Journal 9 2011 1 27
  2. [5]Riccioni G Speranza L Pesce M Cusenza S D’Orazio N Glade MJ Novel phytonutrient contributors to antioxidant protection against cardiovascular disease Nutrition 28 2012 605 610 22480801
  3. [6]Lee J Li Y Li C Li D Natural products and body weight control N Am J Med Sci 3 2011 13 19 22540057 PMC3336927
  4. [7]Veitch NC Isoflavonoids of the leguminosae Nat Prod Res 26 2009 776 802 19471685
  5. [8]Hassan S Mathesius U The role of flavonoids in root-rhizosphere signalling: opportunities and challenges for improving plant-microbe interactions J Exp Bot 63 2012 3429 3444 22213816
  6. [11]Akashi T Koshimizu S Aoki T Ayabe SI Identification of cDNAs encoding pterocarpan reductase involved in isoflavan phytoalexin biosynthesis in Lotus japonicus by EST mining FEBS Lett 580 2006 5666 5670 16996502
  7. [12]Kuroda M Mimaki Y Honda S Tanaka H Yokota S Mae T Phenolics from Glycyrrhiza glabra roots and their PPAR-gamma ligand-binding activity Bioorg Med Chem 18 2010 962 970 20022509
  8. [13]Akashi T Sasaki K Aoki T Ayabe S Yazaki K Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA for pterocarpan 4-dimethylallyltransferase catalyzing the key prenylation step in the biosynthesis of glyceollin, a soybean phytoalexin Plant Physiol 149 2009 683 693 19091879 PMC2633842
  9. [15]Hayashi H Hattori S Inoue K Khodzhimatov O Ashurmetov O Ito M Field survey of Glycyrrhiza plants in Central Asia (3). Chemical characterization of G. glabra collected in Uzbekistan Chem Pharm Bull 51 2003 1338 1340 14600388
  10. [16]Kondo K Hiba MS Akamura RN Orota TM Hoyama YS Constituent properties of licorices derived from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, or G. inflata identified by genetic information Biol Pharm Bull 30 2007 1271 1277 17603166
  11. [17]Nakagawa K Kishida H Arai N Nishiyama T Mae T Licorice flavonoids suppress abdominal fat accumulation and increase in blood glucose level in obese diabetic KK-A(y) mice Biol Pharm Bull 27 2004 1775 1778 15516721
  12. [19]CHO Y RYU J Supercritical fluid extraction of glabridin from Glycyrrhiza glabra Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Separation Science and Technology 2004 334 337
  13. [23]Ahn J Lee H Jang J Kim S Ha T Anti-obesity effects of glabridin-rich supercritical carbon dioxide extract of licorice in high-fat-fed obese mice Food Chem Toxicol 51 2013 439 445 22967722
  14. [24]Mukherjee M Bhaskaran N Srinath R Shivaprasad HN Allan JJ Shekhar D Anti-ulcer and antioxidant activity of GutGard Indian J Exp Biol 48 2010 269 274 21046980
  15. [25]Raveendra KR Jayachandra Srinivasa V Sushma KR Allan JJ Goudar KS An extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GutGard) alleviates symptoms of functional dyspepsia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012 2012 1 9 PMC3123991 21747893
  16. [26]Tian M Yan H Row KH Simultaneous extraction and separation of liquiritin, glycyrrhizic acid, and glabridin from licorice root with analytical and preparative chromatography Biotechnol and Bioprocess Eng 13 2009 671 676 PMC7090988 32218675
  17. [28]Vaya J Belinky PA Aviram M Antioxidant constituents from licorice roots: isolation, structure elucidation and antioxidative capacity toward LDL oxidation Free Radic Biol Med 23 1997 302 313 9199893
  18. [30]Cui YM Ao MZ Li W Yu LJ Effect of glabridin from Glycyrrhiza glabra on learning and memory in mice Planta Med 74 2008 377 380 18484526
  19. [31]Mitscher L Park Y Clark D Antimicrobial agents from higher plants. Antimicrobial isoflavanoids and related substances from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. var. typica J Nat Prod 1980 259 269 7381508
  20. [39]Belinky PA Aviram M Mahmood S Vaya J Structural aspects of the inhibitory effect of glabridin on LDL oxidation Free Radic Biol Med 24 1998 1419 1429 9641259
  21. [40]Jirawattanapong W Saifah E Patarapanich C Synthesis of glabridin derivatives as tyrosinase inhibitors Arch Pharm Res 32 2009 647 654 19471877
