Cited by 711Bioactive Compounds in PlantsPhytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesAgricultural and Biological Research

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Phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel

Singh, Balwinder, Singh, Jatinder Pal, Kaur, Amritpal, Singh, Narpinder·2020·Food Research International

DOI 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109114

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Abstract

Citrus peel (CP) forms around 40-50% of the total fruit mass but is generally thought to be a waste. However, it is a substantial source of naturally occurring health enhancing compounds, particularly phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Phenolic compounds in CP mainly comprise phenolic acids (primarily caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acid), flavanones (generally naringin and hesperidin) and polymethoxylated flavones (notably nobiletin and tangeretin). It has also been noted that CP's contain more amounts of these compounds than corresponding edible parts of the fruits. Phenolic compounds present in CP act as antioxidants (by either donation of protons or electrons) and protect cells against free radical damage as well as help in reducing the risk of many chronic diseases. Owing to the more abundance of polyphenols in CP's, their antioxidant activity is also higher than other edible fruit parts. Therefore, peels from citrus fruits can be used as sources of functional compounds and preservatives for the development of newer food products, that are not only safe but also have health-promoting activities. The present review provides in-depth knowledge about the phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of CP.

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Background
The Lipid-Modulating Effect of Tangeretin on the Inhibition of Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) Gene Expression through Regulation of LXRα Activation in Hepatic Cells
Chen, P., Chao, T.-Y., Hsu, H., Wang, C., Lin, C.-Y., Gao, W.-Y., Wu, M., & Yen, J.-H. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22189853 · Cited by 25
“Tangeretin (4′,5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone) is a dietary bioactive polymethoxyflavone (PMF) that is found in citrus peel [29].”
Background
Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols and flavonoids from Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. fruit peel using response surface methodology
Abdallah, H. B., Abbassi, A., Trabelsi, A., Krichen, Y., Ghédira, L. C., & Ghédira, K. (2023) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-023-03947-x · Cited by 26
“…that may relate to the extraction procedure such as the particle size of the drug powder and the ultrasound frequency and power [12] as well as to the plant material itself such as the plant species, its geographical origin, the harvest period, and the drying and storage conditions [4, 36].”
Influential
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Gonçalves, J., Anjos, O., & Guiné, R. P. F. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14081364 · Cited by 34
“[69,70,75,76,91–99] Lycopene Tomato skin (0.12–0.29”
Influential
Citrus Peel Extracts for Industrial-Scale Production of Bio-Based Active Food Packaging
Fiorentini, C., Garrido, G. D., Bassani, A., Cortimiglia, C., Zaccone, M., Montalbano, L., Martínez‐Nogués, V., Cocconcelli, P. S., & Spigno, G. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11010030 · Cited by 24
“Citrus samples showed similar values of TPC expressed as mgHE/g dm, because hesperidin is usually the most representative phenolic compound of citrus fruits [37], even though the different extracts were selected to cover different percentages of hesperidin, naringenin, and neohesperidin.”
BackgroundInfluential
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Xiong, B., Qin, L., Yao, J., Liu, Z., Yang, X., Yu, X., Li, Y., Liao, L., Wang, X., Deng, H., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1182284 · Cited by 24
“Previous studies have shown that flavonoid compounds in Citrus peel play a significant role in antiinflammation, anti-oxidation, immune regulation, and prevention and treatment of multiple respiratory diseases (Peng et al., 2019; Singh et al., 2020).”
Result
Exploring the Antioxidant Properties of Citrus limon (Lemon) Peel Ultrasound Extract after the Cloud Point Extraction Method
