Cited by 711Bioactive Compounds in PlantsPhytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesAgricultural and Biological Research

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Phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel

Singh, Balwinder, Singh, Jatinder Pal, Kaur, Amritpal, Singh, Narpinder·2020·Food Research International

DOI 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109114

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Abstract

Citrus peel (CP) forms around 40-50% of the total fruit mass but is generally thought to be a waste. However, it is a substantial source of naturally occurring health enhancing compounds, particularly phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Phenolic compounds in CP mainly comprise phenolic acids (primarily caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acid), flavanones (generally naringin and hesperidin) and polymethoxylated flavones (notably nobiletin and tangeretin). It has also been noted that CP's contain more amounts of these compounds than corresponding edible parts of the fruits. Phenolic compounds present in CP act as antioxidants (by either donation of protons or electrons) and protect cells against free radical damage as well as help in reducing the risk of many chronic diseases. Owing to the more abundance of polyphenols in CP's, their antioxidant activity is also higher than other edible fruit parts. Therefore, peels from citrus fruits can be used as sources of functional compounds and preservatives for the development of newer food products, that are not only safe but also have health-promoting activities. The present review provides in-depth knowledge about the phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of CP.

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Zhao, C., Lai, W. P., Li, Y., Hong, K.-F., & Xu, Y. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18101528 · Cited by 6
“Notably, immature citrus peels contain higher nobiletin concentrations than mature fruit, enhancing its industrial relevance [39,40].”
Sustainable Extraction of Flavonoids from Citrus Waste: A Fast and Simple Approach with UHPLC-PDA ESI-MS Characterization
Morales, J., Medina, A., & Bermejo, A. (2025) · Sci · doi:10.3390/sci7040156 · Cited by 10
Naringin Alleviates Intestinal Fibrosis by Inhibiting ER Stress–Induced PAR2 Activation
Liu, J., Xu, L., Wang, L., Wang, Q., Yu, L., & Zhang, S. (2024) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izae071 · Cited by 6
Widely Targeted Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Metabolites Important for Antioxidant Properties and Quality Traits in Different Fruit Parts of Aurantii Fructus Immatures
Zhang, S., Liu, Z., Xu, X., Zhao, R., Zhang, S., & Rong, L. U. O. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29081733 · Cited by 6
“Modern phytochemical research has found that AFIs contain various bioactive substances, particularly flavonoids, which act as free radical scavengers and display strong antioxidant capabilities [1,4].”
Background
Sustainable Packaging Solution from Agriculture Waste: Production of Bioplastic, Biocomposite, Biopolymer
Gupta, S., Kaur, A., & Ghoshal, G. (2024) · Waste as a resource · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-61133-9_11 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
The protective effect of hydroalcoholic Citrus aurantifolia peel extract against doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity
Sandhiutami, N. M. D., Desmiaty, Y., Pitaloka, P. D. U., & Salsabila, S. (2024) · Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.4103/rps.rps_99_23 · Cited by 6
Phyto-chemistry and Therapeutic Potential of Natural Flavonoid Naringin: A Consolidated Review
Sheikh, K. H. A., Haokip, S. W., Hazarika, B. N., Devi, O. B., Lian, H. N., Yumkhaibam, T., Ningombam, L., & Singh, Y. D. (2025) · Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11655-025-3826-9 · Cited by 6
Anti‐Hyperlipidemic and Anti‐Atherogenic Effect of Citrus Peel Pectin Against Cholesterol and Cholic Acid Induced Hyperlipidemia in Sprague Dawley Rats
Rasheed, H., Altemimi, A. B., Rabail, R., Muntaha, S. T., Rakha, A., Haider, U., Rasheed, F., Shehzad, M., Khaneghah, A. M., Abdi, G., et al. (2025) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.70274 · Cited by 6
“Researchers are focusing on the processing of such waste that can be processed further to retain their bioactive compounds and use them in the treatment of various diseases (Singh et al. 2020).”
Navel orange peel hydroethanolic extract as a phytogenic feed supplement: impacts on growth, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and serum metabolites of heat stressed growing rabbits
