Cited by 178Climate variability and modelsClimate Change Communication and PerceptionSustainability and Climate Change Governance

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Unstable climates: Exploring the statistical and social constructions of ‘normal’ climate

Hulme, Mike, Dessai, Suraje, Lorenzoni, Irene, Nelson, Donald R.·2009·Geoforum

DOI 10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.09.010

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.09.010

Cites

67 of 67 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Global Climate Projections
Meehl, G. A., Stocker, T. F., Collins, W. D., Friedlingstein, P., Gaye, A. T., Gregory, J. M., Kitoh, A., Knutti, R., Murphy, J. M., Noda, A., et al. (2007) · Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) · doi:10.48350/25539 · Cited by 3,728
Understanding: the Drought Phenomenon: The Role of Definitions
Wilhite, D. A., & Glantz, M. H. (1985) · Water International · doi:10.1080/02508068508686328 · Cited by 3,224
Barriers perceived to engaging with climate change among the UK public and their policy implications
Lorenzoni, I., Nicholson-Cole, S. A., & Whitmarsh, L. E. (2007) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.01.004 · Cited by 2,190
Self-citation
Public Views on Climate Change: European and USA Perspectives
Lorenzoni, I., & Pidgeon, N. (2006) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9072-z · Cited by 1,098
Self-citation
The Science of Self-report
(1999) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410601261 · Cited by 767
The identity function of autobiographical memory: Time is on our side
Wilson, A. E., & Ross, M. (2003) · Memory · doi:10.1080/741938210 · Cited by 652
Memory for the time of past events.
Friedman, W. J. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.44 · Cited by 639
Social Exclusion and Selective Memory: How the Need to belong Influences Memory for Social Events
Gardner, W. L., Pickett, C. L., & Brewer, M. B. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200266007 · Cited by 578
Health Effects of Climate Change
Haines, A. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.1.99 · Cited by 397
Climatic perspectives on Sahelian desiccation: 1973–1998
Hulme, M. (2001) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/s0959-3780(00)00042-x · Cited by 382
Self-citation

Show all 73 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

Balstad, R., Russell, R., Gill, V., in press. Adaption to an uncertain climate on the Great Plains: testing hypotheses on historical perspectives. In: Adger, N.W., Lorenzoni, I., O’Brien, K. (Eds.), Adapting to Climate Change: Thresholds, Values, Governance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Court, A., 1968. Climatic normals as predictors: Parts I–V. Scientific Report Air Force Cambridge Research Labs, Contract AF19(628)-5176, Bedford, MA, 138pp.
Demeritt, 1991, Climate, cropping and society in Vermont, 1820–1850, Vermont History, 50, 133
IMO, 1937. In: Proceedings of the meetings in Danzig and Warsaw, 29–31 August and 12 September, 1935, Secretariat of the IMO, Leyden.
Pennesi, K., Anderson, D.N., Begum, S.A., Taber, P., Haas, N., Finan, T.J., 2007. Shifting livelihoods and institutional adaptation in Arizona’s high country. Paper Presented at the Conference of the Society for Applied Anthropology, Tampa, Florida, 28–31 March.
Todorov, 1986, Reply to: Quinlan, F.T. (1986), Comments on “Sahel: the changing rainfall regime and the “normals” used for its assessment”, Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 25, 258, 10.1175/1520-0450(1986)025<0258:R>2.0.CO;2 · DOI · Paper page

