Cited by 711Bioactive Compounds in PlantsPhytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesAgricultural and Biological Research

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Phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel

Singh, Balwinder, Singh, Jatinder Pal, Kaur, Amritpal, Singh, Narpinder·2020·Food Research International

DOI 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109114

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Abstract

Citrus peel (CP) forms around 40-50% of the total fruit mass but is generally thought to be a waste. However, it is a substantial source of naturally occurring health enhancing compounds, particularly phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Phenolic compounds in CP mainly comprise phenolic acids (primarily caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acid), flavanones (generally naringin and hesperidin) and polymethoxylated flavones (notably nobiletin and tangeretin). It has also been noted that CP's contain more amounts of these compounds than corresponding edible parts of the fruits. Phenolic compounds present in CP act as antioxidants (by either donation of protons or electrons) and protect cells against free radical damage as well as help in reducing the risk of many chronic diseases. Owing to the more abundance of polyphenols in CP's, their antioxidant activity is also higher than other edible fruit parts. Therefore, peels from citrus fruits can be used as sources of functional compounds and preservatives for the development of newer food products, that are not only safe but also have health-promoting activities. The present review provides in-depth knowledge about the phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of CP.

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“A study on different citrus peels showed that the total phenolic content ranged from 310.18 to 575.06 mg in citrus extracts (CE)/100 g fresh weight [17].”
Influential
Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities of Citrus Peels to Improve the Shelf Life of Yoghurt Drink
Zaki, N. L., & Naeem, M. (2021) · Egyptian Journal of Food Science · doi:10.21608/ejfs.2021.58310.1092 · Cited by 14
The Polymethoxyflavone Sudachitin Modulates the Circadian Clock and Improves Liver Physiology
Mawatari, K., Koike, N., Nohara, K., Wirianto, M., Uebanso, T., Shimohata, T., Shikishima, Y., Miura, H., Yoshitaka, N. I. I., Burish, M. J., et al. (2023) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202200270 · Cited by 13
Phytochemicals in finger lime and their potential health benefits: A review
Qi, Y., Liu, H., Ağar, O. T., Imran, A., de Souza, T. S. P., Barrow, C. J., Dunshea, F. R., & Suleria, H. A. R. (2023) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2023.2255900 · Cited by 13
“[146] Moreover, the cell culture result shows that poncirin, naringin, and hesperidin found in finger lime have cytotoxicity effects on gastric tumor cell lines, which can lead to the reduction of cancer cells.”
Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Extract and Isolated Compounds
Yang, J., Kim, J. S., Kwon, Y. S., Seong, E. S., & Kim, M. J. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28217354 · Cited by 13
Hydrodistillation of essential oil from peels of orange (Citrus sinensis) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: process optimization and chemical profiling
Tran, K. N. T., Ngo, C., Tran, B. L., To, P. M. N., Phong, H. X., & Pham, T. V. (2023) · Food Research · doi:10.26656/fr.2017.7(6).816 · Cited by 13
“…essential oils and separate flavonoid compounds with high biological activity such as antioxidant, anti - inflammatory, antibacterial, inhibiting cancer cells and preventing skin diseases (Kademi and Garba, 2017; Toscano - Garibay et al ., 2017; González - Mas et al. , 2019; Singh et al. , 2020).”
Background
Valorization of Citrus peels: GC/MS‐based metabolites profiling, multivariate analysis, and antiaging potential
Elkady, W. M., Ayoub, I. M., Mehrate, A. K. E., Emad, M., Tarek, M., Gdeily, A. E., Mohamed, E., Medhat, R., Mahmoud, O., Gad, A. M., et al. (2024) · Archiv der Pharmazie · doi:10.1002/ardp.202300742 · Cited by 14
Application and evaluation of plant-based edible active coatings to enhance the shelf-life and quality attributes of Jara lebu (Citrus medica)
Rob, M. M., Pappu, M. M. H., Arifin, M. S., Era, T. N., Akhi, M. Z., Bhattacharjya, D. K., Kayshar, M. S., & Jubayer, M. F. (2024) · Discover Food · doi:10.1007/s44187-024-00094-8 · Cited by 13
Citrus reticulata flavonoids as a valuable source for reducing meat-borne Aeromonas hydrophila
Elbarbary, N. K., Al‐Qaaneh, A. M., Salem-Bekhit, M. M., Abdelhaseib, M. U., Gomaa, R. A., Ali, M. A., Salem, M. M., & Malak, N. M. L. (2024) · Italian Journal of Food Science · doi:10.15586/ijfs.v36i3.2606 · Cited by 13