Al-Sagheer, A. A., Monem, U. M. A., Sayed-Ahmed, E. E., & Khalil, B. A. (2021) · Animal Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/10495398.2021.2011740 · Cited by 6
“Citrus peels extract have many biological properties, involving antibacterial and antioxidant effects.(13)”
Background
Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction with Probe or Bath on Total Phenolics from Tomato and Lemon By-Products
Mozafari, L., Cano‐Lamadrid, M., Martínez‐Zamora, L., Zapata, R., & Artés‐Hernández, F. (2023) · International Electronic Conference on Foods (Foods) · doi:10.3390/foods2023-15006 · Cited by 6
An integrated strategy to discover the quality control markers of herbal formulae of Danning tablet with anti-cholestasis applications
Yu, J.-J., Wang, Y. T., Yan, X., Xue, Y., Zhang, Y., Wei, J., Liu, L.-C., Ding, L., Xiong, A., Jiang, L.-S., et al. (2024) · Arabian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2024.105640 · Cited by 6
Exploring Tumor-Promoting Qualities of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Innovative Drug Discovery Strategies With Emphasis on Thymoquinone
Khalid, J. P., Martin, T. M., Prathap, L., Nisargandha, M. A., Nisha, B., & Kumar, M. S. K. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.53949 · Cited by 9
“Anticancer effects include nuclear receptors, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), and G protein-coupled receptors [117].”
Background
Protective Effect of the Naringin–Chitooligosaccharide Complex on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Systematic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Model in Mice
Tang, S., Ouyang, Z., Tan, X., Liu, X. Z., Bai, J., Wang, H., & Huang, L. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13040576 · Cited by 6
“Naringin is one of the most common flavonoids in citrus peel, which is composed of glucose, rhamnose, and naringenin [1].”
Background
Industrial Production of Citrus By-products and Its Processing Techniques
Pratiksha, P., & Adhikary, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-8699-6_16 · Cited by 6
Transforming orange waste with yeasts: bioprocess prospects
Minussi, G. D. A., dos Santos, Â. A., Scapini, T., Bonatto, C., Fenner, E. D., Dresch, A. P., dos Santos, B. C. S., Bender, J. P., & Júnior, S. L. A. (2024) · Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais · doi:10.5327/z2176-94781859 · Cited by 6
Effect of Combining Moisture-assisted Drying on Lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Brum.): Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Capacities, and Sensory Evaluations
Sun, M.-J., Chiang, Y.-C., Hou, C., & Ciou, J. (2024) · Food and Bioprocess Technology · doi:10.1007/s11947-024-03484-z · Cited by 6
“Figure 3B shows no significant difference between the HAD and MA-HAD treatments because glycoside flavonoids are thermostable (Singh et al., 2020).”
Yields and Composition of Persian Lime Essential Oils (Citrus latifolia) from Hau Giang province, Vietnam extracted by Three Different Extraction Methods
Tran, T. K. N., Ngo, T. C. Q., Tran, T. H., Tran, T., Phong, H. X., Ph.T.D., V., Nguyen, K. T., Nguyen, M. V., & Bạch, L. G. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/991/1/012130 · Cited by 6
Plant Antioxidants from Agricultural Waste: Synergistic Potential with Other Biological Properties and Possible Applications
Carpena, M., Garcia‐Oliveira, P., Pereira, A. G., Soria-López, A., Chamorro, F., Collazo, N., Jarboui, A., Simal‐Gándara, J., & Prieto, M. A. (2021) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45299-5_35-1 · Cited by 7
Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Aging and Aging-Associated Diseases
Singh, J. P., Singh, B., & Kaur, A. (2021) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83017-5_12 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Targeted identification of antioxidant compounds from Sparassis latifolia extracts and their antioxidant activities
Zhang, Z., Cai, W., Song, T., Fan, L., & Lv, G. (2021) · Journal of Food Processing and Preservation · doi:10.1111/jfpp.16068 · Cited by 6
Application of green technologies for the extraction of phytocompounds from C. pseudolimon residues; an approach for biological characterization
Kaur, R., Kumar, P. V., Aggarwal, P., & Singh, G. (2023) · Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.scp.2023.101258 · Cited by 6
The Advantage of Citrus Residues as Feedstock for Biogas Production: A Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion System
Martin, C. A. G., Rojas-Sanchez, A. N., Cruz-Pinzón, D. F., Milquez-Sanabria, H. A., Sotelo-Tobón, D. L., da Cunha, A. L. R., Salinas-Silva, R., Camacho-Galindo, S., Gómes, V. J. C., & Malagueta, D. C. (2024) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en17061315 · Cited by 5
Metabolite Variations during the First Weeks of Growth of Immature Citrus sinensis and Citrus reticulata by Untargeted Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry Metabolomics
Deschamps, E., Durand-Hulak, M., Castagnos, D., Hubert‐Roux, M., Schmitz‐Afonso, I., Froelicher, Y., & Afonso, C. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29163718 · Cited by 5
“Hence, while mature citruses are appreciated for consumption, citrus fruits harvested before maturation, i.e., immature citruses, are of particular interest for the pharmaceutical industry [6,7].”
Background
Prospecting of the Antioxidant Activity from Extracts Obtained from Chañar (Geoffroea decorticans) Seeds Evaluated In Vitro and In Vivo Using the Tenebrio molitor Model
da Silva, A. P., Cordeiro, M. L. D. S., Aquino-Martins, V. G. D. Q., de Melo, L. F. B. T., Paiva, W. D. S., Naliato, G. F. S., Theodoro, R. C., Meneses, C. H. S. G., Rocha, H. A. O., & Scortecci, K. C. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16172813 · Cited by 5
“The antioxidant activity is often associated with phenolic compounds and flavonoids due to their ability to act as ROS scavengers and free radical eliminators [52], providing nutritional advantages and protection against diseases generated by oxidative stress [50].”
Background
Citrus Peels an Effective Sources of Bioactive Compounds
Olabinjo, O. O. (2025) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1004330 · Cited by 9
Influence of Storage Environments and Packaging Materials on the Bioactive Compounds in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium
Peng, M., Deng, J., Xu, J., Chen, B., Deng, X., Cai, Y., Liu, W., & Zheng, G. (2025) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.70393 · Cited by 5
“Clinically, ferulic acid exhibits antioxidant (Salau et al. 2022 ; Singh et al. 2020).”
The biological activities of Citrus species in crop protection
Vetere, M. L., Iobbi, V., Lanteri, A. P., Minuto, A., Minuto, G., Tommasi, N. D., & Bisio, A. (2025) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102139 · Cited by 7
Comparative Effects of Maturity and Processing on Chemical Composition and Bioactivities in Toona sinensis Leaves
Wu, G., Chen, Z., Tang, Y. J., Shou-Zhen, X. U., Fan, W., Wu, L., Ji, Y., & Qu, C. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14152717 · Cited by 5
Nobiletin Modulates Adipocyte-Derived Exosomal miRNA to Improve Liver Lipid Metabolism in Obese Mice
Leung, S.-Y., Ho, N.-Y., Ho, C., & Pan, M. (2025) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5c06392 · Cited by 5
“28 Nobiletin is a bioactive PMF known for its antioxidant, 29 anti-inflammatory, 30 antihypertensive, 31 and neuroprotective properties.”
Nobiletin alleviates MNNG-induced gastric injury in vivo and the damage of GES-1 cells in vitro through ALOX5 and PTGS2
Jin, S., Zhang, X., Li, D., He, S., Zhang, H., Bai, Y., Li, B., & Zhang, S. (2025) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5c03216 · Cited by 5
Effects of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium on the physicochemical, rheological, and sensory properties of soy yogurt
Zhang, R., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y.-P., Zhang, H., Cao, Y., & Xu, W. (2025) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2025.118569 · Cited by 6
Carbohydrase‐assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from citrus peel: chemical composition and cellular antioxidant activity
Wen, L., Chen, J. C., Wang, J., & Yang, B. J. (2025) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.70267 · Cited by 5
“16 However, numerous phenolic compounds are not only situated in the cytosol but also bound to the plant cell wall.”
Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium improves obesity in OVX mice by regulating the gut microbiota and suppressing appetite
Xu, L., Liu, W., Wu, X., Chen, T., Gao, Y., Huang, J., & Luo, Z. (2025) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d5fo03974f · Cited by 5
Metabolomic profiling, antioxidant activity, and skin cell viability of citrus peel flavonoids extracted via ultrasonic-assisted aqueous two-phase system
Lin, S., Hu, J., He, H., Yu, Y., Zhou, Z., & Zhou, L. M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0336325 · Cited by 6
“Numerous studies have shown a correlation between the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in citrus peels and their antioxidant activity [61,62].”
Citrus Waste: A Treasure of Promised Phytochemicals and Its Nutritional-Nutraceutical Value in Health Promotion and Industrial Applications
Swamy, C. T., Sivadurga, K., Reddy, M. P., Marimuthu, G., Prashantkumar, C. S., Chelladurai, P. K., & Purewal, S. S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37534-7_13 · Cited by 5
Metabolomic and quality profiling of Citrus hybrid cv. Yellowball during long-term storage at different temperatures
Kim, S. S., Nguyen, Q.-A., Park, Y., Han, S.-G., Kim, H., & Kim, D.-S. (2024) · Journal of Food Measurement & Characterization · doi:10.1007/s11694-024-02666-9 · Cited by 5
Effects of rootstocks and developmental time on the dynamic changes of main functional substances in ‘Orah’ (Citrus reticulata Blanco) by HPLC coupled with UV detection
Li, S., Yang, L., Min, W., Chen, Y., JianJun, Y., Chen, H., Yang, H., Wang, W., Cai, Z., & Lin, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1382768 · Cited by 5
“While other scholars believe that antioxidants in citrus peel are higher than those in other fruits and the pulp of the citrus fruit (Singh et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Aronia melanocarpa extract extends the lifespan and health-span of Caenorhabditis elegans via mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
Zhang, H., Zhu, Z., Wei, W., Liu, Z., Zhou, H., Gong, Y., Yan, X., Du, J., Li, H., Chen, L., et al. (2024) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d4fo02479f · Cited by 5
Nobiletin: a potential erythropoietin receptor activator protects renal cells against hypoxia
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“Tangerine peel is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and has been widely applied in foods and medicine for its multiple pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, and kidney protection [ 1, 2 ].”
Formulation and optimization of plant based organic coating with citrus peel extract for enhancing shelf life and quality of postharvest litchi fruit
Patidar, S., Kumari, P., Singh, A., Shahi, N. C., Chand, K., Hussain, A., Ahmad, W., Lohani, U. C., & Kumar, S. (2025) · Journal of Food Measurement & Characterization · doi:10.1007/s11694-025-03115-x · Cited by 5
Neurotherapeutic potential of sinapic acid in cerebellar neurotoxicity induced following excessive exposure to tramadol hydrochloride in male Sprague Dawley rats
Adelakun, S. A., Ogunlade, B., Iteire, K. A., Kaka, O. Z., & Adelusi, K. P. (2025) · Clinical Traditional Medicine and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ctmp.2025.200217 · Cited by 6
Phytochemical profiles of Citrus hybrid kanpei and Citrus reticulata natsumi : Analysis of volatile and non-volatile components
Kim, S. S., Park, S.-M., Park, Y., Joa, J., Kim, M., Yun, S. K., & Han, S.-G. (2022) · Korean Journal of Food Preservation · doi:10.11002/kjfp.2022.29.1.1 · Cited by 5

Authors: Singh, B., Singh, J. P., Kaur, A., & Singh, N.
Affiliations: Guru Nanak Dev University (IN)
Corresponding author: Kaur, Amritpal
ORCID: Singh, Balwinder
Singh, Jatinder Pal
Kaur, Amritpal
Singh, Narpinder
Venue: Food Research International
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-06
Volume: 132
Pages: 109114
ISSN: 0963-9969 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109114
OpenAlex: W3007656257
Cited by: 711
References: 165
Citations by year: 2026: 77 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 160 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 120 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 20
FWCI: 7.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Food Research International (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Science and Engineering Research Board
University Grants Commission
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India (38(1419)/16/EMR-II)
Topics: Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Bioactive Compounds in Plants
Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
Keywords: citrus peel, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, phenolic acids, flavanones, naringin, hesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin, carotenoids, free radical scavenging, functional food ingredients, food preservatives, health benefits, fruit waste valorization
MeSH terms: Antioxidants, Biological Availability, Citrus, Coumaric Acids, Fruit, Hesperidin, Phenols, Plant Extracts, Flavanones, Flavones, Polyphenols, Hydroxybenzoates

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Phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel

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