Sorted by citations

Items 101–178 of 178

From Denial to Resistance: How Emotions and Culture Shape Our Responses to Climate Change
Feola, G., Geoghegan, H., & Arnall, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108505284.011 · Cited by 5
Historical narratives of weather extremes in the UK
Endfield, G. H. (2016) · Geography · doi:10.1080/00167487.2016.12093990 · Cited by 6
The discursive construction of adaptation subjects via the Ada Sea Defense System in the Volta River Delta of Ghana
Owusu-Daaku, K. N., & Rosko, H. M. (2019) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/2514848619846087 · Cited by 6
PPGIS applied to environmental communication and hazards for a community-based approach: a dualism in the Southern Italy "calanchi" landscape
Lugeri, F. R., ISPRA Istituto Superiore Protezione e Ricerca Ambientale, V. B. 4. R. I., Farabollini, P., Pascale, F. D., Lugeri, N., & UNICAM Dip. Earth Sciences. Via Gentile Ⅲ da Varano, 6. C. M. I. (2021) · AIMS Geosciences · doi:10.3934/geosci.2021028 · Cited by 6
Multi-temporal Adaptations to Change in the Central Andes
Feola, G., Geoghegan, H., & Arnall, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108505284.007 · Cited by 6
Climate concepts for supporting political goals of mitigation and adaptation: The case for “climate crisis”
Haueis, P. (2024) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.893 · Cited by 11
Using human observations with instrument-based metrics to understand changing rainfall patterns
Savo, V., Kohfeld, K., Sillmann, J., Morton, C., Bailey, J., Haslerud, A., Quéré, C. L., & Lepofsky, D. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-53861-7 · Cited by 3
Climate change risks for net primary production of ecosystems in China
Shi, X., Zhao, D., Wu, S., Shi, W., Dai, E., & Wang, W. (2016) · Human and Ecological Risk Assessment An International Journal · doi:10.1080/10807039.2015.1138090 · Cited by 5
“Sustainable Flood Memories”: Developing Concept, Process and Practice in Flood Risk Management
McEwen, L. J., & Holmes, A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-78548-269-4.50010-x · Cited by 5
Visualizing Climate Variability with Time-Dependent Probability Density Functions, Detecting It Using Information Theory
Larson, J. W. (2012) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2012.04.098 · Cited by 5
Can we define climate using information theory?
Larson, J. W. (2010) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/11/1/012028 · Cited by 5
Learning about Climate: An Exploration of the Socialization of Climate Change
Hopkins, D. (2013) · Weather Climate and Society · doi:10.1175/wcas-d-12-00055.1 · Cited by 4
Creating a Culture for Transformation
Feola, G., Geoghegan, H., & Arnall, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108505284.013 · Cited by 4
Contemporary Homemade Meteorological Science: Co-constructing the Home and Weather-Climate Knowledges in the UK
Morris, C., & Endfield, G. H. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137492739_8 · Cited by 4
The social phenomenon of climate change: contextual vulnerability, risk perception and adaptation in the ski industry of Queenstown, New Zealand
Hopkins, D. M. (2013) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago) · Cited by 4
What even is Climate?Preprint
Bothe, O. (2018) · doi:10.5194/gc-2018-11 · Cited by 4
Farming on the Fringe: Agriculture and Climate Variability in the Western Australian Wheat Belt, 1890s to 1980s
Morgan, R. A. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137333933_9 · Cited by 3
How Do the Cultural Dimensions of Climate Shape Our Understanding of Climate Change?
Alexandra, J. (2021) · Climate · doi:10.3390/cli9040063 · Cited by 3
Climate and environmental change perceptions
Ferrara, V., & Lindberg, J. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003356837-9 · Cited by 3
“This year, the weather is like it used to be in our times”: Experiencing climate change in the context of rural ageing in the Czech Republic
Pelikán, V., & Galčanová, L. (2025) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2025.103633 · Cited by 2
Speculative design for climate adaptation: Imagining coastal management strategies in Singapore's future waterfronts through postcards from the future
Wolff, E., Kaprielian, G. T., & Hamel, P. (2025) · Ocean & Coastal Management · doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107622 · Cited by 2
Exploring How Moroccan Farmers in Khemisset Province Adapt to Climate Change: Perceptions and Strategies
Chaachouay, N. (2025) · International Electronic Conference on Agronomy (IECAG) · doi:10.3390/blsf2025041006 · Cited by 2
Association between long-term extreme high temperature and mortality: a 9-million prospective cohort study
Yin, B., Huang, Q., Yuan, Y., Fang, W., Xiang, W., Ke, L., Liu, L., Feng, G., Li, Y., Yan, S., et al. (2026) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04567-0 · Cited by 2
Editors' introduction: human geography
Gregory, D., & Castree, N. (2012) · Research Online (University of Wollongong) · Cited by 2
Is a White Christmas becoming rarer in southern parts of Sweden?
Rydén, J. (2014) · Theoretical and Applied Climatology · doi:10.1007/s00704-014-1220-1 · Cited by 2
Back to the Future? Satoyama and Cultures of Transition and Sustainability
Feola, G., Geoghegan, H., & Arnall, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108505284.014 · Cited by 2
Perceptions of climate change and adaptation in Hungarian agriculture: results of an interview study