Athanasiadis, V., Chatzimitakos, T. G., Mantiniotou, M., Bozinou, E., & Lalas, S. I. (2024) · Biomass · doi:10.3390/biomass4010010 · Cited by 24
“Narirutin and hesperidin, found in lemon peels, function as therapeutic agents that effectively enhance the angiogenic activities in disorders related to the arteries [18].”
Background
Strategies for using magnetic beads in enhanced deep eutectic solvent-mechanochemical extraction of natural products from orange peels
Wang, Z., Ge, W., Bi, W., & Chen, D. D. Y. (2024) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139004 · Cited by 24
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Aladaghlo, Z., Fakhari, A. R., & Shaabani, A. (2021) · Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society · doi:10.1007/s13738-021-02390-x · Cited by 23
Distinguishing citrus varieties based on genetic and compositional analyses
Goh, R. M. V., Pua, A., Luro, F. L., Ee, K. H., Huang, Y., Marchi, E., Liu, S., Lassabliere, B., & Yu, B. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267007 · Cited by 23
“Compositional analyses of citrus are thus equally essential to study their final compositions, which are more relevant for their applications, such as in flavour and fragrance creation or pharmaceutical products [12, 13].”
Background
Application of Citrus By-Products in the Production of Active Food Packaging
Casas, L., Bastante, C. C., Mantell, C., & de la Ossa, E. J. M. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11040738 · Cited by 23
“Citrus peel is a waste with large biological value and potential health-promoting benefits [5] because of its content, which includes pectin as well as a number of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols (flavonoids and phenolic acids), carotenoids, and essential oils [6–8].”
Background
Naringin generates three types of reactive oxygen species contributing differently to apoptosis-like death in Escherichia coli
Han, G., & Lee, D. G. (2022) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120700 · Cited by 23
Upgrading the physiochemical and sensory quality of yogurt by incorporating polyphenol-enriched citrus pomaces with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities
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“Flavonoids and flavanols have various biological activities, including radical scavenging (17, 44).”
Background
Electronic Nose and Head Space GC–IMS Provide Insights into the Dynamic Changes and Regularity of Volatile Compounds in Zangju (Citrus reticulata cv. Manau Gan) Peel at Different Maturation Stages
Wang, P., Wang, H., Zou, J., Chen, L., Chen, H., Hu, Y., Wang, F., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28145326 · Cited by 23
Dietary Bioactive Compounds: Implications for Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Cuffaro, D., Digiacomo, M., & Macchia, M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15234966 · Cited by 30
“Tangerine peel ( Citrus reticulatae Pericarpium , CRP) is the main byproduct in the culti-vation of tangerine [59–61].”
Background
Exploring chemical properties of essential oils from citrus peels using green solvent
Vasquez-Gomez, K. L., Mori-Mestanza, D., CAETANO, A. C., Idrogo-Vásquez, G., Culqui-Arce, C., Silva, E. A. A., Alayo, E. M. C., Cruz-Lacerna, R., Pérez-Ramos, H. A., Balcázar-Zumaeta, C. R., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40088 · Cited by 22
Natural Products as Novel Therapeutic Agents for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Current Evidence, Mechanisms, Challenges, and Opportunities
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Free and Bound Phenolic Compounds Present in Orange Juice By-Product Powder and Their Contribution to Antioxidant Activity
Camacho, M. D. M., Zago, M., García‐Martínez, E., & Martínez‐Navarrete, N. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11091748 · Cited by 22
“These species may damage many biomolecules of the cell and additionally might be responsible for degenerative illnesses such as multiple sclerosis and cancer in humans [10].”
Background
Utilization of Colored Extracts for the Formulation of Ecological Friendly Plant-Based Green Products
Adeel, S., Habiba, M., Kiran, S., Iqbal, S., Abrar, S., & Hassan, C. M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141811758 · Cited by 24
“Fruit peels have been reported to contain a much higher concentration of plant acids compared to edible fruit flesh, thus exhibiting higher antioxidant potential [8,9].”
