Evolution of atmospheric xenon and other noble gases inferred from Archean to Paleoproterozoic rocks
Open accessAbstract
We have analyzed ancient atmospheric gases trapped in fluid inclusions contained in minerals of Archean (3.3 Ga) to Paleozoic (404 Ma) rocks in an attempt to document the evolution of the elemental composition and isotopic signature of the atmosphere with time. Doing so, we aimed at understanding how physical and chemical processes acted over geological time to shape the modern atmosphere. Modern atmospheric xenon is enriched in heavy isotopes by 30–40‰ u−1 relative to Solar or Chondritic xenon. Previous studies demonstrated that, 3.3 Ga ago, atmospheric xenon was isotopically fractionated (enriched in the light isotopes) relative to the modern atmosphere, by 12.9 ± 1.2 (1σ) ‰ u−1, whereas krypton was isotopically identical to modern atmospheric Kr. Details about the specific and progressive isotopic fractionation of Xe during the Archean, originally proposed by Pujol et al. (2011), are now well established by this work. Xe isotope fractionation has evolved from 21‰ u−1 at 3.5 Ga to 12.9‰ u−1 at 3.3 Ga. The current dataset provides some evidence for stabilization of the Xe fractionation between 3.3 and 2.7 Ga. However, further studies will be needed to confirm this observation. After 2.7 Ga, the composition kept evolving and reach the modern-like atmospheric Xe composition at around 2.1 Ga ago. Xenon may be the second atmospheric element, after sulfur, to show a secular isotope evolution during the Archean that ended shortly after the Archean-Proterozoic transition. Fractionation of xenon indicates that xenon escaped from Earth, probably as an ion, and that Xe escape stopped when the atmosphere became oxygen-rich. We speculate that the Xe escape was enabled by a vigorous hydrogen escape on the early anoxic Earth. Organic hazes, scavenging isotopically heavy Xe, could also have played a role in the evolution of atmospheric Xe. For 3.3 Ga-old samples, Ar-N2 correlations are consistent with a partial pressure of nitrogen (pN2) in the Archean atmosphere similar to, or lower than, the modern one, thus requiring other processes than a high pN2 to keep the Earth's surface warm despite a fainter Sun. The nitrogen isotope composition of the atmosphere at 3.3 Ga was already modern-like, attesting to inefficient nitrogen escape to space since that time.
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Xenon dragged out into space by escaping hydrogen during the Archean and Hadean best explains the progressive mass fractionation.
“Xenon dragged out into space by escaping hydrogen during the Archean and Hadean best explains the progressive mass fractionation (49, 187).”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
Section 4.2 explains how escaping hydrogen could drag xenon ions into space and produce mass fractionation, and the Conclusions propose this mechanism for xenon's long-term isotopic evolution (page numbers unavailable). But the paper presents hydrogen-driven escape as a proposed mechanism, not the established best explanation; it also allows a role for organic hazes. Its documented evolution extends into the Paleoproterozoic, rather than being confined to the Archean and Hadean. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredXenon in fluid inclusions in Archean rocks becomes isotopically heavier through the Archean relative to an initial solar composition until the fractionation reaches that of modern air around 2.1 to 2.0 Ga ago.
“Xenon in fluid inclusions in Archean rocks becomes isotopically heavier through the Archean relative to an initial solar composition until the fractionation reaches that of modern air around 2.1 to 2.0 Ga ago (Fig. 4) (49).”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
The Abstract and Conclusions describe xenon in ancient fluid inclusions evolving toward the modern atmospheric isotopic composition. But the Introduction and §3.1 identify the starting composition as U-Xe, not solar xenon; the Conclusions place the modern composition between 2.1 and 1.7 Ga, rather than specifically at 2.1–2.0 Ga. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe N2/36Ar ratio in fluid inclusions indicates pN2 <1.0 bar (2σ) at 3.3 Ga ago and <1.1 bar at 3.5 to 3.0 Ga ago.