Jankó, F., Németh, N., Bertalan, L. B., & Vancsó, J. P. (2017) · Studies in Agricultural Economics · doi:10.7896/j.1616 · Cited by 2
Adaptation to climate change of Italian agricultural systems: the role of adaptive governance and social learning
Nguyen, T. P. L. (2014) · UnissResearch (Università degli Studi di Sassari) · Cited by 2
Prospect Theory, Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate ChangePreprint
Osberghaus, D. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2353819 · Cited by 2
Rethinking Climate Change Adaptation
Taylor, M. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003409748-33 · Cited by 1
Practical weather knowledge: Embodied experience, comfort practices and household energy management in a changing climate
Martin, R. (2025) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2025.104357 · Cited by 1
Mapping the past: identifying analog precipitation years with reference rainfall metrics
McGauley, M. W., Myers, R. D., & Wadzuk, B. (2026) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135866 · Cited by 1
Equitable Local Outcomes in Adaptation to Sea-Level Rise
Barnett, J., Fincher, R., Hürlimann, A., & Osbaldiston, N. (2011) · Cited by 1
Será a investigação sobre alterações climáticas verdadeiramente colaborativa?
Bento, S., Varanda, M., Richard-Ferroudji, A., & Faysse, N. (2016) · Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais · doi:10.21814/rlec.125 · Cited by 1
Current and future Perspectives on forest-water goods and services
Claassen, M., Vira, B., Xu, J., Gyawali, D., Martín-Ortega, J., Ovando, P., Creed, I. F., Ellison, D., McNulty, S. G., Archer, E. R. M., et al. (2018) · Cited by 1
Relasi Variabel-Variabel Komunikasi dan Kapasitas Adaptasi Perubahan Iklim Petani Padi Sawah (Kasus Kabupaten Pasuruan Jawa Timur)
Salampassy, Y. L. A., Lubis, D. P., Amien, L. I., & Suharjito, D. (2018) · Agraris Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development Research · doi:10.18196/agr.4269 · Cited by 3
Perceptions of ‘normal’ climate in Queensland, Australia (1924–34)
Cook, M. H. (2020) · Rural History · doi:10.1017/s0956793319000219 · Cited by 1
”Juhannuksena sää saattaa olla lämmin”
Huttunen, S. (2020) · Alue ja Ympäristö · doi:10.30663/ay.83871 · Cited by 1
Thin Place: New Modes of Environmental Knowing through Contemporary Curatorial Practice
Feola, G., Geoghegan, H., & Arnall, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108505284.006 · Cited by 1
Visualising Climate and Climate Change: A Longue Durée Perspective
Feola, G., Geoghegan, H., & Arnall, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108505284.004 · Cited by 1
Localising and Historicising Climate Change: Extreme Weather Histories in the United Kingdom
Feola, G., Geoghegan, H., & Arnall, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108505284.010 · Cited by 1
At the Frontline or Very Close: Living with Climate Change on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, 1999–2017
Feola, G., Geoghegan, H., & Arnall, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108505284.009 · Cited by 1
Climate and Culture: Taking Stock and Moving Forward
Feola, G., Geoghegan, H., & Arnall, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108505284.002 · Cited by 1
Culture and Climate Change: Experiments and Improvisations – An Afterword
Feola, G., Geoghegan, H., & Arnall, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108505284.015 · Cited by 1
Climate Information as an Object of Economic Research: State and PerspectivesPreprint
von Flotow, P., & Ludolph, M. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2423337 · Cited by 1
Climate and culture: taking stock and moving forwardPreprint
Geoghegan, H., Arnall, A., & Feola, G. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 1
Solidarity
ter Meulen, R. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809665-9.10452-5 · Cited by 1
Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security in Sahel
Yobom, O. (2020) · doi:10.70675/ede7a7bazd3ddz4576za231zada58ebcf3d1 · Cited by 1
Forecasting Extreme Temperatures in Siberia Using Supervised Learning and Conformal Prediction Regions
Berk, R. A., & Braverman, A. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2503.16118
“Although grounded in observable physical phenomena, reported heat waves can be usefully considered social constructions (Hulme et al., 2008; Hopke, 2019) whose available details should be treated with some scientific suspicion.”
Forecasting Extreme High Summer Temperatures in Paris and Cairo Using Gradient Boosting and Conformal Prediction Regions
Berk, R. A. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.02349
“1 In this paper, we focus instead on forecasts of unusually high summer temperatures that sometimes can shape media characterization of heat waves (Hulme et al., 2008; Hopke, 2025).”
Conhecimentos tradicionais e aprendizagem adaptativa : elementos para respostas sustentáveis às mudanças ambientais
Kirsch, H. M., Filippi, E. E., & Heidrich, Á. L. (2013) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
An Analysis of the Mortality Risks Associated with Heat and Heat Waves in Ireland, to Assist in Planning for Climate Change
Pascal, M. (2011) · Arrow - TU Dublin (Technological University Dublin) · doi:10.21427/d7r302
Choosing a dangerous limit for climate change: an investigation into how the decision making process is constructed in public discourses
Shaw, C. J. (2011) · Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex)
Definitions of climate and climate change under varying external conditionsPreprint
