The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The role of expectancy in sensory and hedonic evaluation: The case of smoked salmon ice-cream
Open accessAbstract
Our experience of flavour involves integration of multiple sensory inputs, and the hedonic evaluation of this complex flavour experience is important in determination of food choice. The appearance of food also generates expectations about food flavour, and past work suggests that these expectations if confirmed enhance the flavour experience. What is less clear is what happens when cues prior to ingestion predict a flavour which is in marked contrast to the actual flavour characteristics. To test this, we conducted three experiments where expectations about food flavour were generated by plausible but inaccurate food labels for a highly novel food, smoked-salmon ice-cream. In Experiment 1, the experience of the food in the mouth generated strong dislike when labelled as ice-cream, but acceptance when labelled as frozen savoury mousse. Labelling the food as ice-cream also resulted in stronger ratings of how salty and savoury the food was than when labelled as a savoury food. Experiment 2 confirmed these findings, and also found that an uninformative label also resulted in acceptable liking ratings. Experiment 3 explicitly tested the effect of labels on flavour expectation, and confirmed that the ice-cream label generated strong expectations of a sweet, fruity flavour, consistent with the visual appearance of the ice-cream, but in marked contrast to the flavour of salty fish. As in Experiments 1 and 2, liking was minimal when the food was tasted after the ice-cream label condition, but liking was acceptable in the other label conditions. These data show that the contrast between expected and actual sensory qualities can result in a strong negative affective response and enhancement of the unexpected sensory qualities.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Yeomans et al. [200] found that a salmon-based mousse that looked like strawberry ice cream evoked a negative hedonic reaction when participants wrongly assumed it was strawberry ice cream.”
From The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Sensory Factors in Sweetness Perception of Food and Beverages: A Review (2019) · cites this paper as [200]
Citations
Cites
Category judgment: A range-frequency model.
Parducci, A. (1965) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0022602 · Cited by 1,132
DELIZA, R., & MacFIE, H. J. H. (1996) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1745-459x.1996.tb00036.x · Cited by 763
Morrot, G., Brochet, F., & Dubourdieu, D. (2001) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.2001.2493 · Cited by 711
Assimilation and contrast effects in reactions to communication and attitude change.
Hovland, C. I., Harvey, O. J., & Sherif, M. (1957) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0048480 · Cited by 662
The Nose Smells What the Eye Sees
Gottfried, J. A., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00392-1 · Cited by 604
The impact of perceptual interactions on perceived flavor
Delwiche, J. (2004) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/s0950-3293(03)00041-7 · Cited by 563
Taste-smell interactions are tastant and odorant dependent
Frank, R. A., & Byram, J. (1988) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/13.3.445 · Cited by 359
EFFECTS OF DISCONFIRMED CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS ON FOOD ACCEPTABILITY
CARDELLO, A. V., & SAWYER, F. M. (1992) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1745-459x.1992.tb00194.x · Cited by 352
DuBose, C. N., Cardello, A. V., & Maller, O. (1980) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1980.tb06562.x · Cited by 325
The role of congruency and pleasantness in odor-induced taste enhancement
Schifferstein, H. N. J., & Verlegh, P. W. J. (1996) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(95)00040-2 · Cited by 293
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Frank, 1991, Taste-odor similarities predict taste enhancement and suppression in taste-odor mixture, Chemical Senses, 16, 523
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 350
The Influence of Olfactory Contexts on the Sequential Rating of Odor Pleasantness
Nakano, S., & Ayabe‐Kanamura, S. (2016) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006616670924 · Cited by 6
Tasty words: Using frame semantics to enhance consumer liking of potato chips and apples
Johnson, T. M., & Pfenninger, S. E. (2020) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.12323 · Cited by 6
In search of restaurant excellence in Peru: key insights on food values
Cristóbal-Lobatón, I. M., Martínez‐Ruiz, M. P., López-Sánchez, J. L., & Curo, C. P. (2023) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-03-2023-0198 · Cited by 7
The perceived saltiness of soup affected by tasting protocols