Background
Identification of Photosynthesis Characteristics and Chlorophyll Metabolism in Leaves of Citrus Cultivar (Harumi) with Varying Degrees of Chlorosis
Xiong, B., Li, L., Li, Q., Mao, H., Wang, L., Bie, Y., Zeng, X., Liao, L., Wang, X., Deng, H., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24098394 · Cited by 22
“Citrus fruits are rich in bioactive substances, such as essential oils, carotenoids, flavonoids, acacia and limonoids, which have significant effects in terms of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, immune regulation, prevention and treatment of multiple respiratory diseases [3,4].”
Background
Flavonoids analysis in citrus peels by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and its antioxidant and anti-inflammation activity
Zheng, Y., Yingxian, W. U., Biying, W. A. N. G., Hong, W. A. N. G., ZHANG, Y., Wei, W. A. N. G., & Yu, L. (2024) · Food Chemistry Advances · doi:10.1016/j.focha.2024.100853 · Cited by 21
Valorization of citrus pomace for cellulose extraction and double-crosslinked cellulose hydrogel fabrication
An, Q., Ren, J., Jia, X., Zhang, N., Fan, G., Pan, S., Zhang, Z., & Cao, S. (2025) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2025.111442 · Cited by 21
Headspace volatolome of peel flours from citrus fruits grown in Brazil
de Lima, Â. G., Cunha, S. C., Martins, Z. E., Soares, A. G., Ferreira, I. M. P. L. V. O., & Farah, A. (2021) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110801 · Cited by 21
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Towards food circular economy: hydrothermal treatment of mixed vegetable and fruit wastes to obtain fermentable sugars and bioactive compounds
Sánchez, M., Laca, A., Laca, A., & Dı́az, M. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-22486-y · Cited by 21
“For example, citrus peel and red fruits such as strawberries are considered an important source of flavonoids (Singh et al. 2020; VázquezGonzález et al. 2020).”
Background
Tangeretin Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion-Induced Neuronal Pyroptosis by Inhibiting AIM2 Inflammasome Activation via Regulating NRF2
You, G., Zheng, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Guo, W., Liu, H., Tatiana, P., Vladimir, K., & Zan, J. (2023) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-023-01900-8 · Cited by 21
“Tangeretin (TANG), a 4 ′ ,5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone, is enriched in the peel of Citrus reticulata and presents notably antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities [23].”
Studies on Healthcare and Hygiene Textile Materials Treated With Natural Antimicrobial Bioactive Agents Derived From Plant Extracts
Reta, B. A., Babu, K. M., & Tesfaye, T. (2024) · AATCC Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/24723444231215444 · Cited by 21
“…to oil, lemon peels contain a large number of bioactive compounds including ascorbic acid, phenolic acids (ferulic acid, p -coumaric acid, and sinapic acid), and flavonoids (fla-vonols, flavanones, and flavones) 45 which have been linked to the antimicrobial 46 and antioxidant characteristics.”
Background
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Alsalhi, M. S., Oza, G., Maldonado, I. C., & Sharma, A. K. (2024) · Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103025 · Cited by 21
Caffeic acid and its derivative caffeic acid phenethyl ester as potential therapeutic compounds for cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review
Shad, A. N., Akhlaghipour, I., Baghan, A. B., Askari, V. R., & Rahimi, V. B. (2024) · Archiv der Pharmazie · doi:10.1002/ardp.202400240 · Cited by 21
Phenolic composition, antioxidant activity and health benefits of Tartary (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaerth) and common (F. esculentum Moench) buckwheat grains: A review
Singh, B., Oberoi, S., & Kaur, A. (2024) · Food Chemistry Advances · doi:10.1016/j.focha.2024.100820 · Cited by 21
Self-citation
Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol Based Blend Film Containing Tangerine Peel Carbon Dots: Properties, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities
Murugan, G., Khan, A., Nilsuwan, K., Kim, J. T., Benjakul, S., & Rhim, J. (2024) · Waste and Biomass Valorization · doi:10.1007/s12649-024-02799-4 · Cited by 20
“Approximately 33% of all tangerine fruits are utilized in processing, resulting in the generation of numerous tons of peels that are typically regarded as agricultural and industrial waste [ 19 ].”
Valorization of food waste stream by harnessing bioactive compounds: A comprehensive review on the process, challenges and solutions
Karmakar, R., Aggarwal, S., Kathuria, D., Singh, N., Tripathi, V. S., Sharma, P. K., Mitra, D., Kumar, S., & Bhattacharya, S. (2025) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2025.106833 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
Alcoholic fermentation of citrus flavedo and albedo with pure and mixed yeast strains: Physicochemical characteristics and phytochemical profiles
Multari, S., Guzzon, R., Caruso, M., Licciardello, C., & Martens, S. (2021) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111133 · Cited by 21
Microwave-assisted polyethylene glycol-based aqueous two-phase extraction of gallic acid and ellagic acid from Euonymus alatus:process optimization, quantification analysis and antioxidant activity
Pi, J., Jin, P., Tang, X.-Y., Liu, Y.-T., Mai, X., Xie, X.-J., Li, P.-F., Fan, H.-J., & Luo, L.-C. (2021) · Chemical Engineering and Processing · doi:10.1016/j.cep.2021.108772 · Cited by 15
Citrus peel ameliorates mucus barrier damage in HFD-fed mice
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Formulation of Antioxidant Gummies Based on Gelatin Enriched with Citrus Fruit Peels Extract
Aiello, F., Caputo, P., Rossi, C. O., Restuccia, D., & Spizzirri, U. G. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13020320 · Cited by 20
“Data in the literature confirmed the remarkable scavenger activity of the citrus peels [23].”
Background
Therapeutic role of naringin in cancer: molecular pathways, synergy with other agents, and nanocarrier innovations
Alhalmi, A., Amin, S., Ralli, T., Ali, K. S., & Kohli, K. (2024) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-024-03672-w · Cited by 20
“Antioxidants terminate free radicals generation that is harmful to biomolecules mainly proteins and nucleic acids (Singh et al. 2020b).”
Influence of Citrus Flavor Addition in Brewing Process: Characterization of the Volatile and Non-Volatile Profile to Prevent Frauds and Adulterations
Trovato, E., Arigò, A., Vento, F., Micalizzi, G., Dugo, P., & Mondello, L. (2021) · Separations · doi:10.3390/separations8020018 · Cited by 20
“Both volatile and nonvolatile metabolites have among the others anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerogen characteristic [2,3], as well as cardiovascular and neuroprotective effects.”
Background
Effect of high pressure carbon dioxide on the browning inhibition of sugar-preserved orange peel
Jiao, Z., Iqbal, A., Murtaza, A., Zhou, X., Xu, X., Pan, S., & Hu, W. (2021) · Journal of CO2 Utilization · doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101467 · Cited by 20

Authors: Singh, B., Singh, J. P., Kaur, A., & Singh, N.
Affiliations: Guru Nanak Dev University (IN)
Corresponding author: Kaur, Amritpal
ORCID: Singh, Balwinder
Singh, Jatinder Pal
Kaur, Amritpal
Singh, Narpinder
Venue: Food Research International
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-06
Volume: 132
Pages: 109114
ISSN: 0963-9969 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109114
OpenAlex: W3007656257
Cited by: 711
References: 165
Citations by year: 2026: 77 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 160 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 120 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 20
FWCI: 7.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Food Research International (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Science and Engineering Research Board
University Grants Commission
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India (38(1419)/16/EMR-II)
Topics: Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Bioactive Compounds in Plants
Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
Keywords: citrus peel, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, phenolic acids, flavanones, naringin, hesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin, carotenoids, free radical scavenging, functional food ingredients, food preservatives, health benefits, fruit waste valorization
MeSH terms: Antioxidants, Biological Availability, Citrus, Coumaric Acids, Fruit, Hesperidin, Phenols, Plant Extracts, Flavanones, Flavones, Polyphenols, Hydroxybenzoates

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Phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel

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