  22. [41]Tantishaiyakul V Suknuntha K Saithong S Pakawatchai C Glabridin Acta Crystallogr Sect E: Struct Rep Online 68 2012 o3501–o3501 PMC3589072 23476308
  23. [47]Ao M Shi Y Cui Y Guo W Wang J Longjiang Y Factors influencing glabridin stability Nat Prod Commun 5 2010 1907 1912 21299118
  24. [48]Rosenblat M Belinky P Vaya J Levy R Macrophage enrichment with the isoflavan glabridin inhibits NADPH oxidase-induced cell-mediated oxidation of low density lipoprotein J Biol Chem 274 1999 13790 13799 10318783
  25. [54]Jirawattanapong W Saifah E Patarapanich C A validated stability-indicating HPLC method for analysis of glabridin prodrugs in hydrolysis studies Drug Discov Ther 3 2009 97 103 22495537
  26. [55]Hsieh CW Li PH Lu IC Wang TH Preparing glabridin-in-water nanoemulsions by high pressure homogenization with response surface methodology J Oleo Sci 61 2012 483 489 22975782
  27. [57]Deshmukh K Poddar SS Tyrosinase inhibitor-loaded microsponge drug delivery system: new approach for hyperpigmentation disorders J Microencapsul 29 2012 559 568 22468629
  28. [58]Kamal Y Singh M Rapid RP-HPLC method for the quantification of glabridin in crude drug and in polyherbal formulation J Chromatogr Sci 50 2012 779 784 22661460
  29. [59]Aoki F Nakagawa K Tanaka A Matsuzaki K Arai N Mae T Determination of glabridin in human plasma by solid-phase extraction and LC-MS/MS J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 828 2005 70 74 16183339
  30. [61]Simons R Gruppen H Bovee T Prenylated isoflavonoids from plants as selective estrogen receptor modulators (phytoSERMs) Food Funct 3 2012 810 827 22684228
  31. [62]Jungbauer A Medjakovic S Phytoestrogens and the metabolic syndrome J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.009 23318879 · DOI
  32. [63]Yokota T Nishio H Kubota Y Mizoguchi M The inhibitory effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis and inflammation Pigment Cell Res 11 1998 355 361 9870547
  33. [64]Chandrasekaran CV Deepak HB Thiyagarajan P Kathiresan S Sangli GK Deepak M Dual inhibitory effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GutGard™) on COX and LOX products Phytomedicine 18 2011 278 284 20864324
  34. [65]Park SH Kang JS Yoon YD Lee K Kim K Lee KH Glabridin inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of a microglial cell line, BV-2, by blocking NF-kB and AP-1 Phytother Res 34 2010 29 34 19455572
  35. [66]Kim JY Kang JS Kim HM Ryu HS Kim HS Lee HK Inhibition of bone marrow-derived dendritic cell maturation by glabridin Int Immunopharmacol 10 2010 1185 1193 20633530
  36. [67]Kwon HS Oh SM Kim JK Glabridin, a functional compound of liquorice, attenuates colonic inflammation in mice with dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis Clin Exp Immunol 151 2008 165 173 18005263 PMC2276918
  37. [68]Kang JS Yoon YD Cho IJ Han MH Lee CW Park S Glabridin, an isoflavan from licorice root, inhibits Inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression and improves survival of mice in experimental model of septic shock J Pharmacol Exp Ther 312 2005 1187 1194 15537821
  38. [69]Thiyagarajan P Chandrasekaran CV Deepak HB Agarwal A Modulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory mediators by an extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra and its phytoconstituents Inflammopharmacology 19 2011 235 241 21328091
  39. [71]Ito C Oi N Hashimoto T Nakabayashi H Aoki F Tominaga Y Absorption of dietary licorice isoflavan glabridin to blood circulation in rats J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 53 2007 358 365 17934243
  40. [72]Aviram M Review of human studies on oxidative damage and antioxidant protection related to cardiovascular diseases Free Radic Res 33 2000 S85 97 11191279
  41. [73]Levitan I Oxidized LDL: diversity, patterns of recognition, and pathophysiology Antioxid Redox Signal 13 2010 39 75 19888833 PMC2877120
  42. [74]Falk E Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis J Am Coll Cardiol 76 1995 18 23 16631513
  43. [75]Fuhrman B Buch S Vaya J Belinky Pa Coleman R Hayek T Licorice extract and its major polyphenol glabridin protect low-density lipoprotein against lipid peroxidation: in vitro and ex vivo studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice Am J Clin Nutr 66 1997 267 275 9250104
  44. [76]Belinky PA Aviram M Fuhrman B Rosenblat M Vaya J The antioxidative effects of the isoflavan glabridin on endogenous constituents of LDL during its oxidation Atherosclerosis 137 1998 49 61 9568736
  45. [77]Kent U Aviram M Rosenblat M Hollenberg PF The licorice root derived isoflavan glabridin inhibits the activities of human cytochrome P450S 3A4, 2B6, and 2C9 Drug Metab Dispos 30 2002 709 715 12019199
  46. [78]Carmeli E Fogelman Y Antioxidant effect of polyphenolic glabridin on LDL oxidation Toxicol Ind Health 25 2009 321 324 19651803
  47. [79]Rosenblat M Aviram M Paraoxonases role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases BioFactors 35 2008 98 104 19319852
  48. [80]Yehuda I Madar Z Szuchman-Sapir A Tamir S Glabridin, a phytoestrogen from licorice root, up-regulates manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase and paraoxonase 2 under glucose stress Phytother Res 25 2011 659 667 21053390
  49. [81]Atrahimovich D Vaya J Tavori H Khatib S Glabridin protects paraoxonase 1 from linoleic acid hydroperoxide inhibition via specific interaction: a fluorescence-quenching study J Agric Food Chem 60 2012 3679 3685 22380866
  50. [82]Somjen D Knoll E Vaya J Stern N Tamir S Estrogen-like activity of licorice root constituents: glabridin and glabrene, in vascular tissues in vitro and in vivo J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 91 2004 147 155 15276622
  51. [83]Kang JS Yoon YD Han MH Han S Lee K Lee KH Glabridin suppresses intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells by blocking sphingosine kinase pathway: implications of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated Mol Pharmacol 69 2006 941 949 16354764
  52. [84]Yu X Xue C Zhou Z Li C Du Y In vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effect and mechanisms of glabridin, a major active isoflavan from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) Life Sci 82 2008 68 78 18048062
  53. [86]Hasanein P Glabridin as a major active isoflavan from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) reverses learning and memory deficits in diabetic rats Acta Physiol Hung 98 2011 221 230 21616781
  54. [88]Ofir R Tamir S Khatib S Vaya J Inhibition of serotonin re-uptake by licorice constituents J Mol Neurosci 20 2003 135 140 12794307
  55. [89]Fuller RW Basic advances in serotonin pharmacology J Clin Psychiatry 53 1992 36 45 1429483
  56. [90]Yu X Lin S Zhou Z Chen X Liang J Yu X Role of P-glycoprotein in limiting the brain penetration of glabridin, an active isoflavan from the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra Pharm Res 24 2007 1668 1690 17551811
  57. [91]Tamir S Eizenberg M Somjen D Stern N Shelach R Kaye A Estrogenic and antiproliferative properties of glabridin from licorice in human breast cancer cells Cancer Res 60 2000 5704 5709 11059763
  58. [92]Simons R Vincken JP Mol LAM The SAM Bovee TFH Luijendijk TJC Agonistic and antagonistic estrogens in licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Anal Bioanal Chem 401 2011 305 313 21573846 PMC3124641
  59. [93]Somjen D Katzburg S Vaya J Kaye AM Hendel D Posner GH Estrogenic activity of glabridin and glabrene from licorice roots on human osteoblasts and prepubertal rat skeletal tissues J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 91 2004 241 246 15336701
  60. [95]Simons R Gruppen H Bovee T Prenylated isoflavonoids from plants as selective estrogen receptor modulators (phytoSERMs) Food & Function 3 2012 810 827 22684228
  61. [96]Choi EM The licorice root derived isoflavan glabridin increases the function of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells Biochem Pharmacol 70 2005 363 368 15922308
  62. [97]Kim HS Suh KS Ko A Sul D Choi D Lee SK The flavonoid glabridin attenuates 2-deoxy-D-ribose-induced oxidative damage and cellular dysfunction in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells Int J Mol Med 31 2013 243 251 23128413
  63. [98]Choi EM Glabridin protects osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells against antimycin A induced cytotoxicity Chem Biol Interact 193 2011 71 78 21621525
  64. [99]Somjen D Katzburg S Sharon O Posner GH Jaccard N Hendel D Mutual interaction of special phytoestrogenic compounds, their synthetic carboxy-derivatives and the less-calcemic vitamin D analog activities in human derived female cultured osteoblasts J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 127 2011 351 357 21810473
  65. [100]Haraguchi H Yoshida N Ishikawa H Tamura Y Mizutani K Kinoshita T Protection of mitochondrial functions against oxidative stresses by isoflavans from Glycyrrhiza glabra J Pharm Pharmacol 52 2000 219 223 10714953
  66. [101]Guntur AR Rosen CJ New insights into osteoblasts and their role in bone formation: the central role of PI3 kinase J Endocrinol 211 2011 123 130 21673026 PMC3348869
  67. [102]Kim HS Suh KS Sul D Kim BJ Lee SK Jung WW The inhibitory effect and the molecular mechanism of glabridin on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells Int J Mol Med 29 2012 169 177 22038020
  68. [103]Viollet B Andreelli F AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Metabolic Control Handb Exp Pharmacol 203 2011 303 330 21484577 PMC3384586
  69. [104]Carling D Thornton C Woods A Sanders MJ AMP-activated protein kinase: new regulation, new roles? Biochem J 445 2012 11 27 22702974
  70. [105]Cristancho AG Lazar Ma Forming functional fat: a growing understanding of adipocyte differentiation Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 12 2011 722 734 21952300 PMC7171550
  71. [106]Aoki F Honda S Kishida H Kitano M Arai N Tanaka H Suppression by licorice flavonoids of abdominal fat accumulation and body weight gain in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71 2007 206 214 17213668
  72. [107]Lee JW Choe SS Jang H Kim J Jeong HW Jo H AMPK activation with glabridin ameliorates adiposity and lipid dysregulation in obesity J Lipid Res 53 2012 1277 1286 22493094 PMC3371239
  73. [108]Shang H Cao S Wang J Zheng H Putheti R Glabridin from Chinese herb licorice inhibits fatigue in mice Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 7 2010 17 23 21304608 PMC3005384
  74. [109]Wu F Jin Z Jin J Hypoglycemic effects of glabridin, a polyphenolic flavonoid from licorice, in an animal model of diabetes mellitus Mol Med Rep 7 2013 1278 1282 23426874
  75. [110]Birari R Gupta S Mohan C Bhutani K Antiobesity and lipid lowering effects of Glycyrrhiza chalcones: Experimental and computational studies Phytomedicine 18 2011 795 801 21315569
  76. [114]Tsai Y-M Yang C-J Hsu Y-L Wu L-Y Tsai Y-C Hung J-Y Glabridin inhibits migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells by inhibiting the FAK/rho signaling pathway Integr Cancer Ther 10 2011 341 349 21059620
  77. [115]Hsu YL Wu LY Hou MF Tsai EM Lee JN Liang HL Glabridin, an isoflavan from licorice root, inhibits migration, invasion and angiogenesis of MDA-MB-231 human breast adenocarcinoma cells by inhibiting focal adhesion kinase/Rho signaling pathway Mol Nutr Food Res 55 2011 318 327 20626003
  78. [116]Nabekura T Yamaki T Ueno K Kitagawa S Inhibition of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance protein 1 by dietary phytochemicals Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 62 2008 867 873 18204840
  79. [117]Chen KG Sikic BI Molecular pathways: regulation and therapeutic implications of multidrug resistance Clin Cancer Res 18 2012 1863 2869 22344233 PMC3359695
  80. [118]Verrati E Rossi T Giudice S Benassi L Bertazzoni G Morini D 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid and glabridin prevent oxidative DNA fragmentation in UVB-irradiated human keratinocyte cultures Anticancer Res 31 2011 2209 2216 21737643
  81. [119]Fukai T Satoh K Nomura T Sakagami H Preliminary evaluation of antinephritis and radical scavenging activities of glabridin from Glycyrrhiza glabra Fitoterapia 74 2003 624 629 14630165
  82. [120]Gillbro JM Olsson MJ The melanogenesis and mechanisms of skin-lightening agents--existing and new approaches Int J Cosmet Sci 33 2011 210 221 21265866
  83. [124]Fukai T Marumo A Kaitou K Kanda T Terada S Nomura T Antimicrobial activity of licorice flavonoids against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Fitoterapia 73 2002 536 539 12385884
  84. [125]Hatano T Shintani Y Aga Y Shiota S Tsuchiya T Yoshida T Phenolic constituents of Licorice. VIII. Structures of glicophenone and glicoisoflavanone, and effects of Licorice phenolics on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Chem Pharm Bull 48 2000 1286 1292 10993226
  85. [126]Messier C Grenier D Effect of licorice compounds licochalcone A, glabridin and glycyrrhizic acid on growth and virulence properties of Candida albicans Mycoses 54 2011 e801 806 21615543
  86. [127]Fatima A Gupta VK Luqman S Negi AS Kumar JK Shanker K Antifungal activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts and its active constituent glabridin Phytother Res 1193 2009 1190 1193 19170157
  87. [128]Asha MK Debraj D Prashanth D Edwin JR Srikanth HS Muruganantham N In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of a flavonoid rich extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra and its probable mechanisms of action J Ethnopharmacol 145 2013 581 586 23220194
  88. [131]Cao J Chen X Liang J Yu X Xu A Chan E Role of P-glycoprotein in the intestinal absorption of Glabridin, an active flavonoid from the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra Drug Metab Dispos 35 2007 539 553 17220245
  89. [132]Aoki F Nakagawa K Kitano M Ikematsu H Nakamura K Yokota S Clinical safety of licorice flavonoid oil (LFO) and pharmacokinetics of glabridin in healthy humans J Am Coll Nutr 26 2007 209 218 17634165
  90. [133]Pauli GF Chen SN Friesen JB McAlpine JB Jaki BU Analysis and purification of bioactive natural products: the AnaPurNa study J Nat Prod 75 2012 1243 1255 22620854 PMC3381453
  91. [134]Grundy SM Brewer HB Cleeman JI Smith SC Lenfant C Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition Circulation 109 2004 433 438 14744958

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Simmler, C., Pauli, G. F., & Chen, S.-N.
Affiliations
University of Illinois Chicago (US)
Corresponding author
Simmler, Charlotte
ORCID
Venue
Fitoterapia
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2013-10
Volume
90
Pages
160-184
ISSN
0367-326X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.fitote.2013.07.003
PMC
PMC3795865
OpenAlex
W2059765353
Cited by
281
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 28 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
FWCI
1.47
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Fitoterapia (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • NCCAM
  • ODS
  • NIH (P50AT000155)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacological Effects of Natural Compounds
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bioactive natural compounds
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Keywords
glabridin, licorice, prenylated isoflavonoids, phytochemical profiling, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-atherogenic activity, estrogenic activity, estrogen receptor modulation, selective estrogen receptor modulators, reactive oxygen species, energy metabolism regulation, dietary supplements, cosmetics, patents
MeSH terms
Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antioxidants, Cardiovascular Agents, Energy Metabolism, Glycyrrhiza, Humans, Isoflavones, Phenols, Plant Extracts, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, Phytoestrogens

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review