Jeon, S.-Y., Lee, E., & Kim, K. (2014) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.02.007 · Cited by 6
Full-Bodied Taste: On the Embodied Origins of Product Perception and Sensory Evaluation
van Rompay, T. J. L., & Fennis, B. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94977-2_7 · Cited by 6
GastroConcerto: Towards Designing Auditory Dining System to Enrich Chefs’ Culinary Practices
Wang, H., Deng, J., Kong, D., Fang, Z., Luo, H., Pasumarthy, N., Patibanda, R., Abewickrema, S., Fang, X. Z., Elvitigala, D. S., et al. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3719700 · Cited by 5
Visual presentation of food can influence appetite and emotions
Berčík, J., Rusková, A., Predanócyová, K., Tkáč, F., & Neomániová, K. (2025) · Cogent Food & Agriculture · doi:10.1080/23311932.2025.2575286 · Cited by 5
Eremenko, J. A., Kosonogov, V., Panidi, K., Piochi, M., Torri, L., Arman, O., Moiseeva, V., Ksenia, P., Gracheva, S., & Шестакова, А. Н. (2025) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/joss.70051 · Cited by 6
Floto‐Stammen, S. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-933-6_20 · Cited by 5
Reducing sweetness expectation in milk tea by crossmodal visuo-auditory interaction
Lin, X., Liu, Y., & Huang, J. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.107107 · Cited by 4
Sensory acuity: Impact of aging and chronic disease
Spence, C. J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91747-6.00002-0 · Cited by 5
Development of Food Preferences
Prescott, J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75388-1_24-3 · Cited by 5
Hanekom, E. (2012) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 5
Yeomans, M. R., Ridley-Siegert, T., Vi, C., & Crombag, H. S. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113600 · Cited by 4
Khorisantono, P. A., & Seubert, J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41375-9_5 · Cited by 5
Ong, J. J., & Delarue, J. (2024) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105312 · Cited by 4
Hoffman, S., Signorini, G., Soldavini, A. M., & Simons, C. T. (2025) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/joss.70006 · Cited by 4
Hovard, P., & Yeomans, M. R. (2015) · Flavour · doi:10.1186/s13411-015-0038-9 · Cited by 4
Vugts, A., & Havermans, R. C. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-933-6_18 · Cited by 4
15. Radiation and radioactivity in the food sector
Aladjadjiyan, A. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-933-6_15 · Cited by 4
Morris, C. (2018) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/joss.12320 · Cited by 4
de Wijk, R. A., Ushiama, S., Ummels, M., Zimmerman, P. H., Kaneko, D., & Vingerhoeds, M. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroergonomics · doi:10.3389/fnrgo.2021.651682 · Cited by 4
Perspectives on Multisensory Human-Food Interaction
Velasco, C., Obrist, M., Huisman, G., Nijholt, A., Spence, C., Motoki, K., & Narumi, T. (2022) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88974-233-2 · Cited by 5
SENSORY QUALITY OF MOLECULAR DISHES AND CONSUMERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS THEM
Głuchowski, A., Czarniecka‐Skubina, E., Pielak, M., & Ołubiec-Opatowska, E. (2019) · Italian Journal of Food Science · doi:10.14674/ijfs-1423 · Cited by 4
Fiszman, B. P. (2012) · RiuNet (Universitat Politècnica de València) · doi:10.4995/thesis/10251/18104 · Cited by 4
Culinary creativity under pressure: A narrative review of its possibilities and pitfalls
Spence, C. J., & Stierand, M. (2026) · International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2026.101451 · Cited by 3
Crosslinguistic Differences in Food Labels Do Not Yield Differences in Taste Perception
Bylund, E., Samuel, S., & Athanasopoulos, P. (2024) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12641 · Cited by 3
Urbanus, B. L., Schmidt, S. J., & Lee, S. (2014) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12668 · Cited by 3
Gastronomi Perspektifinden Estetik ve Yemek Aesthetic and Food from Gastronomy Perspective
Uçuk, C., & İlhan, İ. (2017) · AYDIN GASTRONOMY · doi:10.17932/iau.gastronomy.2017.016/gastronomy_v05i1003 · Cited by 3
van Loon, H., & Wernaart, B. F. W. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-933-6_4 · Cited by 3
Vaskoska, R. S. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-933-6_12 · Cited by 3
Methods for Studying Multisensory Perception in Consumer Research
Carvalho, F. M., & Spence, C. J. (2023) · Methods and protocols in food science · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3000-6_10 · Cited by 4
Concept and Packaging Testing in the Food Industry
Gil‐Pérez, I., Lidón, I., & Rebollar, R. (2023) · Methods and protocols in food science · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3000-6_20 · Cited by 3
Lycan, W. G. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191968044.001.0001 · Cited by 3
Verkaik-Kloosterman, J. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-933-6_16 · Cited by 3
2. Food law and regulatory affairs
van der Meulen, B. M. J., & Wernaart, B. F. W. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-933-6_2 · Cited by 3
Wernaart, B. F. W., & van der Meulen, B. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-933-6 · Cited by 3
Holistic perception and memorization of flavor
Stevenson, R. J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100295-7.00008-6 · Cited by 3
Yeomans, M. R., Zhou, X., Wilde, P. J., Thomas, A. K., Linter, B. R., Beri, A., Lovegrove, J. A., Williams, C. M., & Methven, L. (2019) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.12392 · Cited by 3
Heiltjes, S. (2014) · Cited by 3
Design of Food Structures for Consumer Acceptability
Norton, J. E. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118597651.ch12 · Cited by 3
Norton, J. E. (2012) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham) · Cited by 3
Tastes Great, But What do We Call It? The Art and Science of Food Description
Spence, C. J., & Piqueras‐Fiszman, B. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118491003.ch3 · Cited by 4
A flavour of emotions : sensory & emotional profiling of wine, beer and non-alcoholic beer
Silva, A. P. (2017) · doi:10.18174/412275 · Cited by 3
Sensory Analysis for Determining the Influence of Visual Stimuli upon Eating Experiences
Chonpracha, P. (2019) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.4847 · Cited by 3
Development of Food Preferences
Prescott, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75388-1_24-2 · Cited by 3
Oral Processing of Dairy Products
Sala, G., & Scholten, E. (2022) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781839160622-00248 · Cited by 2
Kanai, R., Yamaguchi, K., Motoki, K., Moritoyo, R., Yoshimi, K., Nakagawa, K., & Tohara, H. (2025) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105728 · Cited by 2
Impact of Product Labeling on Vegan Yogurt Acceptance
Passos, L. P., Galdino, M. L. S., Souza, A. H. S., Amorim, K. A., dos Santos, L. M., Cardoso, V. D. S., & Pinheiro, A. C. M. (2025) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/joss.70081 · Cited by 2
Predicting individual food valuation via vision-language embedding model
Kojima, H., Toyama, A., Suzuki, S., & Yamashita, Y. (2025) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0001044 · Cited by 3
Spence, C. J., & Stefano, N. D. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1728329 · Cited by 2
Li, J., Homami, N., Ryan, M. R., Wayman, S., Law, E. P., Gómez, M. I., & DeHaan, L. R. (2026) · Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/agec.70102 · Cited by 2
Ikeda, T., Morishita, M., 赤田, 智., Uchida, M., & Matsubara, N. (2022) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/joss.12792 · Cited by 3
Santos, É. M. D. C., Gomes, D. L., Cardoso, R. G., Barbosa, D. M., Colin-Nolasco, L. F., dos Santos, G. M. C., Melo, D. B. C., Albuquerque, U. P., da Silva, R. R. V., & de Medeiros, P. M. (2024) · International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2024.100989 · Cited by 2
Jafarzadeh, N. S., Han, D., Peraza, N., Anderson, M. K., Harlow, A. F., Monterosso, J. R., Pang, R. D., Mason, T. B., Hong, K. M., Cahn, B. R., et al. (2024) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc-2024-058904 · Cited by 2
Ong, J. J., & Delarue, J. (2025) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105525 · Cited by 2
Logrén, N., Pohjanheimo, T. A., Sandell, M. A., & Hopia, A. (2025) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105631 · Cited by 2
AFFECTIVE INFORMATION INFLUENCES AFFECTIVE EVALUATION BUT NOT AFFECTIVE EXPECTATION
Awazu, S. (2013) · PSYCHOLOGIA · doi:10.2117/psysoc.2013.237 · Cited by 2
A Dynamic Cortical Network Encodes Violations of Expectancy during Taste Perception
Seubert, J., & Ohla, K. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6159-11.2012 · Cited by 2
Teusink, B. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-933-6_8 · Cited by 2
What's in a name? Role of verbal context in touch
Saluja, S., Chan, K., Lynch, T., & Stevenson, R. J. (2022) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.221147 · Cited by 1
A Study on How Colour Food Influences Gastronomic Tourism in Spanish and Latino-American People
Casales-García, V., Falomir, Z., Museros, L., Sanz, I., & Gonzalez-Abril, L. (2023) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-0337-5_7 · Cited by 2
Morales, T. C. P., Veloz, S. E. B., Girón-Rodríguez, L. D., & Arriciaga-Cruz, V. D. (2021) · Dilemas contemporáneos Educación Política y Valores · doi:10.46377/dilemas.v8i3.2678 · Cited by 2
Using Surprise and Sensory Incongruity in a Meal
Spence, C. J., & Piqueras‐Fiszman, B. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118491003.ch7 · Cited by 2
Exquisitely heterogeneous : Combining different food textures to boost palatability
Santagiuliana, M. (2019) · doi:10.18174/497838 · Cited by 2
Consumer acceptance of meat substitutes : The roles of product, context and consumer characteristics
Elzerman, J. E. (2022) · doi:10.18174/571109 · Cited by 2