“Second, the N2/36Ar ratio in fluid inclusions indicates pN2 <1.0 bar [2σ] at 3.3 Ga ago and <1.1 bar at 3.5 to 3.0 Ga ago (48, 49).”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
The paper's discussion of the 3.3 Ga Barberton samples uses N₂/³⁶Ar to infer that atmospheric nitrogen pressure was likely below the modern level at 1σ and incompatible with two to three times the modern level at 2σ. It does not give the claimed <1.0 bar limit at 2σ or a <1.1 bar limit for 3.5–3.0 Ga. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe six lighter krypton isotopes are barely fractionated.
“Today, the nine atmospheric Xe isotopes [124 to 136 atomic mass units (amu)], have a huge fractionation of 4.2% per amu relative to solar or chondritic sources, whereas the six, lighter krypton isotopes (76 to 86 amu) are barely fractionated.”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
Section 3.2 reports that krypton in the ancient samples is isotopically identical to modern atmospheric krypton and says the fractionation recorded by xenon does not affect other noble gases. This supports the contrast with xenon, but the comparison is between ancient and modern krypton; it does not establish that modern atmospheric krypton is barely fractionated relative to solar or chondritic sources. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredToday, the nine atmospheric Xe isotopes have a huge fractionation of 4.2% per amu relative to solar or chondritic sources.
“Today, the nine atmospheric Xe isotopes [124 to 136 atomic mass units (amu)], have a huge fractionation of 4.2% per amu relative to solar or chondritic sources, whereas the six, lighter krypton isotopes (76 to 86 amu) are barely fractionated.”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
The Introduction (page not provided) says modern atmospheric Xe has nine isotopes and is strongly enriched in heavy relative to light isotopes compared with chondritic or solar-wind Xe. It gives a fractionation of 30–40‰ per amu (3–4%), calculated from the light isotopes, rather than the claimed 4.2% per amu across all nine isotopes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Earth's Xe/Kr ratio is 4 to 20 times less than meteorites, implying selective Xe loss.
“Earth’s Xr/Kr ratio is also 4 to 20 times less than meteorites, implying selective Xe loss.”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
The Introduction reports that atmospheric Xe is depleted by a factor of 20 relative to the Ar/Kr/Xe elemental pattern of chondrites, consistent with selective Xe depletion. It does not give a 4-to-20 range or establish that range for Earth’s Xe/Kr ratio relative to meteorites. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChanges in atmospheric Xe isotopes through the Archean stop after the GOE.
“Changes in atmospheric Xe isotopes through the Archean stop after the GOE (analogous to S-MIF) (49) and potentially tell us about O2, CH4, and H2 levels (187), including in the otherwise hidden Hadean, as discussed below.”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
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Self-citationXenon isotope constraints on the thermal evolution of the early Earth
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Self-citationMeteorite constraints on Martian atmospheric loss and paleoclimate
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A new all-metal induction furnace for noble gas extraction
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Self-citationXenon fractionation in porous planetesimals
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Self-citationEarth-atmosphere evolution based on new determination of Devonian atmosphere Ar isotopic composition
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Noble gases and nitrogen in Tissint reveal the composition of the Mars atmosphere
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Xenon Fractionation and Archean Hydrogen Escape
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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“Negligible Archean O2 but oxygen oases after oxygenic photosynthesis evolved The strongest constraint on Archean atmospheric composition is that the ground-level mixing ratio of O2 was 10 −6 PAL (present atmospheric level) or 0.2–parts per million by volume (ppmv) O2 for air of 1 bar, indicated by the presence of sulf…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationStrange messenger: a new history of hydrogen on Earth, as told by xenon
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Atmospheric nitrogen when life evolved on Earth
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- Authors
- Avice, G., Marty, B., Burgess, R., Hofmann, A., Philippot, P., Zahnle, K., & Zakharov, D.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- University of Johannesburg (ZA)
- Ames Research Center (US)
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Avice, G.
- Venue
- Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-07
- Volume
- 232
- Pages
- 82-100
- ISSN
- 0016-7037 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2803012369
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 11.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Funders
- European Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Keywords
- atmospheric xenon, noble gases, Archean atmosphere, krypton, fluid inclusions, noble gas isotopes, atmospheric escape, hydrogen escape, nitrogen partial pressure, Archean-Proterozoic transition, early Earth atmosphere, atmospheric evolution, organic haze
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