“Citrus retic-ulata peel has the potential to act as a source of useful chemicals and preservatives in modern food items (Singh et al. , 2020).”
Background
Valorization of raw papaya (Carica papaya) and citrus peels for development of antimicrobial and biodegradable edible film
Pawle, P., Pandey, S., Kumar, A., Agarwal, A., Tripathi, A. D., Saeed, M., Rab, S. O., Mahato, D. K., Kumar, P., & Kamle, M. (2024) · Food Chemistry X · doi:10.1016/j.fochx.2024.102129 · Cited by 13
“This is because different concentrations of minerals and other health-promoting phenolic compounds are found in CS, CPP, and RPP (Singh et al., 2020).”
Influential
New electrolyte beverages prepared by the citrus canning processing water through chemical improvement
Shen, S., Cheng, H., Liu, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, S., Liu, D., Ye, X., & Chen, J. (2021) · Food Chemistry X · doi:10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100155 · Cited by 13
A Rapid LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Ten Flavonoid Metabolites of Naringin in Rat Urine and Its Application to an Excretion Study
Zeng, X., Zheng, Y., He, Y., Peng, W., & Su, W. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11030316 · Cited by 13
“Naringin, also known as naringenin-7-O-neohesperidoside, is a dietary flavonoid glycoside widely distributed in citrus fruits [1].”
Background
Flavonoid Nobiletin Attenuates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cystitis in Mice through Mechanisms That Involve Inhibition of IL-1β Induced Connexin 43 Upregulation and Gap Junction Communication in Urothelial Cells
Kono, J., Ueda, M., Sengiku, A., Suadicani, S. O., Woo, J. T., Kobayashi, T., Ogawa, O., & Negoro, H. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23095037 · Cited by 13
Composition of Phenolic Compounds in South African Schinus molle L. Berries
Bvenura, C., & Kambizi, L. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11101376 · Cited by 13
“Literature is awash with evidence that secondary metabolites are more concentrated in the peels/ or husks of fruits or berries [49,50].”
Background
Design of a baked good using food ingredients recovered from agro-industrial by-products of fruits
Durán-Aranguren, D. D., Muñoz-Daza, L. F., Hurtado, L. J. C., Posada, J. A., Mussatto, S. I., Sierra, R., & Hernández‐Carrión, M. (2023) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2023.115174 · Cited by 13
Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Polyphenols for Cosmeceutical Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review
Gaetano, V., Gagliardi, A., Giuliano, E., Longo, E., & Cosco, D. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17081068 · Cited by 12
“Citrus lemon peel extracts have also been tested on keratinocyte cells, demonstrating significant protection against oxidative stress due to the activity of gallic acid, catechin, and caffeic acid [89].”
Exploring the bioactive potential of fruit peels: A comprehensive Review
Habiba, U., Singh, R., Pathare, P. B., Dar, A. H., Manzoor, M., Sidiqi, U. S., & Majeed, T. (2025) · Food Chemistry Advances · doi:10.1016/j.focha.2025.101136 · Cited by 12
Unraveling the utilization feasibility of citrus peel solid distillation waste as potential source for antioxidant as well as bioethanol
Sarkar, R., Nain, L., Dutta, A., Kundu, A., & Saha, S. (2022) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-022-03367-3 · Cited by 12
“Singh et al. [38] compiled several reports regarding phenolic content in different citrus peels where they mentioned a wide range of variation in content across different sources.”
The influence of anthocyanins in pectin-whey protein complexation using a natural pigmented blackcurrant pectin
Salleh, N., Goh, K. K. T., Waterland, M. R., Huffman, L. M., Weeks, M., & Matia‐Merino, L. (2023) · Food Hydrocolloids · doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108672 · Cited by 12
Medicinal Plants and Natural Substances for Poultry Health: A Review
Pashaei, M., Zeroual, F., Kahrizi, D., & Erċışlı, S. (2024) · Journal of Poultry Sciences and Avian Diseases · doi:10.61838/kman.jpsad.2.2.5 · Cited by 13
Metabolic profile and bioactivity of the peel of Zhoupigan (Citrus reticulata cv. Manau Gan), a special citrus variety in China, based on GC–MS, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, and in vitro assay
Zou, J., Wang, P., Xu, H., Gan, X., Zhang, H., Chen, L., Chen, H., Wang, F., Hu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Food Chemistry X · doi:10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101719 · Cited by 12
“Metabolites such as Gallic acid, Rutin, Nobiletin, Quercetin, Limonin, Ferulate, Chlorogenic acid, and Naringin, although not identified as key DMs in this study, have been extensively researched for their roles in maintaining human health (Singh et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2020).”
Background
Targeted/untargeted metabolomics and antioxidant properties distinguish Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’ from Citrus reticulata Blanco
Wang, X., Su, Z., Li, G., Chen, J., Li, G., Shan, Y., Pan, Z., & Fu, F. (2024) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140806 · Cited by 12
Citrus-derived flavanones as neuraminidase inhibitors: In vitro and in silico study
Chen, P., Li, C., Chen, L., Li, X., & Zhu, S. (2024) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116758 · Cited by 12
Changes in phenolics and antioxidant capacities in fruit tissues of mandarin cultivars Kinnow and W. Murcott with relation to fruit development
Singh, J., Chahal, T. S., Gill, P. P. S., & Grewal, S. K. (2021) · Journal of Food Processing and Preservation · doi:10.1111/jfpp.16040 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Citrus depressa Hayata peel ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver and modulates the activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in rats fed a high-fat diet
Li, M., Huang, C., Chen, S.-H., Lee, C.-N., & Yao, H. (2022) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d1fo03597e · Cited by 12
Dietary inclusion effect of citrus peel by-product as an additive on the growth performance, body composition, and various stress resistance of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus) compared to ethoxyquin
Dai, Q., & Cho, S. H. (2022) · Aquaculture Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101187 · Cited by 12
Indigenous vegetables of family Cucurbitaceae of Azad Kashmir: A key emphasis on their pharmacological potential
Akhter, K., Bibi, A., Rasheed, A., Rehman, S. U., Shafique, U., & Habib, T. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269444 · Cited by 11
Narirutin-Rich Celluclast Extract from Mandarin (Citrus unshiu) Peel Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Promotes Energy Metabolism in C57BL/6 Mice
Im, S. T., Kang, H., Kim, J., Kim, S., Kim, K., & Lee, S. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25084475 · Cited by 11
“However, a large amount of citrus peel, which is produced as a by-product during citrus juice processing, is still regarded as a primary waste and implicated in economic and environmental issues [8,11].”
Background
A critical evaluation on the valorization strategies to reduce and reuse orange waste in bakery industry
Cirrincione, F., Ferranti, P., Ferrara, A., & Romano, A. (2024) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114422 · Cited by 15
Effects of different addition levels of CHM-JM113 on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, organ index, and intestinal health of AA broilers
Fu, G., Zhang, M., Huang, Y., Han, R., Qi, K., Yin, L., Zhao, D., Huang, Y., Ma, T., & Wang, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1388173 · Cited by 11
“…(active ingredients in tangerine peel) contain phenolic hydroxyl structure, which could be combined with free radicals to form complex free radicals, reduce the production of free radicals and reduce the damage of free radicals to the body, so as to achieve the effect of anti-oxidation (22, 23).”
Background
Hybrid Metal Oxide (Ag–ZnO) Impregnated Biocomposite in the Development of an Eco-Friendly Sustainable Film
Sathianathan, R. V., Joseph, J., Bhaskaran, A., & Bose, S. C. (2024) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.4c00225 · Cited by 11
Experimental and Molecular Insights into Efficient Deterpenation of Essential Oil Intensified by Extraction with Deep Eutectic Solvent
Zhao, L., Cheng, H., & Qi, Z. (2024) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.4c01112 · Cited by 11
Chemical fingerprint analysis of fermented Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) juice by UHPLC Q-TOF/MS combined with chemometric analysis
Kim, Y., Pyeon, J., Lee, J.-Y., Kim, E.-M., La, I.-J., Lee, O.-H., Kim, K., Sung, J., & Kim, Y. (2024) · Applied Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1186/s13765-024-00910-w · Cited by 11
“Citrus fruits such as calamansi are rich sources of polymethoxyl-ated flavones that could be responsible for their anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral potentials [34–37].”
Background
Building a protective shield: The role of wound healing in reducing postharvest decay and preserving quality of citrus fruit
Gao, X., Wang, W., Chen, O., Huang, J. H., & Zeng, K. (2024) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109272 · Cited by 11
Lesser‐Explored Edible Flowers as a Choice of Phytochemical Sources for Food Applications
Cordova, M. G. V., Jaguey-Hernández, Y., Ovando, A. C., González-Olivares, L. G., Castañeda-Ovando, E. P., Añorve‐Morga, J., & la O‐Arciniega, M. D. (2024) · International Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1155/2024/9265929 · Cited by 11
Sustainable valorization of tropical fruit peels for sustainable production of natural antioxidants and functional food ingredients
Nitisuk, P., Wanyo, P., Chamsai, T., & Charoenjit, K. (2025) · Sustainable Food Technology · doi:10.1039/d4fb00371c · Cited by 12
Physicochemical and functional properties of Lycium ruthenicum pectin by different extraction methods
Wu, Z., Qin, D., Li, H., Guo, D., Cheng, H., Sun, J., Huang, M., Ye, X., & Sun, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.946606 · Cited by 11
Sweet orange peel waste as a feed additive in growth promoting and protective effect against Aeromonas hydrophila of juvenile bagrid catfish Mystus nemurus
See, M. S., Musa, N., Liew, H. J., HARUN, N. O., & Rahmah, S. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119677 · Cited by 11
Comparative transcriptomics to reveal the mechanism of enhanced catalytic activities of Aspergillus niger whole-cells cultured with different inducers in hydrolysis of citrus flavonoids
Zou, Y., Li, X., Xin, X., Xu, H., Mo, L., Yu, Y., & Zhao, G. (2022) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111344 · Cited by 11
Ethanol/salt aqueous two‐phase systems ( ATPS ) for enrichment and identification of bioactive constituents escaping during pectin extraction
Ruan, C., Jiang, W., Liao, J., Liu, Z., Song, Y., & Qi, J. (2023) · International Journal of Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1111/ijfs.16578 · Cited by 10
Effect of Rootstock Selection on Tree Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Lemon Varieties Cultivated in Greece
Ziogas, V., Kokkinos, E., Karagianni, A., Ntamposi, E., Voulgarakis, A. S., & Hussain, S. B. (2023) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy13092265 · Cited by 10
When sustainability meets health and innovation: The case of Citrus by-products for cancer chemoprevention and applications in functional foods
D’Amore, T., Chaari, M., Falco, G., Gregorio, G. D., Jaouadi, N. Z., Ali, D. S., Sarkar, T., & Smaoui, S. (2024) · Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103163 · Cited by 11
Nrf2-activated mitophagy and ferroptosis suppression synergistically mediate tangeretin’s protection against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury
Deng, L., Zhang, R., Zha, L., Yao, L., Han, Y., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Zhan, M., Du, J., & Chen, L. (2025) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2025.157034 · Cited by 10
Chitosan-based aerogel food active packaging with integrated preservation and buffering functions
Wang, X., Guo, J., Zhou, H., Hou, Y., Jin, P., Zheng, Y., & Wu, Z. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2025.08.054 · Cited by 10
Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Dispersions of Poorly Water-Soluble Drug- Hesperidin
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Authors: Singh, B., Singh, J. P., Kaur, A., & Singh, N.
Affiliations: Guru Nanak Dev University (IN)
Corresponding author: Kaur, Amritpal
ORCID: Singh, Balwinder
Singh, Jatinder Pal
Kaur, Amritpal
Singh, Narpinder
Venue: Food Research International
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-06
Volume: 132
Pages: 109114
ISSN: 0963-9969 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109114
OpenAlex: W3007656257
Cited by: 711
References: 165
Citations by year: 2026: 77 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 160 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 120 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 20
FWCI: 7.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Food Research International (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Science and Engineering Research Board
University Grants Commission
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India (38(1419)/16/EMR-II)
Topics: Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Bioactive Compounds in Plants
Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
Keywords: citrus peel, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, phenolic acids, flavanones, naringin, hesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin, carotenoids, free radical scavenging, functional food ingredients, food preservatives, health benefits, fruit waste valorization
MeSH terms: Antioxidants, Biological Availability, Citrus, Coumaric Acids, Fruit, Hesperidin, Phenols, Plant Extracts, Flavanones, Flavones, Polyphenols, Hydroxybenzoates

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Phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel

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