Flavour through the lens of incongruity: a proposed frameworkPreprint
Drew, A. A., Zampini, M., & Soto‐Faraco, S. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hd6xj · Cited by 2
Name-face congruence: Mechanisms and influences on social perception
Yan, X., Pornpattananangkul, N., Jiang, Z., Wu, Q., Liu, Y., & Halberstadt, J. B. (2025) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-025-02726-1 · Cited by 1
Hoffman, S., Signorini, G., & Simons, C. T. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117170 · Cited by 2
“Seeing taste”: How new vegetable colors and organic labels shape consumer taste expectations
Petrescu, D. C., Vermeir, I., Petrescu‐Mag, R. M., & Pocol, D. F. (2025) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105781 · Cited by 1
Expectations Do Not Always Influence Food Liking
Hale, J. (2012) · Cited by 1
Sensory differences between beet and cane sugars
Urbanus, B. L. (2014) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 1
Brugarolas, M., & Martínez, L. M.-C. (2017) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-841-4_3 · Cited by 1
Fried, H., Pain, H., & Turner, M. (2018) · doi:10.1145/3279954.3279962 · Cited by 1
Development of Food Preferences
Prescott, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75388-1_24-1 · Cited by 1
Holistic perception and memorization of flavor
Stevenson, R. J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89903-1.00004-9 · Cited by 1
Gürsoy, S. İ. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-933-6_5 · Cited by 1
Louwaars, N. P. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-933-6_7 · Cited by 1
Malysheva, K., & Lytvyn, S. (2022) · PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL · doi:10.31108/1.2022.8.1.5 · Cited by 1
van Hest, I. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-933-6_19 · Cited by 1
Mouritsen, O. G., Olsen, K., & Orlien, V. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-933-6_9 · Cited by 1
14. Food allergies and food allergen control
Steinman, H., & van Zijl, C. (2022) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-933-6_14 · Cited by 1
Looking for Your Perfect Meal in the Dark
Spence, C. J., & Piqueras‐Fiszman, B. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118491003.ch8 · Cited by 1
Meillon, S. (2009) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 1
Kurtz, A. J. (2012) · eCommons (Cornell University) · Cited by 1
Hirvonen, S. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6167-4_70-8 · Cited by 1
Hatcher, L. C. (2016) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.4249 · Cited by 1
Silva, V. R. (2018) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.4763 · Cited by 1
Current awareness in flavour and fragrance
(2009) · Flavour and Fragrance Journal · doi:10.1002/ffj.1895 · Cited by 1
Culinary Cognition: The Interplay Between Visual Sensory Cues, Food Memory, And Food PerceptionPreprint
Senguler, B., Özilgen, S., & Yildirim, F. (2024) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2024-h5x3d · Cited by 1
Spence, C. J., & Piqueras‐Fiszman, B. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118491003.ch1
Sound symbolism and the perception of luxury versus basic brands
Abhishek, P. (2015) · DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) · doi:10.32657/10356/65466 · Cited by 1
The hedonic experience of eating
Anderson, E. (2015) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20194404
Biguzzi, C. (2013)
Psychological biases affect hedonic ratings
Jirangrat, W. (2013) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.1259
Evaluations of parameters importance based on human sensory data and Bayesian rough set model
Bagus, M. R. D., & Bagus, M. F. D. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing Technologies (ICMIMT) · doi:10.1109/icmimt.2018.8340429
Modulation of food consumption in healthy adults by exposure to coloured lighting
Edmondson-Jones, K. (2017) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00022
The Flavor–Chemistry Association
Miller, G. H. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13732-8_2
Metadata
- Authors
- Yeomans, M. R., Chambers, L., Blumenthal, H., & Blake, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Firmenich (Switzerland) (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Yeomans, Martin R.
- Venue
- Food Quality and Preference
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 565-573
- ISSN
- 0950-3293 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2049678539
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 17.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- Food Quality and Preference (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Sensory Analysis and Statistical Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Keywords
- food labeling, sensory evaluation, hedonic evaluation, novel foods, liking, visual appearance, food choice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review