Werndl, C. (2014) · doi:10.5194/esdd-5-683-2014
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON MINNESOTA FISHERIES THROUGH DECREASES IN LAKE ICE
Vandergon, R. J. (2010)
Synthesis, part of a Special Feature on Resilience and Vulnerability of Arid and Semi-Arid Social Ecological Systems Climate Science, Development Practice, and Policy Interactions in Dryland Agroecological Systems
Twyman, C., Fraser, E., Stringer, L. C., Quinn, C. H., Dougill, A. J., Ravera, F., Crane, T., & Sallu, S. M. (2011)
Is a White Christmas becoming rarer in southern parts of Sweden
Wien, S.-V. (2015)
Is climate change research truly collaborative ?
Bento, S., Varanda, M., Richard-Ferroudji, A., & Faysse, N. (2015) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Perception of climate extreme trends over three Ethiopian eco-environments: Comparison with records and analysis of determinants
Mekasha, A., Chillot, Y., Fantaye, K. T., Nigatu, L., & Alan, J. D. (2016) · Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development · doi:10.5897/jabsd2016.0266
Combinamos entre nós ou com o tempo?: temporalidades climáticas no cotidiano de idosos moradores do centro de São Paulo
Mascolli, M. A. (2016) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.6.2016.tde-15092016-145522
Planning and implementing living infrastructure in the Australian Capital Territory
Alexandra, J., Norman, B., Steffen, W., & Maher, B. (2017)
Social and personal psychological influences on individual engagement with global climate change
Ogunbode, C. A. (2018) · St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository)
From the margins to the mainstream: imagining socioecological futures in Wales
Pigott, A. (2018) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.40937
Cultures of Prediction in Climate Science
Feola, G., Geoghegan, H., & Arnall, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108505284.003
Gender Differentials in Climate Change Perception in the Kaligandaki Basin, Nepal
Pandey, R. (2020) · Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology · doi:10.3126/dsaj.v14i0.26568
Level of Knowledge of Agricultural Science Graduate Students about Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Practices of Agriculture
Gazzaz, N. M., & Al-Masad, M. (2021) · World Journal of Education · doi:10.5430/wje.v11n6p50
Effective Responses to Climate Change: Some Wisdom from the Buddhist Worldview
Feola, G., Geoghegan, H., & Arnall, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108505284.012
Foreword
Feola, G., Geoghegan, H., & Arnall, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108505284.001
OBSOLETE: Solidarity
ter Meulen, R. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10452-x
Index
Feola, G., Geoghegan, H., & Arnall, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108505284.016
CRESCIMENTO E MORFOANATOMIA FOLIAR DE MUDAS DE DIPTERYX ODORATA (AUBL.) WILLD. (CUMARÚ) CULTIVADAS EM DIFERENTES SUBSTRATOS E NÍVEIS DE SOMBREAMENTO
de Azevedo, I. M. G., Barbosa, A. P., & de Mendonça, M. S. (2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/221206914
Plantas medicinais que homenageiam São Francisco: espiritualidade, ciência e sabedoria popular se abraçam
de Andrade, V. N., de Oliveira, R. A. G., Madeiro, L. S., Fontes, P. C., Bastos, J. W. S., & Nóbrega, A. S. (2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/221106880
AVALIAÇÃO DE GERMINAÇÃO E VIGOR DE SEMENTES DE ALFACE (LACTUCA SATIVA L.) DEDIFERENTES CULTIVARES DA CULTURA.
de Oliveira, H. C., Múcia, A. M. D. S., Barbacena, D. R., & Muraishi, C. T. (2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/221106842
Ciências biológicas: as diversas manifestações da vida
(2022) · Editora Conhecimento Livre eBooks · doi:10.37423/2022.edcl625
Everywhere you vote, you always take the weather with you: the effects of local temperature anomalies on Green party voting
Haak, J. (2025) · Environmental Politics · doi:10.1080/09644016.2025.2585650
“But they hardly ever freeze now”: Exploring weather-heritage, memory, and change in southeastern England
Adamson, G., Rapson, J., Woodham, A., Annabell, T., & Cantillon, L. (2026) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2026.103182
On weather extremes caused by climate warming
Ruzmaikin, A. A. (2026) · Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk · doi:10.3367/ufnr.2026.07.040168
U.S. Disaster Normals
Gall, M., Boyle, E., Cutter, S. L., Gorantla, R., & Jevtić, P. (2026) · Natural Hazards · doi:10.1007/s11069-026-08286-4 · Cited by 1

Authors: Hulme, M., Dessai, S., Lorenzoni, I., & Nelson, D. R.
Affiliations: University of East Anglia (GB)
Corresponding author: Hulme, Mike
ORCID: Hulme, Mike
Dessai, Suraje
Lorenzoni, Irene
Nelson, Donald R.
Venue: Geoforum
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-03
Volume: 40
Issue: 2
Pages: 197-206
ISSN: 0016-7185 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.09.010
OpenAlex: W2087824216
Cited by: 176
References: 73
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 4.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Geoforum (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Sustainability and Climate Change Governance
Keywords: climate normals, climate change, climate change adaptation, meteorological statistics, climate change projections, climate instability, UK climate

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Unstable climates: Exploring the statistical and social constructions of ‘normal’ climate

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks